Frequency-domain equalisation for optical transmission systems

The first optical single-carrier (SC) transmission system to employ frequency-domain equalisation (FDE) is proposed; 25 Gbit/s SC with FDE is demonstrated in severe chromatic dispersion conditions. The results show that SC with FDE is very tolerant of the chromatic dispersion.     

Selected mapping technique for reducing PAPR of single‐carrier signals

Single‐carrier transmission with frequency‐domain equalization (SC‐FDE) is widely known as a promising transmission technique providing low error probability with low peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) of transmit signal. However, the low‐PAPR property of SC‐FDE cannot be maintained if multi‐level data modulation is introduced. The low‐PAPR property of SC‐FDE can be maintained by applying transmit filtering with roll‐off factor at the expense of spectrum efficiency. In this paper, we propose two types of selected mapping (SLM) to reduce the PAPR of SC‐FDE transmit signal. The first SLM technique is conducted in the frequency domain, where the phase rotation is applied to subcarriers similar to the SLM technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission. The second SLM technique is conducted in the time domain, where the phase rotation is applied directly to data‐modulated symbol sequence. Computer simulation confirms that both SLM techniques are able to reduce the PAPR of SC‐FDE signal without significant degradation of bit‐error rate performance and spectrum efficiency. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于空时分组编码的MIMO-SC/FDE系统的接收空间分集方案

该文提出了一种基于空时分组编码的多输入多输出频域均衡单载波分组传输(MIMO-SC/FDE)系统的空间分集接收方案,通过在Huang(2004)提出的分集结构中引入使用空时分组编码的发射分集,弥补了因减少DFT块数目而造成的性能损失,同时在接收端进一步减少了IDFT块的数目;通过适当设计空时分组编码,还可以进一步提高数据传输速率。该文详细推导了使用空时分组编码后的处理过程,并对使用空时编码后的MIMO-SC/FDE系统和相应的MIMO-OFDM系统性能进行了仿真比较。仿真结果表明,MIMO-SC/FDE系统的性能从总体上优于MIMO-OFDM系统。     

Research on image transmission equalized by dual‐mode blind algorithm

The traditional equalization technologies expose some shortages while people put forward higher demand to quality of communication system and transmission rate. Single‐carrier frequency‐domain equalization (SC‐FDE) is becoming a research hotspot in wideband wireless communication area because of its special predominance. In recent years, the research on SC‐FDE develops quickly. We take a study on feasibility of building SC‐FDE system by comparing performance with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. This paper takes a study on a dual‐mode direct decision‐least mean square+modify constant modulus algorithm blind equalization algorithm applied in a single‐carrier system. And then, we build the simulation model of image transmission in SC‐FDE system and get the direct and better result through the comparative analysis of image. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Turbo FDE Technique for Reduced-CP SC-Based Block Transmission Systems

For conventional cyclic-prefix (CP)-assisted block transmission systems, the CP length is selected on the basis of the expected maximum delay spread. With regard to single-carrier (SC)-based block transmission implementations, a full-length CP is recommendable, since it allows good performances through the use of simple frequency-domain equalization (FDE) techniques. In this letter, a soft-decision-directed correction (SDDC)-aided turbo FDE technique is presented for reduced-CP SC-based block transmission systems using conventional frame structures. The relations with some already known iterative FDE techniques are established, and a set of performance results is reported and discussed. The advantages of the proposed approach are emphasized, namely, the possibility of approximately achieving (besides the obvious bandwidth efficiency gain) the maximum power efficiency gain that a strong CP reduction allows     

On frequency-domain equalization and diversity combining for broadband wireless communications

This paper is concerned with the use of frequency-domain equalization (FDE) and space diversity within block transmission schemes for broadband wireless communications. The expected performance with both multicarrier (MC) and single-carrier (SC) modulations is emphasized, when a cyclic prefix, long enough to cope with the maximum relative channel delay, is appended to each transmitted block. A set of numerical results is presented and discussed, with the help of appropriate, analytical performance bounds which are conditional on a given channel realization. These bounds are used to explain the performance advantage of the SC/FDE option, the benefits of space diversity, and the impact of the criterion for computing the FDE parameters.     

