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1.
Oxidation of two low-Cr (Cr content 1.5 wt% and 2.25 wt%) and three high-Cr (Cr content 9 wt%, 12 wt% and 18 wt%) boiler steels was investigated at temperatures between 550 °C and 830 °C in laboratory air. Thermogravimetry (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied for evaluation of the oxidation kinetics, oxides phase identification and scale structure analysis. Particular attention was paid to the phenomenon of inward oxidation and its relationship with the Cr content of the steels under investigation. The results showed that the inward oxidation of the Cr steels is governed by grain boundary diffusion. Two different Cr-depending tendencies concerning the effect of alloy grain size on the inward oxidation were observed. For low-Cr steels (less than 2.25 wt% Cr), an increase in the grain size improved the oxidation resistance, while steels with high Cr content (18 wt% Cr) can form a thin and protective chromia scale on the surface more easily at finer grain size. In the latter case an increase in grain size deteriorates the oxidation resistance by the formation of a thicker scale composed of both an outer and an inner Fe-oxide-based layer. 相似文献
2.
The steam oxidation of 9Cr–0.5Mo–1.8W steels containing 0.06 to 0.49%Si was investigated at 500°, 550°, 600°, 650° and 700°C. The steam oxidation rate of the steel decreased with increasing silicon content. The effect of silicon was most remarkable at 700°C. At 500°, 550° and 600°C, the effect was almost the same, and was smaller than that at 700°C. At 700°C, the formation of a protective amorphous-SiO2 film reduced the oxidation rate considerably. On the other hand, at 600°C or less, silicon dissolved in the Fe–Cr spinel lattice with no evidence of SiO2. At 650°C, although amorphous SiO2 was observed, as at 700°C, at the scale–metal interface, the effect of silicon was the least within the test-temperature range. Thus, 650°C was a peculiar temperature for the effect of silicon on the steam oxidation of 9%Cr steels. The relatively small effect of silicon at 650°C is attributed to the formation of metastable FeO. 相似文献
3.
Influence of water vapour on high temperature oxidation of steels used in petroleum refinery heaters
The oxidation behaviours of three different steels used in the construction of petroleum refinery heaters were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique. C‐5, P‐11 and P‐22 steel samples were tested in two different environments: air and CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2, a gas composition which simulates the combustion products of natural gas, at 450 and 500 °C. P‐22 steel had the best oxidation resistance at both temperatures in air. In CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2 environment, the oxidations of all the steels were accelerated and C‐5 exhibited better oxidation resistance than P‐22 and P‐11. Analyses of oxidation products by optical microscopy, SEM‐EDX and XRD were carried out to correlate TGA results to oxide composition and morphology. The lower oxidation rate of P‐22 in air was explained with reference to the formation of a protective Cr‐containing oxide layer between the steel and the iron oxide scale. The higher oxidation rates of chromium containing steels in CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2 environment were attributed to the depletion of protective Cr‐containing oxide scale, which was deduced from the lower Cr content of this layer than that formed in air oxidation, as a result of probably faster oxidation of Cr even inside the steel. Therefore, the oxidation mechanisms of Fe? Cr alloys with intermediate Cr contents at higher temperatures could also be valid for steels with low chromium contents such as P‐22 (2.25%) even at 450 and 500 °C. 相似文献
4.
Seongho Han Hwangoo Seong Yeonsang Ahn C. I. Garcia A. J. DeArdo Inbae Kim 《Metals and Materials International》2009,15(4):521-529
The effects of alloying elements and coiling temperature on recrystallization behavior and bainitic transformation were investigated
based on 0.07C-Mn-Cr-Nb steel with a low carbon equivalent. Based on the ferrite recrystallization behavior, the proper intercritical
annealing temperature of all studied steels was suggested to produce TRIP steel with good strength and elongation balance.
