Liquid metal embrittlement mechanism

Liquid metal embrittlement was studied in the following two aspects. First the first principle and ChenNanxian three-dimensional lattice reverse method were employed to obtain the effective potentials for Al-Ga and GaGa. Then with the molecular dynamics simulation, the influence of liquid metal adsorption on dislocation emission was studied. The simulated result shows that after Ga atoms are adsorbed on the crack plane in Al crystal, the critical stress intensity factor decreases, which changes from 0.5 MPam~(1/2) (without adsorption) to 0.4 MPam~(1/2) (with adsorption). The reason for the reduction in the critical intensity stress factor is that Ga adsorption reduces the surface energy of the crack plane. Moreover, 7075 Al alloy adsorbing liquid metal (Hg 3atm％Ga) was in-situ studied in TEM by using a special constant deflection device. The experimental result showed that liquid metal adsorption could facilitate emission, multiplication and motion of dislocations. When this process reached a critical     

Hydrogen-enhanced dislocation emission, motion and nucleation of hydrogen-induced cracking for steel

The change in dislocation configuration ahead of a loaded crack tip before and after charging with hydrogen was in situ investigated in TEM using a special constant deflection loading device The results showed that hydrogen could facilitate dislocation emission, multiplication and motion The change in displacement field ahead of a loaded notch tip for a bulk specimen before and after charging with hydrogen was in situ measured by the laser moire interferometer technique. The results showed that hydrogen could enlarge the plastic zone and increase the plastic strain The in situ observation in TEM showed that when hydrogen-enhanced dislocation emission and motion reached a critical condition, a nanocrack of hydrogen-induced cracking ( HIC) would nucleate in the dislocation-free zone (DFZ) or at the main crack tip. The reasons for hydrogen-enhanced dislocation emission, multiplication and motion, and the mechanisms of nucleation of HIC have been discussed     

Film-induced stress enhancing stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel

A constant deflection device designed for use within a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to investigate the change in dislocation configuration ahead of a crack tip during stress corrosion cracking (SCO of type 310 austenitic stainless steel in a boiling MgCI2 solution, and the initiation process of stress corrosion microcrack. Results showed that corrosion process during SCC enhanced dislocation emission, multiplication and motion. Microcracks of SCC were initiated when the corrosion-enhanced dislocation emission and motion reached critical state.A passive film formed during corrosion of austenitic stainless steel in the boiling MgCI2 solution generated a tensile stress. During SCC, the additive tensile stress generated at the metal/passive film interface helps enhance dislocation emission and motion.     

Corrosion-enhanced dislocation emission and motion resulting in initiation of stress corrosion cracking

A special constant deflection device for TEM has been designed, and then change of dislocation configuration ahead of a crack tip during stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass in water and of Ti-24Al-11Nb alloy in methanol and initiation of SCC can he observed in TEM In situ tensile test in TEM for brass was carried out for comparison The results show that anodic dissolution during SCC can facilitate dislocation emission, multiplication and motion, and a dislocation free zone (DFZ) is formed The stress at a particular site in the DFZ, which is an elastic zone and is thinned gradually through corrosion-enhanced dislocation emission and motion, is possibly up to the cohesive strength, resulting in initiating of a nanocrack of SCC in the DFZ or sometimes at the crack tip. Because of the action of the corrosion solution the nanocrack of SCC propagates into a cleavage or intergranular microcrack rather than blunts into a void like in situ tension in TEM     

TEM Study on Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of Fe3Al Alloy

Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) of Fe3AI alloy was studied by in silo transmission electron microscope (TEM). Electron transparent specimens were moaned onto a constant displacement device. Stress was applied to the specimen by using a bolt through the device. The results showed that hydrogen enhanced the dislocation emission and motion in Fe3Al alloy. A dislocation free zone (DFZ) was formed following the dislocation emission. Microcrack initiated in the DFZ or at the main crack tip when the emission reached a critical extension. Hydrogen played an important role in the process of brittle fracture of Fe,AI alloy.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of hydrogen enhancing dislocation emission

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Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Proof of Hydrogen-enhanced Dislocation Emission in Nickel

A quasi three dimensions molecular dynamic method was used to simulate the effect of hydrogen on dislocation emission and crack propagation in nickel. In situ observation in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to confirm the simulation results. The simulation result indicated that hydrogen solubilized in nickel decreased the critical stress intensity for the dislocation emission, i.e., hydrogen enhanced dislocation emission. In situ observation in TEM showed that hydrogen enhanced dislocation emission and motion before the initiation of hydrogen-induced crack.     

