Model Based IMC Controller for Processes with Dead Time

Abstract

A system with varying transportation lags has been experimentally studied for modeling. Modeling is performed using a step test. The tracer is sodium chloride solution whose conductivity is measured using an online conductivity analyzer. Based on the step response, the model parameters are determined and the lag processes are represented by a first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model. For the models developed, an internal model control (IMC) scheme is designed. Performance comparison, based on rise time, settling time, and overshoot, is done among the designed IMC controllers, conventional PID controllers, and Smith Predictor controllers. The present study depicts that IMC controllers outperform PID and Smith Predictor controllers.     

Model Based Tuning of a Non Linear Spherical Tank Process with Time Delay

Abstract

A 40 liter spherical tank with varying time delay was subjected to open loop analysis using a step response technique with sodium chloride solution as tracer. The experimental data was adequately represented by a first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model with an error of less than five percent. These model parameters were used to generate Smith Predictor controller, IMC controller, and IMC PID controller using MATLAB. For closed loop control of the process based on rise time, settling time, overshoot, peaktime, decay ratio, and ISE, it was found that the IMCPID controller is better suited for this process.     

航相机像移补偿计算的坐标变换方法

由于航空、航天照相要求的分辨力愈来愈高,对像移补偿系统的要求愈来愈高.要求对产生像移速度的诸因素考虑得更为全面,也就是影响像移速度的诸因素的测量精度和像移速度的计算模型要更精确.本文应用坐标变换方法进行了航相机的像移补偿计算.首先归纳了航空航天相机(简称航相机)中像移补偿的原理、技术途径和实现方法.其次给出航相机光学系统和运动形式的齐次坐标变换,实现了像移补偿计算模型的各个基本要素,从而提出了像移补偿计算的一般数学模型,此模型适用于各种航相机的像移速度和像移补偿计算.再次,对应用坐标变换方法进行像移补偿计算作了详细归纳,最后简单讨论了对像移速度矢量公式的简化方法和像移补偿误差计算方法,以期得到满足计算精度的简化表达式.通过计算模型四个环节的变化,可以将此方法应用到各类航相机像移补偿系统.     

Extension of IMC tuning correlations for non-self regulating (integrating) processes

The filter term of a PID with Filter controller reduces the impact of measurement noise on the derivative action of the controller. This impact is quantified by the controller output travel defined as the total movement of the controller output per unit time. Decreasing controller output travel is important to reduce wear in the final control element. Internal Model Control (IMC) tuning correlations are widely published for PI, PID, and PID with Filter controllers for self regulating processes. For non-self regulating (or integrating) processes, IMC tuning correlations are published for PI and PID controllers but not for PID with Filter controllers. The important contribution of this work is that it completes the set of IMC tuning correlations with an extension to the PID with Filter controller for non-self regulating processes. Other published correlations (not based upon the IMC framework) for PID with Filter controllers fix the filter time constant at one-tenth the derivative time regardless of the model of the process. In contrast, the novel IMC correlations presented in this paper calculate a filter time constant based upon the model of the process and the user's choice for the closed-loop time constant. The set point tracking and disturbance rejection performance of the proposed IMC tunings is demonstrated using simulation studies and a bench-scale experimental system. The proposed IMC tunings are shown to perform as well as various PID correlations (with and without a filter term) while requiring considerably less controller action.     

低稳恒磁场对锡锌基合金液与铜片界面反应的影响

利用SEM、XRD等方法研究了0.1 T低稳恒磁场对锡锌合金液/铜片和锡锌铜舍金液/铜片的界面反应过程中金属间化合物(IMC)层的生长、晶体取向以及形貌的影响.结果表明:界面IMC层的厚度随反应时间的延长而增加;在0.1 T磁场下,锡锌合金液/铜片和锡锌铜合金液/铜片的界面IMC层的生长均受到抑制;同时磁场抑制了IMC晶粒的粗化,使IMC颗粒更加细小致密;0.1 T磁场抑制了锡锌合金液/铜片界面处Cu5Zn8(330)的取向度,但对锡锌铜合金液/铜片的界面晶粒取向度影响并不很明显.     

考虑延迟的线控转向二自由度内模控制

针对线控转向系统中由于信号传输、机械间隙和摩擦等因素引起的响应延迟问题，设计了二自由度内模控制策略以提高转角跟踪精度。将延迟模型与线控转向系统模型相结合，构建新的名义模型，为避免引入非最小相位项，采用全极点近似方法将延迟环节线性化，求解跟踪控制器和抗干扰控制器。与名义模型不含延迟环节的二自由度内模控制以及经典PID控制相比较，通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真给出了延迟量对三种方法跟踪性能的影响。比较了延迟量对采用全极点近似、Taylor近似和Padé近似的二自由度内模控制跟踪性能的影响。经线控转向台架试验验证，采用全极点近似的二自由度内模控制跟踪精度较高，对延迟的适应性较好。     