All steels coiled at 550 °C showed much faster ferrite recrystallization behavior than steels coiled at 700 °C. In addition
to the coiling temperature, the effect of increasing carbon content on the ferrite recrystallization was minor at a coiling
temperature of 550 °C, but much more prominent at a coiling temperature of 700 °C. The highest Mo added steel showed the best
strength and elongation balance, and the highest carbon and Mo added steel showed the highest tensile strength at a coiling
temperature of 550 °C. The steel containing a higher amount of elemental Al (0.7 wt.% Al) exhibited much better elongation
than the lower Al added steel (0.04 wt.% Al) in TS 780 MPa grade, about 24 % and 19 %, respectively. 相似文献
5.
Boiler tube steels, namely low carbon steel ASTM-SA-210-Grades A1 (GrA1), 1Cr-0.5Mo steel ASTM-SA213-T-11 (T11), and 2.25Cr-1
Mo steel ASTM-SA213-T-22(T22), were used as substrate steels. Ni-22Cr-10Al-1Y powder was sprayed as a bond coat 150 μm thick
before a 200 μm final coating of Ni-20Cr was applied Coatings were characterized prior to testing in the environment of a
coal fire boiler. The uncoated and coated steels were inserted in the platen superheater zone of a coal fired boiler at around
755°C for 10 cycles, each 100 h. Coated steels showed lower degradation (erosion-corrosion) rate than uncoated steels showed.
The lowest rate was observed in the case of Ni-20Cr coated T11 steel. Among the uncoated steels, the observed rate of degradation
was the lowest for the T22 steel. 相似文献
6.
Four steels (Fe2.25Cr1Mo, Fe9Cr1Mo, AISI 304, 353 MA) and one Ni-based superalloy (Inconel 625) were exposed in an erosion--corrosion test rig at the temperatures 20, 350, 550 and 700°C for 1 week. The atmosphere was air and the particle velocity 1.2 m/s. The composition and thickness of the developed surface layers were determined by Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ferritic and Ni-based alloys investigated show a minimum in wastage rate around 350°C due to the development of a particle strengthened/toughened composite layer on the surface. The greatest wastage rates were measured at 700°C. Rapid diffusion paths created in the oxide from the particle bombardment results in the growth of oxide nodules at the oxide/metal-interface causing protruding oxide flakes which are chipped away. At this temperature the ferritic steel Fe9Cr1Mo is degraded to a larger extent than the austenitic steels. 相似文献
7.
Oxidation behaviour of weldments at elevated temperature has become an object of scientific investigation. Weldments were prepared using shielded metal arc welding and tungsten inert gas processes to weld together 1Cr–0.5Mo (T11) boiler tube steels. This paper reports the oxidation behaviour of welded and unwelded 1Cr–0.5Mo (T11) boiler tube steel specimens after exposure to air at 900 °C under cyclic condition. The thermogravimetric technique was used to establish kinetics of oxidation. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive analysis techniques were used to analyse the oxidation products. The unwelded steel showed a higher oxidation rate (in terms of weight gain) than that of welded steels. 相似文献
8.
Exhaust manifolds are subjected to an environment in which heating and cooling cycles occur due to the running pattern of
automotive engines. This temperature profile results in the repeated bending stress of exhaust pipes. Therefore, among high-temperature
characteristics, the bending fatigue strength is an important factor that affects the lifespan of exhaust manifolds. Here,
we report on the effect of the alloy composition, namely the weight fraction of the elements Cr, Mo, Nb, and Ti, on the high-temperature
bending fatigue strength of the ferritic stainless steel used in exhaust manifolds. Little difference in the tensile strength
and bending fatigue strength of the different composition steels was observed below 600 °C, with the exception of the low-Cr
steel. However, steels with high Cr, Mo, or Nb fractions showed considerably larger bending fatigue strength at temperatures
of 800 °C. After heating, the precipitates from the specimens were extracted electrolytically and analyzed using scanning
electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. Alloying with Cr and Mo was found
to increase the bending fatigue strength due to the substitutional solid solution effect, while alloying with Nb enhanced
the strength by forming fine intermetallic compounds, including NbC and Fe2Nb. 相似文献
9.
J. Mets?joki E. Huttunen-Saarivirta T. Lepist? 《Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance》2011,20(2):298-305
In this paper, oxidation behavior of 9-12% Cr steels P91 and HCM12A is studied in air and in a mixture of air and water vapor.
