重力坝坝前加固断面的快速优化设计

根据重力坝设计规范关于抗滑稳定安全系数和坝踵应力的规定,按断面积最小的要求,考虑上游坝面有折坡、上下游面有水压荷载、坝底扬压力呈折线分布、上游面有泥沙压力等情况,推导出求解重力坝坝前加固断面的参数方程以及最优解的判别式,以便手算进行优化设计。文中给出一个算例,说明如何确定基本断面的参数。     

ANSYS零阶方法和一阶方法的重力坝断面优化研究

基于ANSYS软件的优化模块,利用参数化设计语言APDL编制程序,并根据重力坝基本断面的几何特性及约束条件,先拟定一组初始条件对重力坝在各项荷载作用下的应力进行模拟。然后分别使用零阶方法和一阶方法对重力坝断面进行优化设计,使重力坝在满足几何约束条件、应力约束条件和抗滑稳定约束条件的前提下,断面面积最小,实现设计的经济性和可行性,最后将两种优化方法的结果进行对比。     

重力坝基本断面的快速优化设计

本文根据重力坝设计规范关于抗滑稳定安全系数和坝踵应力的规定，按断面积最小的要求，考虑上游坝面有折坡、上下游面有水压荷载、坝底扬压力呈折线分布、上游面有泥沙压力等情况，推导出求解重力坝基本断面参数的二次方程以及最优解的判别式，以便人工手算进行优化设计。文中给出两个算例说明如何确定基本断面的参数。     

基于可靠度分析的重力坝断面粒子群优化

提出了更加合理的重力坝断面可靠性设计优化方法,针对规范要求重力坝失效概率较小的特点,将马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)方法和子集(Subset)理论相结合用于重力坝可靠度的计算.并以结构初始成本和失效成本之和最小化为优化目标,利用粒子群算法(PSO)对重力坝断面设计方案进行优化.     

基于ANSYS的重力坝非溢流 断面的优化设计

根据重力坝基本断面的几何特性,利用ANSYS的参数化设计语言APDL编制程序,先拟定一组初始条件对重力坝进行整体模拟、细化单元,得到各阶段的力学指标。然后使用ANSYS优化技术中的零阶优化方法进行重力坝断面优化设计,使重力坝在满足应力约束条件和抗滑稳定约束条件的前提下,其断面面积最小,实现设计的经济性和可行性。最后,通过一个重力坝非溢流断面的设计算例得到满意结果。     

基于变密度法的实体重力坝拓扑优化

以ABAQUS为优化平台,基于变密度法,采用SIMP插值和RAMP插值2种模型对实体重力坝进行断面优化,结果表明应用SIMP插值模型优化的坝体断面出现大量空洞且迭代次数多为50;RAMP插值模型优化的坝体断面符合实体重力坝坝形且迭代次数较少,证明RAMP插值模型更适用于实体重力坝优化。进一步对最优模型的下游进行直线和曲线拟合,并进行静力分析,结果表明优化模型符合实体重力坝的各项应力和稳定性指标,且坝体下游设计为曲线形比直线形更能缓和应力集中区,在实际应用中更优。     

混凝土重力坝结构断面优化设计研究

借助ANSYS软件对重力坝的曲线断面和传统三角形断面进行优化设计,建立数学模型,求解优化设计变量,对优化结果进行分析;对曲线形式重力坝进行应力和抗滑稳定分析,并与传统三角形断面重力坝优化结果进行对比,得出与传统断面模型相比,曲线型重力坝有减少断面面积、节约材料、安全可靠等方面优势。     

从优化角度看重力坝三角形断面的物理意义

为探讨重力坝三角形基本断面设计的物理机制,利用细啃渐进结构优化(ESO)方法的基本概念,建立了坝顶顺河向位移敏感度准则.以四边形为初始域,以重力坝的稳定和坝踵拉应力为约束条件,对基本荷载作用下的重力坝基本断面形状进行优化.不同网格、不同初始域、不同坝高工况下的结果表明,三角形基本断面是重力坝在基本荷载作用下使得坝顶位移最小的一种断面形状.     

基于ANSYS的小型重力坝坝形优化分析

为获得经济、合理的小型重力坝坝形,采用ANSYS建立了曲线坝面参数模型和传统断面参数模型.通过探讨小型重力坝不同坝形的应力分布、坝体尺寸、面积等差异,并在不同坝形、不同坝高的情况下进行优化分析.结果表明,曲线形重力坝明显优于传统的三角形重力坝,并且更适合于低坝.     

滚水坝断面拓扑优化

以碗牛坝工程为例,以ANSYS12.0为平台,结合APDL语言,利用ANSYS自带的拓扑优化模块,即变密度法对滚水坝断面进行拓扑优化。通过计算可知,优化后滚水坝坝体应力和位移均满足设计要求,利用砂石料等低强度材料来填筑坝体低应力区,降低了坝体工程费用。由此表明,拓扑理论应用于滚水坝断面优化设计是可行的。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.