A Comparison of Frequency-Domain Block MIMO Transmission Systems

Block transmission techniques, with appropriate cyclic prefix and frequency-domain processing schemes, have been shown to be excellent candidates for digital transmission over severely time-dispersive channels, allowing good performance with implementation complexity that is much lower than traditional time-domain processing schemes. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation is the most popular block transmission technique. Single-carrier (SC) modulation using frequency-domain equalization (FDE) is an attractive alternative approach based on this principle. In this paper, we propose two new receiver structures for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channels employing SC (MIMO-SC) modulation and FDE schemes. These receivers have a hybrid structure with frequency-domain feedforward and time-domain feedback filters for intersymbol interference (ISI) and interference cancellation. The proposed schemes are compared with different MIMO systems employing OFDM modulation (MIMO-OFDM) receivers in terms of performance [bit error rate (BER) and throughput] and complexity. Our performance results show the superiority of MIMO-SC approaches relative to MIMO-OFDM in terms of the BER performance for the simulated scenarios. Also, the simulation results show that the proposed hybrid MIMO-SC receivers yield a higher throughput than a MIMO-OFDM system.     

A Reduced-CP Approach to SC/FDE Block Transmission for Broadband Wireless Communications

For conventional cyclic prefix (CP)-assisted single-carrier/frequency-domain equalization (SC/FDE) implementations, as well as for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) implementations, the CP length is known to be selected on the basis of the expected maximum delay spread. Next, the data block size can be chosen to be large enough to minimize the CP overhead, yet small enough to make the channel variation over the block negligible. This paper considers the possibility of reducing the overall CP assistance, when transmitting sequences of SC blocks, while avoiding an excessively long fast Fourier transform window for FDE purposes and keeping good FDE performances through low-complexity, noniterative receiver techniques. These techniques, which take advantage of specially designed frame structures, rely on a basic algorithm for decision-directed correction (DDC) of the FDE inputs when the CP is not long enough to cope with the time-dispersive channel effects. More specifically, we present and evaluate a novel class of reduced-CP SC/FDE schemes, which takes advantage of a special frame structure for replacing "useless" CP redundancy by fully useful channel coding redundancy, with the help of the DDC algorithm. When using the DDC-FDE technique with these especially designed frame structures, the impact of previous decisions, which are not error-free, is shown to be rather small, thereby allowing a power-efficiency advantage (in addition to the obvious bandwidth-efficiency advantage) over conventional block transmission implementations under full-length CP. Additionally, the DDC algorithm is also shown to be useful to improve the power efficiency of these conventional implementations     

Dynamic PMD Mitigation at 10 Gb/s Using Viterbi Equalization in DPSK Systems

Compensating dynamically changing polarization- mode dispersion (PMD) is important for optical fiber transmission systems. We present simulations of a Viterbi equalization for dynamic PMD mitigation in 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero differential phase-shift keying systems. The equalizer can dynamically track fast varying differential group delay (DGD) and achieve similar performance to static DGD.      

Comparison of coherent optical single-carrier and multi-carrier superchannel with FDM and FDE

Optical superchannel employing single-carrier (SC) and multi-carrier (MC) subband modulation techniques have been widely discussed for high-speed coherent optical transmission and networks. In this paper, we establish uniform system design based on frequency-domain equalization (FDE) and carry out a thorough study on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) superchannel versus SC frequency division multiplexing (SCFDM, also named as DFT-spread-OFDM) superchannel. The baseband signal characteristics of SCFDM and OFDM are analyzed. SCFDM and OFDM superchannel systems with 4-, 16-, 64- and 256-QAM formats and polarization division multiplexing (PDM) are numerically investigated against various impairments. The results show that SCFDM superchannel outperforms its MC counterpart against finite DAC&ADC resolution and fiber nonlinearities, while suffers more penalty when very large dispersion or laser phase noise exists.     