Comparison is made between these steels in uncoated condition and coated with aluminum diffusion coating by a slurry method.
Oxidation tests were carried out at 550, 600, and 650 °C for a discontinued duration of 1000 h; every 250 h the specimens
were slowly cooled to room temperature and weighed. SEM + EDS and XRD characterization were performed after 500 and 1000 h.
The results showed that oxidation rate of uncoated P91 and HCM12A was significantly higher in the mixture of air and water
vapor than in air. Oxidation resistance of the studied materials improved substantially when they were aluminized. 相似文献
10.
Sheng Liu Di Tang Huibin Wu Lidong Wang 《Journal of Materials Processing Technology》2013,213(7):1068-1075
A micro-alloyed steel was oxidized at different temperature between 900 °C and 1200 °C in 80%N2–15%CO2–5%O2 atmosphere. As compared with the pure iron, an additional layer between the matrix and the oxide scale was detected in the micro-alloyed steel. The micro-alloying elements, mainly Si and Mo, are found accumulated in the subscale in the form of Laves phases. As the Laves phases can impede the diffusion of iron ion and electron across the subscale, the micro-alloyed steel shows a lower oxidation rate than that of pure iron. Moreover, the existence of the subscale results in a different thickness ratio of hematite, magnetite and wustite in the micro-alloyed steel as compared with that in pure iron. It is also found that the surface roughness of oxide scale significantly depends on the content of hematite. 相似文献
11.
The influence of a high magnetic field on carbide precipitation during the tempering of a 2.25 Cr–Mo steel was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. As-quenched specimens were tempered at 200, 550 and 700 °C for various times in the absence and presence of a 12 T magnetic field. Experimental results indicate that the applied high magnetic field effectively promotes the precipitation of M23C6 carbides at low temperature (200 °C) and M7C3 and M23C6 carbides at intermediate temperature (550 °C). The increased Fe content in the M23C6 and M7C3 carbide significantly increases the magnetization. The magnetic Gibbs free energy, which influenced the alloy carbide precipitation behavior, was considered to be mainly determined by the intrinsic magnetization energy for M23C6 and M7C3 carbides. With the increase of the tempering temperature (700 °C), there was no pronounced effect of the high magnetic field on the precipitation sequence and the concentration of substitutional solute atoms in paramagnetic carbides. The investigation of alloy carbide precipitation under high magnetic fields could contribute to a better understanding of phase transformation of alloy carbides and to the heat treatment and fabrication of heat-resistant steels. 相似文献
12.
Yang Xu Qianlin Wu Haitian Zheng Liangjun Huang Ning Zhong Chunhua Fan 《工业材料与腐蚀》2020,71(8):1321-1329
In this study, the oxidation behavior of 2Cr13 stainless steels with/without TiC particles was investigated in a simulated marine environment at 550°C. The results showed that TiC particles greatly accelerated the oxidation rate of 2Cr13 steel during the cyclic oxidation reaction. At the same time, the effect of acceleration was alleviated by the small size and uniform distribution of TiC particles. As galvanic corrosion in the vicinity of TiC particles occurred in 3.5% NaCl solution spray, more NaCl particles deposited on the alloy surface, especially in the area around TiC particles. At 550°C, some shell-like oxidation products were generated on the 2Cr13 steel surface due to TiC addition, and then the porous oxidation products provided poor protective ability. Besides, the defect and stress in the oxide scale was reduced due to the small size and uniform distribution of TiC particles in 2Cr13 steel. 相似文献
13.
Reversible temper embrittlement has been frequently observed in many different low alloy steels serving at high temperature,
e.g. order of 500 °C. This type of embrittlement can change the brittle transgranular fracture mode to intergranular decohesion
with subsequent change in fracture stress and fracture toughness. The present paper deals with the influence of the prior
austenite grain size and isothermal aging time on the degree of embrittlement of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, which is very popular for
its use in power generating and other petrochemical industries. In this research work, the specimens of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel were
treated in three different austenitizing temperatures along with different isothermal embrittling time periods. Then the induced
degree of embrittlement was characterized by the fracture stress values at −196 °C and area fraction of intergranular failure.