Adaptive Control of Multivariable Process Using Recurrent Neural Networks

Abstract

Industrial processes are naturally multivariable in nature, which also exhibit non-linear behavior and complex dynamic properties. The multivariable four-tank system has attracted recent attention, as it illustrates many concepts in multivariable control, particularly interaction, transmission zero, and non-minimum phase characteristics that emerge from a simple cascade of tanks. So, the multivariable laboratory process of four interconnected water tanks is considered for modeling and control. For processes which show nonlinear and multivariable characteristics, classical control strategies like PIDs have performance limitations. Hence, intelligent approaches like Neural Networks (NN) is an important term in this juncture. The use of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is apt for modeling and control of nonlinear dynamic processes as it contains the past information about the process. The objective of the current study is to design and implement an adaptive control system using RNN for a nonlinear multivariable process.

The proposed adaptive design comprises an estimator based on RNN, which adapts online and predicts one step ahead output. A Recursive Least Square (RLS) based back propagation algorithm is used for training the network. The controller used is also a RNN, which minimizes the difference between the predicted output and reference trajectory. The objective function is minimized using a steepest descent algorithm which gives the optimum control input. Desired performance of the system is ensured by the parallel operation of both. The proposed control strategy is implemented in a laboratory scale four tank system. The trajectory tracking and disturbance rejection response obtained are compared with the response obtained by using a well designed decoupled, decentralized IMC controller.     

Identification and Control of Bioreactor using Recurrent Networks

Abstract

A nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategy based on recurrent neural networks (RNN) is proposed for a single‐input single‐output system (SISO) to control the uncertain nonlinear process. The automatic configuration and modeling of the networks is carried out using a recurrent Elman network using back propagation through time (BPTT) with MATLAB. Identification of the process is performed with a RNN based nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) model and the incorporation of the developed model in the formulation of NMPC is presented. Further, the results of the NMPC is compared with a well tuned IMC based PI controller, which shows a better performance based on the rise time and settling time of the proposed NMPC scheme for the control of an unstable bioreactor.     

Performance assessment of PID and IMC tuning methods for a mixing process with time delay

A flow process with time delay has been considered for modeling and control. A dilute solution of sodium chloride is used as tracer and an online conductivity measurement unit as sensor and recorder. The objective of the current study is to design control algorithms and present corresponding robust control analysis for the process. The control methodologies considered are (i) conventional PID control and (ii) internal model control (IMC). The control structures are comparatively analyzed using standard robustness measures for stability and performance. Of the two control algorithms, conventional PID and IMC, IMC exhibits faster settling time, no overshoot, better set-point tracking and disturbance rejection, and good robust performance than the PID control scheme.     

二阶时滞系统内模PID控制的研究

对于二阶时滞系统的内模控制,传统处理方法是对时滞的部分采用传统Pade逼近,这种方法容易引入零点使低阶对象在逼近的起始部分出现波动。该文采用一种新的全极点逼近法,设计基于内模原理的PID反馈控制,只需调整一个参数。并对二阶对象的时滞部分采用全极点和传统Pade逼近仿真实验。仿真结果表明：所采用的方法近似程度高,在IMC-PID转化后,仍然可以得到很好的控制效果。     

基于SVM的内模控制算法在船舶航向中的应用

基于SVM的内模控制,采用SVM回归理论建立系统的内部模型和设计逆模控制器。首先简要介绍了SVMR的原理,然后将其应用于内摸控制问题.并建立了SVMR模型。其次,在控制过程可逆的条件下设计了SVMR控制器。最后将该控制方法用于具有大时滞性、非线性和不确定性的船舶航向控制中,仿真结果表明了该方法的合理性和有效性。     

Optimal solution,quantitative performance estimation,and robust tuning of the simplifying controller

Recently, a simplifying controller has been proposed based on the principal of simplification of the control system transfer functions, which offers improved control for processes with a large time delay. It is the purpose of this complementary paper to give a comprehensive analysis on the scheme. First, the relationship among the simplifying controller, the Smith predictor, and the internal model control are discussed. Second, an analytical design procedure is developed based on internal model control (IMC) and optimal solution is derived. Third, the problem of estimating the time domain performance of the closed loop system, quantitatively, is discussed. Fourth, a simple robust tuning procedure is presented. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the proposed method.     