Stress distribution and effective stress intensity factor of a blunt crack after dislocation emission

The stress fields induced by a dislocation and its image dislocations around a narrow elliptic void are formulated. Based on the solution, the stress distribution and effective stress intensity factor of a blunt (elliptic) crack were calculated under mode I constant loading. The results show that a dislocation-free zone (DFZ) is formed after dislocation emission. There exists a second stress peak in the DFZ except a stress peak at the blunt crack tip. With an increase in the applied stress intensity factor Kla or the friction stress T, of the material, the DFZ size and the peak stress at the crack tip decrease, but the peak stress in the DFZ and the effective stress intensity factor Klf presiding at the crack tip increase. Because of dislocation shielding effects, shielding ratio Kla/Klf increases with increasing Kla, but it decreases with increasing Tf.     

An investigation of corrosion-induced stress during SCC

TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) observations show that corrosion process during stress corrosion cracking (SCC) enhances dislocation emission and motion; and microcrack of SCC initiates when the corrosion-enhanced dislocation emission and motion reaches a certain condition. The passive film or dealloyed layer formed during corrosion or SCC can induce a large tensile stress, which can assist the applied stress to enhance dislocation emission and motion, and then SCC occurs. Experiments show that the variation of SCC susceptibility of brass,α-Ti and stainless steel with the applied potential and pH value of the solution is consistent with that of the corrosion-induced additive stress. Molecular dynamics simulations show that a dealloyed layer can generate a tensile stress; and the corrosion (dealloyed layer)-induced tensile stress can assist the applied stress to enhance dislocation emission and crack propagation.     

裂纹尖端的位错密度及其应用

本文为弹性断裂力学分析提供了一个新的变量：位错密度．并论证了这一变量在裂纹尖端具有1√r所阶的奇异性．分别给出了三类裂纹问题裂尖位错密度与应力强度因子的关系，对这一变量在数值计算中的应用进行了探讨．     

不同速率下单双钎头破岩声发射数值分析

选用脆性花岗岩为研究对象,利用岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D,分别对其进行单、双钎头在不同加载速率下的数值模拟试验,得到RFPA2D应力图及相对应同一加载步下的声发射图。结果表明:较单钎头相比,岩石在双钎头协同作用下将会形成应力叠加,且钎头下面的裂纹会对相邻裂纹产生影响,裂纹尖端会产生应力集中,试件破坏释放出的声发射能量和声发射计数更大;随着加载速率的增大,试件释放的声发射总能量增大,且所得竖向载荷增大。     

Mechanism on progressive failure of a faulted rock slope due to slip-weakening

1 Introduction The damage or failure of faulted rock slope is a quite difficult problem in geotechni- cal engineering, and attention has been drawn from researchers for a long time. Apart from the toppling damage of steep slopes, most of the failure pattern of faulted rockslopes is shear-typed. The failure process of such a slope includes: initiation and devel- opment of a single micro-crack, breakthrough of two or more cracks, formation of fail- ure zones, and even shear damage in large scale…     

Digital image correlation based high-speed crack tip locating method and its application

Based on a digital image correlation (DIC) method with the measurements of a high speed crack''s displacement and strain fields, a technique to accurately and automatically locate its crack tip has been developed. The crack tip is identified by finding the abrupt jump on the opening (or dislocation) curve of a point on the trace of the crack propagation, while the opening is measured through a virtual extensometer technique and the abrupt jump is identified by finding the peak on the curve. The method was verified using a specially designed experiment and applied to measure the critical crack tip opening angle of a rock sample. Because the involvement of analytical models has been avoided and then the good performance could be ensured for low resolution speckle images, this technique is expected to be very useful in the quantitative study of high speed cracks in experiments using high speed cameras.     