The outcome of the experimental results shows that the increase in austenite grain size and/or isothermal embrittling time
severely weakens the grain boundary cohesive strength leading to brittle intergranular failures and thus to a greater degree
of temper embrittlement. 相似文献
14.
A comparative study has been carried out to investigate the effects of Al and/or Ce additions on microstructure of Mo–Si–B alloys and their isothermal oxidation behaviour at 500 and 700 °C in laboratory air for 24 h. Microstructure of arc melted Mo–Si–B–(Al, Ce) alloys consists of bcc α-Mo dendrites embedded in ultrafine lamellar Mo3Si and Mo5SiB2 eutectic matrix. Isothermal oxidation kinetics of ultrafine structured Mo–Si–B alloy at 500 °C has been found to show hardly any mass change during 24 h exposure. Addition of Al to Mo–Si–B alloy refines the microstructure, decreases the net mass loss at 700 °C by ~43%, whereas Ce does not bring about any significant change. The enhanced oxidation resistance of Mo–Si–B–Al alloy is due to the formation of Al–O rich inter-layer at the alloy/oxide interface along with the formation of a protective and dense Al2(MoO4)3 outer layer, which reduces the sublimation of MoO3 at 700 °C. Various transient/complex oxides formed on the alloys during their high temperature exposure have been examined to determine the oxidation mechanisms. 相似文献
15.
Ki O Song Tong Yul Cho Jae Hong Yoon Chan Gyu Lee Kee Sam Shin Seon Ho Lee Kee Won Urm Jong Wook Lee In Soo Kim 《Metals and Materials International》2008,14(6):721-727
Current supereritical steam power plants operate at 3,600 psi and 1,000°F. If the steam temperature is raised from 1,000 °F
(538 °C) to 1,150 °F (621°C), the efficiency increases by 2%. Therefore, study on the high temperature corrosion of power
plant materials under ultra-superciritical conditions (USC) is necessary to protect the plant from corrosion. In this study,
valve materials of 17% Cr martensitic steels (17Cr steel), Incoloy 901 (1901) and their surface nitrided specimens were exposed
to USC of 621 °C and 3600 psi (255 kg/cm2) steam for 200 °C, 400 °C, and 800 h. The oxidation of both 17Cr steel and 1901 under the USC for 800 h is very small due
to the formation of a protective thin oxide layer formation on the surface. The USC oxidation of both nitrided specimens were
increased due to the decomposition and formation of active nitrogen from the non protective nitrides such as Fe4N, Fe2–3N, and CrN. The oxidation of nitrided 17Cr steel (n17Cr steel) is about two times higher compared to nitrided 1901 (n1901).
The surface hardness is improved by more than two times near the surface by nitriding, and the degradation of hardness by
USC oxidation is rapid for n17Cr steel, but slow for n1901. 相似文献
16.
Investigation of the influence of nitrogen on the pitting corrosion of high alloyed austenitic Cr‐Ni‐Mo‐steels Austenitic stainless steels (18% Cr, 12% Ni, Mo gradation between 0.5 to 3.6%) had been gas‐nitrided. By stepwise removal, samples could be prepared with various surface content of nitrogen up to 0.45%. The susceptibility against pitting corrosion of these samples had been tested by two methods: – determination of the stable pitting potential in 0.5 M NaCl at 25°C – determination of the critical pitting temperature in artificial sea water (DIN 81249‐4) The influence of nitrogen to both determined parameter can be described well by PRE = Cr + 3,3 · Mo + 25 · N That means for the investigated steel composition and the used corrosion system there is no influence of molybdenum on the effectiveness of nitrogen. 相似文献
17.