子波长粒度光信号传输的频域均衡设计和性能分析

针对弹性光网络(EON)的应用,提出了一种基于电域子载波复用的子波长粒度光信号传 输技术,具有高灵活性、细 粒度、高效率等特点。同时,电域数字信号处理技术的使用,支持对不同的子波长粒度信号 进行独立的调 制方式、传输速率等灵活配置。为了适应子波长粒度光信号在EON中的传输要求 ,还提出了一 种基于线性频率啁啾导频信号的信道估计和频域均衡(FDE)的方法,重点研究和分析了基于 导频的FDE和基 于训练序列的时域均衡(TDE)的性能对比,以及不同的FDE算法的性能对比。仿真结 果表明,基于线性频率 啁啾导频信号的迫零FDE算法,不仅能有效进行色散补偿,改善系统传输性能,而 且具有低算法复杂 度的优势。同时,为了满足了子波长粒度EON对频隙和路由配置的灵活性需求, 通过仿真详 细研究子波长粒度光信号的数目、传输距离和调制阶数等对传输性能的影响。仿真结果表 明,基于线性 频率啁啾导频信号的信道估计和FDE的方法,在不同的光网络配置下均具有良好的 适应性,是实现灵 活可调的光收发机和子波长信号动态重构的关键技术之一。     

载波干涉OFDM系统的辨析

将载波干涉码引入OFDM系统,可以提高误码性能,并消除峰均功率比问题。该文从数学角度证明了载波干涉OFDM系统与现有的单载波频域均衡系统其实等同。     

Distributed antenna network for gigabit wireless access

For gigabit wireless data services, there are three important technical issues to be addressed: limited bandwidth, severe frequency-selective fading, and limited transmit power. A distributed antenna network (DAN) is a promising solution to the above three technical issues. In DAN, each mobile user is served by using multiple distributed antennas close to it. In this paper, recent advances in various distributed multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) techniques combined with single-carrier (SC) frequency-domain signal processing are presented for DAN. Particular attention is paid to SC frequency-domain MIMO diversity, relay, beamforming, and multiplexing jointly used with frequency-domain equalization (FDE) to significantly improve the signal transmission performance.     

Loop-synchronous polarization scrambling technique for simulating polarization effects using recirculating fiber loops

A loop-synchronous polarization-scrambling technique has been proposed for the purpose of simulating polarization effects in straight-line systems using recirculating loops. This technique uses a fast polarization controller within a fiber loop. The polarization controller changes its transmission matrix after each round trip of the optical signal circulating through the loop; thus, the periodic polarization transform of the loop is avoided. Moreover, the polarization controller generates a series of random uncorrelated transmission matrixes. Therefore, the mean-square value of differential group delay (DGD) or polarization-dependent loss (PDL) increases linearly with the number of circulations. The matrix expression for a random polarization transform that scatters the state of polarization (SOP) uniformly on the Poincare sphere for any input SOP was also found. Experiments were performed for a 94-km fiber loop that contains a fixed DGD or PDL element. The histograms of polarisation mode dispersion (PMD) induced power penalties at 10/sup -9/ bit error rate (BER) were measured. There is a good agreement between experimental and theoretical results. Using loop-synchronous polarization scrambling, accurate reproduction of the Maxwellian distribution of DGD can be realized when the background PMD of transmission fiber is much smaller than the PMD intentionally introduced into the loop.     