Mechanism on progressive failure of a faulted rock slope due to slip-weakening

Slip-weakening is one of the characteristics of geological materials under certain loadings. Non-uniform rock structure may exist in the vicinity of the slip surface for a rock slope. Some portion of the slip surface may be penetrated but the other not. For the latter case, the crack or the fault surface will undergo shear deformation before it becomes a successive surface under a certain loading. As the slipped portion advances, slip-weakening occurs over a distance behind the crack tip. In the weakening zone, the shear strength will decrease from its peak value to residual friction level. The stress will redistribute along the surface of crack and in the weakening zone. Thus the changed local stress concentration leads the crack to extend and the ratio of penetration of the slip surface to increase. From the view of large-scale for the whole slip surface, the shear strength will decrease due to the damage of interior rock structure, and the faulted rock behaves as a softening material. Such a kind of mechanism performs in a large number of practical landslides in the zones experienced strong earthquakes. It should be noted that the mechanism mentioned above is different from that of the breakage of structural clay, in which the geological material is regarded as a medium containing structural lumps and structural bands. In this paper, the softening behavior of a faulted rock should be regarded as a comprehensive result of the whole complicated process including slip-weakening, redistribution of stress, extension of crack tip, and the penetration of the slip surface. This process is accompanied by progressive failure and abrupt structural damage. The size of slip-weakening zone is related to the undergoing strain. Once the relative slide is initiated (local or integrated), the effect of slip-weakening will behave in a certain length behind the crack tip until the formation of the whole slip surface.     

复合型裂纹扩展的形状改变比能准则

为了预测金属材料裂纹在小范围屈服时的延性断裂，以复合型裂纹为研究对象，将裂纹前缘塑性屈服区内的总形状改变比能用于建立复合型裂纹的断裂准则。该准则表明了金属材料裂纹在扩展过程中，起决定作用的是形状改变比能，而不是整个应变能。能成功地预测了复合型裂纹的启裂角度以及临界荷载，将其结果与Sih的S准则和实验数据结果进行了比较。结果表明，复合型裂纹扩展的形状改变比能准则，在预测裂纹启裂角方面优于S准则，并且预测的临界荷载偏保守。在工程上，将其应用于复合型裂纹断裂判定是安全的。     

氢和氧在单层偏析Cu_xNi_(1-x)合金表面的化学吸附

采用Einstein－Schrieffer化学吸附理论和复能积分技术在平均T矩阵近似（ATA）下计算了氢和氧在无序二元合金Cu－Ni表面上的化学吸附能．在我们的理论与计算中，计入了合金清洁表面偏析和化学吸附诱导表面偏析对化学吸附能的影响．结果发现，H和O在CuxNi1-x表面上的化学吸附具有类似的性质；化学吸附随Cu浓度的减小而加强；Cu在合金表面的偏析在一定程度上消弱了化学吸附．     

16Mn钢焊接件疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展机理研究

对16Mn钢对焊接头的焊缝及热影响区中疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展机理进行了研究与讨论,结果发现：疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展与铁素体组织有关,疲劳裂纹扩展阶段裂纹尖端附近为形成于铁素体晶粒内的位错胞及亚晶,在离裂纹尖端较远处为高密度的位错缠结。     

平面压痕的极限开裂角与临界载荷

当矩形平端刚性压头作用在无摩擦弹性基体的表面时, 在基体表面生成一个平面压痕, 同时在压痕边界处的近表面诱生奇异应力场, 该奇异应力场的奇异性与裂纹尖端I -型应力场的奇异性同价, 使平面压痕的表面产生断裂型开裂。利用能量释放率原理, 分析压痕边界断裂开裂的极限开裂角、极限开裂载荷等相关问题。     

Influence of fractality of fracture surfaces on stress and displacement fields at crack tips

In the classic theory of fracture mechanics, expressions for calculating the stresses and displacements in the vicinity of the crack tip are deduced on the basis of the assumption that a fracture surface is a smooth surface or that a crack is a smooth crack. In fact, the surface of a crack formed during the fracture is usually very irregular. So the real asymptotic form of the stress and displacement fields at the crack tip is different from the classic one. Considering the irregularity of a real fracture surface or a real crack profile, the crack is taken as a fractal one, and then the real asymptotic form at the crack tip is developed by applying Griffith’s energy balance principle and fractal geometry. Through the developed asymptotic form, it is discovered that the fractality of the crack reduces the stress singularity at the crack tip.

     

Influence of fractality of fracture surfaces on stress and displacement fields at crack tips

In the classic theory of fracture mechanics, expressions for calculating the stresses and displacements in the vicinity of the crack tip are deduced on the basis of the assumption that a fracture surface is a smooth surface or that a crack is a smooth crack. In fact, the surface of a crack formed during the fracture is usually very irregular. So the real asymptotic form of the stress and displacement fields at the crack tip is different from the classic one. Considering the irregularity of a real fracture surface or a real crack profile, the crack is taken as a fractal one, and then the real asymptotic form at the crack tip is developed by applying Griffith’s energy balance principle and fractal geometry. Through the developed asymptotic form, it is discovered that the fractality of the crack reduces the stress singularity at the crack tip.