Harendra Kumar J.N. Mohapatra Rajat Kumar Roy R. Justin Joseyphus Amitava Mitra 《Journal of Materials Processing Technology》2010,210(4):669-674
Modified 9Cr–1Mo steels were normalized at 1050 °C/30 min and tempered over a wide range of temperatures to observe the effect of tempering temperature on the material properties. The material revealed mechanical softening when tempered at temperature less than the lower critical temperature (~810 °C: Ac1). Beyond Ac1 temperature the materials strength increased drastically due to the formation of fresh martensite. Magnetic Hysteresis Loop (MHL) and Magnetic Barkhausen Emissions (MBE) techniques were used to evaluate the magnetic properties of the materials with tempering. Magnetic softening was observed by tempering the material below the Ac1 temperature where a decrease in coercivity and an increase in RMS voltage of the MBE were found. Tempering beyond Ac1 magnetic hardening was observed by the increase in coercivity and the decrease in RMS voltage of MBE. Such results revealed that magnetic techniques could be a better tool for the evaluation of tempering of modified 9Cr–1Mo steel. 相似文献
18.
Huiran Cui Feng Sun Ke Chen Jiansheng Wu 《Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance》2011,20(9):1613-1619
12Cr heat-resistant steels with different concentrations of Co and W, with Mo equivalent (Mo + 1/2W) fixed at 1.6 wt.%, were
prepared by arc-melting and hot rolling processes. Mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile tests conducted at a low
strain rate 2 × 10−5 s−1 at 575, 600, and 625 °C. Microstructure of the steels was investigated via optical microscopy (OM) and electron transmission
microscopy (TEM). The results show that when the content of W is fixed, the steel with 3.1 wt.% Co and the steel with 3.8 wt.%
Co are found to obtain the best deformation resistance values at 575, 600, and at 625 °C; when the Co content is fixed, the
steel with 1.5 wt.% W shows better performance. The highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield stress (YS) were achieved
for the steel when its W content is at 1.5 wt.% and Co content is at 3.1 wt.% or 3.8 wt.%. Deformation resistance is related
to the initial dislocation density in the steels, which increases with increasing Co content and decreases with increasing
W content. It is verified that the deformation mechanism of the tested steels during high-temperature tensile tests at a low
strain rate is that of the recovery-controlled dislocation creep. Furthermore, the thermodynamic calculation result is in
agreement with the experimental result, demonstrating that 0.85Mo-1.5W-3.8Co steel has the best deformation resistance at
625 °C. Therefore, 0.85Mo-1.5W-3.1Co steel is recommended as a potential candidate material for 600 °C class steam turbines,
and 0.85Mo-1.5W-3.8Co steel is also a potential material for 625 °C class Ultra supercritical (USC) steam turbines. 相似文献
19.
The presence of short diffusion paths is very important for rapid diffusion processes which are involved in forming protective oxide layers against high temperature corrosion, e.g. on boiler steels. Rapid diffusion paths can be produced by applying cold work such as shot-peening to the surface of the boiler steels prior to oxidation. The effect of shot-peening on oxidation behaviour was tested experimentally on 12 wt% Cr martensitic steel and 18 wt% Cr austenitic steel. Isothermal oxidation tests were performed at 700 and 750 °C. The surface treatment proved to be very effective in improving oxidation protection at 700 °C. Shot-peening the surface prior to the oxidation has an influential effect in changing the diffusion mechanisms of the elements involved in oxidation and changes the oxidation kinetics substantially at the applied conditions in this study. 相似文献
20.
The corrosive effects of 60?% NaNO3/40?% NaNO3 have been tested at 390 and 550?°C, in order to simulate the working conditions in two principal concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, on stainless steel (AISI 304, 430) and on a low-Cr alloy steel (T22) containing 2.25?% Cr. The corrosion rates were determined by gravimetric tests, measuring the weight gain during 2,000?h, identifying the corrosion products via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thereby, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were the most prominent products formed from the tests performed at 390?°C, being observed also the formation of some stable compounds due to the impurities of the salt, as magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) and NaFeO2. The study at 550?°C of stainless steels revealed a better behavior under corrosive environments than T22 steel, identifying the formation of FeCr2O4 protective spinels mainly. To complete the corrosion tests, thermo-physical studies were carried out in binary mixture, using DSC and TGA. Also the most important parameters of the salt before and after corrosion test were tested. 相似文献