ATP页岩干馏工艺柴油馏分加氢精制研究

利用固定床加氢反应装置,以Mo-Ni/Al_2O_3为催化剂,首次对ATP页岩干馏装置油回收系统得到的页岩重油,经脱水脱渣预处理后切割分离所得的页岩柴油馏分进行加氢精制研究,考查了反应温度、反应压力、体积空速以及氢油体积比对加氢精制效果的影响。结果表明,在320~380℃、4.0~8.0 MPa、LHSV 0.5~2.0 h~(-1)、V(H_2)/V(Oil)200~1 200的范围内,提高反应温度,增大反应压力,降低体积空速,有利于ATP页岩柴油馏分的脱硫、脱氮和烯烃饱和,可明显提高加氢脱氮效果,氢油比高于1 000之后,增加氢油比对加氢脱硫和脱氮影响较小;抚矿ATP页岩柴油馏分在反应温度380℃、反应压力8.0 MPa、体积空速0.5 h~(-1)、氢油体积比1 000的条件下,加氢精制后所得产物油的杂原子和不饱和烃含量低、密度小、芳香烃含量少,可作为优质清洁柴油直接使用。     

煤焦油加氢脱芳工艺条件的优化

在连续流动固定床加氢装置上,采用Ni W-P/Al_2O_3催化剂对高温煤焦油脱除大部分S、N、O后经蒸馏切割得到的芳烃质量分数较高的柴油馏分进行加氢精制,考察了反应温度、反应压力、液体体积空速和氢油体积比对芳烃脱除率和产物分布的影响,得到的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度为340℃,反应压力为8.0 MPa,液体体积空速为0.3 h~(-1),氢油体积比为1 500。结果表明,适宜的反应温度和氢油体积比、较高的反应压力和较低的液体体积空速有利于柴油馏分中芳烃的脱除,其脱除率达到70%以上。     

乙烯焦油加氢制汽油试验研究

以乙烯焦油为原料,在小型固定床加氢反应装置上进行加氢精制,制备清洁汽柴油。在加氢反应过程中反应温度为360～420℃,反应压力6～15 MPa,空速0. 3～2. 0 h-1,氢油比1 600～2 000∶1,加氢产品油经常减压蒸馏进一步分离后获得汽油馏分(≤180℃)和柴油馏分(180℃),其中汽油馏分和柴油馏分分别占总体积的22. 7%和77. 3%,柴油馏分(180～212℃)馏程较短,可以和汽油馏分共同作为汽油调和组分。     

中低温煤焦油加氢改质工艺研究

在小型固定床加氢装置上,用加氢精制催化剂和加氢裂化催化剂对陕北的中低温煤焦油进行加氢改质工艺研究.着重考察反应温度、反应压力、氢油体积比和液体体积空速对加氢效果的影响,得到了优化的工艺条件:反应压力14 MPa,反应温度390℃,氢油体积比1 600:1,液体体积空速0.25 h-1.加氢改质产品切割得到汽油、柴油和尾油馏分,分别占产物质量的9.82%,73.12%和16.43%.汽柴油馏分经过简单处理后可以得到合格的产品,加氢尾油可以作为优质的催化裂化或加氢裂化原料.     

废塑料油加氢精制的研究

实验以废塑料油为原料,在Zr/γ-Al2O3-HY催化剂的作用下进行加氢精制反应,探究了反应温度、压力、空速以及氢油比等因素对加氢精制效果的影响。实验表明,加氢精制效果最佳条件为:反应温度为210℃、反应压力为6.0 MPa、空速0.5 h-1以及氢油比为800:1。柴油收率为83.0%。加氢后得到的柴油凝点为-12℃,色度为1.0,闪点为54.2,十六烷值为53.7。     

反应条件对轻质页岩油加氢脱氮性能的影响

在固定床加氢微反装置上,采用硫化态NiMoW/Al2O3催化剂,以东宁轻质页岩油(＜350℃馏分)为原料,考察反应条件对加氢脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,适当降低反应空速、提高反应压力、提高反应温度均有利于提高催化剂加氢脱氮反应活性,提高产物的质量.在反应温度380℃、反应压力8.0MPa、体积空速0.8h-1、氢/油体积比750∶1的条件下,加氢生成油的硫、氮、芳烃含量均明显降低,石脑油馏分可作为化工轻油,柴油馏分可直接作为清洁柴油调和组分使用.     

渣油和生物油加氢制柴油的研究

实验利用国内炼油厂的渣油和生物油混合,首先在催化剂NiMo-Al2O3的作用下进行初步加氢对原料油进行脱氧脱水,得到的中间油含水率为280×10-6。裂解催化剂和精制催化剂在固定床反应器内分层依次填装,然后对中间油进行加氢精制。研究柴油和汽油的收率,探究柴油最大收率的反应条件,并考察了温度、压力以及空速对柴油和汽油收率的影响。实验表明,加氢精制效果最佳条件为温度350℃、压力11MPa、空速0.8h-1和氢气流量1 300mL/h,所得柴油收率为60.1%,汽油收率为9.7%,尾油收率为28.9%,液化气及其它气体为2.8%。其中,液体收率98.7%,总收率101.5%。     

FH-UDS催化剂对焦化柴油的加氢脱氮反应性能研究

采用 FH-UDS 催化剂对焦化柴油进行加氢脱氮反应性能研究,考察了温度、压力、空速等反应条件对加氢脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,以上海石化焦化柴油为原料,在反应温度为 380 ℃,氢分压为 8.0 MPa,体积空速为 1.0,1.5 h-1,氢油体积比为 500 的条件下,加氢精制柴油产品中的氮质量分数分别为19 μg/...     

宽馏分油加氢制取溶剂油和白油的研究

以洛阳金达石化有限责任公司特种油品厂10×104 t/a宽馏分装置的宽馏分油为原料,采用催化剂a和催化剂b组合工艺,在金达研发中心200 m L加氢装置上进行高压加氢制取溶剂油和白油等特种油品的研究。考察了反应压力(16.5~18.5 MPa)、反应温度(315~355℃)、质量空速(WHSV)(0.3~0.6 h-1)和氢油体积比(1 000:1~1 800:1)对加氢精制产物油性质的影响,并确定最佳的工艺参数。结果表明,产物油硫含量随着反应温度、压力、氢油体积比的增大而减小,随着空速的增大而增大;产物油芳烃含量随着反应压力、氢油体积比的增大而减小,随着反应温度和空速的增大而增大。对加氢产物油进一步蒸馏切割得到25%溶剂油馏分、60%白油馏分和11%减底尾油馏分。对产物油馏分进行含量分析,生成的产品油分别满足溶剂油和白油标准。     

用低温煤焦油生产柴油的研究

哈尔滨气化厂采用加压鲁奇炉生产城市煤气,同时副产低温煤焦油,为合理利用煤焦油,提高全厂的经济效益,对低温煤焦油进行了加氢精制试验,即用FH98新型馏分油进行催化加氢精制,试验在不同的氢压、体积空速、氢油体积比和反应温度下进行,所得的加氢油经蒸馏切取180～350℃的柴油馏分,以考察该馏分能否满足柴油的国家标准.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。