反向单轨输送机系统在汽车生产输送系统上的应用

通过应用实例，介绍反向单轨输送机系统的组成、工作原理，论述系统的维护保养方法。     

线控转向系统的前轮转角跟踪策略研究

研究通过对线控转向系统进行主动控制,可靠并准确地得到期望的前轮转角。基于建立的线控转向系统数学模型,使用非线性自回归模型确定其系统参数,设计内模控制器跟踪车辆的期望运动状态。通过开环和闭环试验,对控制器在典型的驾驶工况下的有效性进行了验证。通过与PID控制器的结果对比,证明所设计的内模控制器能提供更好的控制性能。为减少驾驶员的操纵负担并确保车辆在不同行驶条件下的稳定性,根据不同工况下的测试结果提出基于增益不变的变角传动比控制策略,并设计了滑模控制器跟踪期望横摆角以实现主动转向。通过对内模和滑模控制器的联合仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器可实现期望横摆角度的精确跟踪,显著提高车辆的操纵灵活性和稳定性。     

Two-degree-of-freedom fractional order-PID controllers design for fractional order processes with dead-time

Recently, fractional order (FO) processes with dead-time have attracted more and more attention of many researchers in control field, but FO-PID controllers design techniques available for the FO processes with dead-time suffer from lack of direct systematic approaches. In this paper, a simple design and parameters tuning approach of two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) FO-PID controller based on internal model control (IMC) is proposed for FO processes with dead-time, conventional one-degree-of-freedom control exhibited the shortcoming of coupling of robustness and dynamic response performance. 2-DOF control can overcome the above weakness which means it realizes decoupling of robustness and dynamic performance from each other. The adjustable parameter η₂ of FO-PID controller is directly related to the robustness of closed-loop system, and the analytical expression is given between the maximum sensitivity specification M_s and parameters η₂. In addition, according to the dynamic performance requirement of the practical system, the parameters η₁ can also be selected easily. By approximating the dead-time term of the process model with the first-order Padé or Taylor series, the expressions for 2-DOF FO-PID controller parameters are derived for three classes of FO processes with dead-time. Moreover, compared with other methods, the proposed method is simple and easy to implement. Finally, the simulation results are given to illustrate the effectiveness of this method.     

基于频域分析的预测控制鲁棒性设计

从分析预测控制的内模机理出发，把系统稳定鲁棒性和品质鲁棒性要求作为内模控制器设计的两个约束条件，利用控制理论中频域分析的方法把离散控制系统的控制器设计转化到频域进行分析，推导出满足系统稳定鲁棒性和品质鲁棒性条件的内模控制器，从而得出预测控制鲁棒性设计的条件，使控制系统能较好的抑制外部扰动所产生的影响。仿真实验结果表明该设计比传统的CHR和Cohen-Coon整定算法有更优异的控制效果。     

光电跟踪系统鲁棒自调整内模控制设计与分析

光电跟踪系统广泛应用于制导武器、航空航天观测设备以及靶场光电测量仪器等领域。针对光电成像测量时滞和模型不确定性,设计了一种鲁棒自调整内模控制算法。给出基于相位裕度和幅值裕度指标的系统控制器整定方程,分析得到了模型失配情况下的系统鲁棒稳定条件以及参数的设计准则,引入基于二次型性能指标的优化方法在线自适应调整控制滤波器参数来提高系统的控制性能和鲁棒性。在光电跟踪转台上的实验结果表明,所设计算法可有效地克服光电图像跟踪器测量时滞所造成的跟踪偏差,跟踪精度小于1密位,保证了成像传感器对目标的快速准确跟踪。     

Model Based Tuning of Controller for Non‐Linear Hemispherical Tank Processes

Abstract

A non linear liquid level process represented by a 5 liter hemispherical tank was subjected to dynamic analysis using a step response technique. The data fitted a first order plus dead time model with an error of less than 3 percent. The level was measured using an on‐line Honeywell capacitance sensor. From the model parameters, PI and fuzzy tuned PI controllers were designed using MATLAB. The closed loop performance was studied for both the servo and regulator problems. Based on the overshoot, rise time, settling time, and ISE, it is found that the Fuzzy tuned PI controller is better suited for this process.     

基于CAN总线技术的IMC在驱动系统中的运用与实现

依托一种智能分布式系统，基于CAN总线技术来实现增益内模控制，在上位机与各控制节点之间实现了控制通信，并进行了驱动系统闭环实验，实控结果表明较好地解决了因通信周期较长而导致实时控制不好的难题。     

Enhancing the performance of parallel cascade control using Smith predictor

Parallel cascade controllers are used in chemical processing industries to improve the dynamic performance of a control system in the presence of disturbances. In the present work, a delay compensator has been incorporated in the primary loop of the parallel cascade control system. The secondary controller is designed using the internal model control (IMC) method. The primary controller is designed based on a direct synthesis method for the delay-free system. Design of controllers for slow (when the secondary loop dynamics is slow i.e. process contains poles sufficiently slower than the desired closed loop response) as well as fast dynamics (when the inner loop dynamics is fast i.e. process contains poles sufficiently faster than the desired closed loop response) of the secondary process is considered. The method provides robust control performances. Significant improvement in the closed loop performances are obtained with the delay compensator over that of a conventional parallel cascade control system. Several case studies are considered to show the advantage of the proposed method when compared to other recently reported methods.