Performance evaluation of OFDM and single‐carrier systems using frequency domain equalization and phase modulation

In this paper, we study the performance of the continuous phase modulation (CPM)‐based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CPM‐OFDM) system. Also, we propose a CPM‐based single‐carrier frequency domain equalization (CPM‐SC‐FDE) structure for broadband wireless communication systems. The proposed structure combines the advantages of the low complexity of SC‐FDE, in addition to exploiting the channel frequency diversity and the power efficiency of CPM. Both the CPM‐OFDM system and the proposed system are implemented with FDE to avoid the complexity of the equalization. Two types of frequency domain equalizers are considered and compared for performance evaluation of both systems; the zero forcing (ZF) equalizer and the minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer. Simulation experiments are performed for a variety of multipath fading channels. Simulation results show that the performance of the CPM‐based systems with multipath fading is better than their performance with single path fading. The performance over a multipath channel is at least 5 and 12 dB better than the performance over a single path channel, for the CPM‐OFDM system and the proposed CPM‐SC‐FDE system, respectively. The results also show that, when CPM is utilized in SC‐FDE systems, they can outperform CPM‐OFDM systems by about 5 dB. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

频域均衡的单载波传输方案研究

无线信道的信道干扰主要表现为多径衰落和多普勒衰落对信道的影响。我们可以采用均衡技术来补偿信道中由于多径效应产生的码间干扰（ISI）。现引入频域均衡的单栽波传输（SC／FDE）方案，探讨了其实现机理，并对采用SC／FDE的高速率无线通讯系统实例进行系统整体建模和仿真计算。     

An interleaved TCM scheme for single carrier multiple transmit antenna systems

Single carrier (SC) block transmission with frequency domain equalization (FDE) in multi-path fading channels is considered. It is shown that uncoded SC-FDE is resistant to fading even though the multi-path diversity cannot be harnessed. We propose simple schemes based on concatenations of trellis coded modulation (TCM) and interleaving for single and multiple transmit antennas to improve the coding gain, which also exploit spatial diversity in the multi antenna case.     

Enhancing the dynamic range and DGD monitoring windows in DOP-based DGD monitors using symmetric and asymmetric partial optical filtering

We propose and demonstrate a new type of degree-of-polarization (DOP)-based differential-group-delay (DGD) monitor using an optical filter such that the DGD monitoring range and DOP dynamic range are dramatically increased. We apply this technique to varying pulsewidth return-to-zero (RZ), carrier-suppressed RZ (CSRZ), and alternate-chirped RZ (ACRZ) signals and show that by optimally setting the position, bandwidth, and shape of a filter, we can double the DGD monitoring range compared to traditional DOP-based DGD monitors. Using our technique, the DGD monitoring ranges for 10, 20, and 40 Gb/s /spl sim/12.5-ps pulsewidth RZ signals are increased by 32, 33, and 12 ps, respectively. We also show that a narrow-band optical filter, offset from the center of the optical spectrum by the bit-rate frequency, can double the dynamic range of DOP-based DGD monitors for non-RZ (NRZ) signals.     

基于参差重复导言的频率同步算法

具有重复信号的导言是突发通信系统中常用的同步方法。本文设计了一种新颖的参差重复导言,并给出最小均方误差的频率同步算法。与传统算法相比,该算法不仅提高了频率捕获精度,捕获范围也有效扩大且倍数可调。虽然本文仅研究了该算法在单载波频域均衡系统中的应用,但其基本原理同样适用于多载波系统。     

Statistical properties of the DGD in a long-haul optical fiber system with temporally drifting birefringence

Due to the temporal drift of the fiber birefringence in an optical fiber transmission system, the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) effects measured in a time window can be quite different for different time windows of the same duration. Every 10 s for 10 days, the accumulated differential group delay (DGD) was repeatedly measured at 5000 km in a 107-km recirculating loop with loop-synchronous polarization scrambling. In each DGD measurement, the polarization dispersion vector of the 107-km-long fiber was also measured. To model the measured temporal variation of the DGD, two different perturbation algorithms were used to construct random walks through the configuration space of birefringent fibers, where each fiber realization is determined by the standard coarse-step method. With these simulation models, the statistical properties of the spread of the DGD samples over a finite time period were reproduced.