某医药厂房火灾条件下人员疏散模拟分析

以某医药厂房为工程背景,使用火灾数值模拟(FDS)软件模拟火灾时烟气运动,并运用疏散模拟软件(Simulex)模拟分析人员疏散,为优化人员疏散设计及制定人员疏散预案提供计算依据.     

高校学生宿舍消防安全疏散

以国内某高校新老两个校区的两座学生宿舍楼为实例,研究人员疏散的安全性以及不同火灾场景对安全疏散的影响。在每座学生宿舍楼各设置3个火灾场景,使用火灾模拟软件FDS模拟分析各个场景的可用安全疏散时间(ASET),并使用疏散模拟软件PathFinder分别计算必需安全疏散时间(RSET)。结果表明,新校区学生宿舍楼设计能够满足火灾条件下人员逃生的需要,而着火点位于老校区学生宿舍楼一楼大厅的火灾场景对人员的疏散影响最大。     

高层建筑防火与疏散设计

对高层建筑防火与疏散设计进行了深入研究,分析了高层建筑中存在的火灾安全隐患,以及高层建筑火灾的特点和疏散难点,并在此基础之上,提出了科学的解决措施,希望能够带给人们一些启发。     

火灾报警、应急疏散与自动灭火

通过对火灾发展、建筑消防安全系统中火灾报警系统和应急疏散系统及自动灭火系统功能与作用的分析 ,解析了火灾报警、应急疏散与自动灭火间的关系     

机场航站楼建筑防火设计与人员疏散安全

结合火灾案例和性能化分析评估方法，分析和论述了机场航站楼建筑特征、火灾时影响人员疏散安全的因素，提出了防火安全对策。     

商业建筑防火与安全疏散设计

随着社会经济的迅速发展,商业建筑的数量也逐渐增多,做好防火与安全疏散设计是商业建筑建设的重点之一。主要从当前商业建筑火灾的特点出发,结合商业建筑的建设特点,探究合理的商业建筑防火与安全疏散设计方案,提高商业建筑的安全性。     

大型商业购物中心中庭防火分隔与人员疏散

以某大型商业购物中心为工程案例,讨论中庭区域采用防火分隔玻璃加自动喷水灭火系统的分隔方法是否满足防火性能要求.采用性能化防火设计的思想,设定多个火灾场景,采用CFD方法计算相应的火灾动力学参数,并将计算的结果与人员疏散安全性能判据进行对比分析.研究结果表明,在保证设备有效运行的前提下,在该商业购物中心使用防火玻璃结合其他综合分隔方法作为隔断是可行的.     

图书馆书库的火灾危险性和安全疏散

分析了图书馆书库火灾时火灾危险条件和人员疏散特点，应用火灾模拟软件FDS对某书库着火时温度、能见度和CO体积分数的变化进行了数值模拟，并结合该书库着火时的具体情况，计算了人员安全疏散所需要的时间。     

对“高规”商店疏散人数和疏散宽度指标的探讨

针对商店类的裙房建筑疏散设计中存在的问题,选择成都市已建成的、楼梯宽度执行规范困难、通过论证等方式确定安全疏散方案的商店进行了调研,与现行规范中相关条文分析比较后,对"高规"中商店疏散人数和疏散宽度指标提出建议.     

Fire resistance versus flame spread resistance

Current fire resistance tests of compartment boundary materials should be referred to as “fire spread resistance” tests. Unless additional fire protection measures have been taken, compartment boundaries are rarely able to prevent the spread of fire out of the space of origin. The true fire resistance of all key building components, therefore, must be judged on ability of those components to withstand fire exposure from two sides. Note: Dr. Harmathy is a research officer in the Fire Research Section, Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.     

Fire Patterns on Upholstered Furniture: Smoldering versus Flaming Combustion

In most fire investigations, fire damage patterns provide important clues regarding the origin and cause of the fire. Historically, many fire investigations have relied on intuition to interpret fire patterns, the results of which have often been inconsistent with scientific principles. NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, which advocates the scientific method for forensic investigations, includes a summary of many fire patterns and interprets them based on scientific disciplines such as fire dynamics, heat transfer, and materials science. But NFPA 921 does not address the fire pattern that appears on upholstered furniture when it is first item ignited.In this study, a test program was conducted to determine the nature and extent of fire patterns on upholstered furniture caused by smoldering versus flaming ignition sources. Smoldering fire patterns tended to consist of char zones with a thickness equal to that of the fuel element. Conversely, flaming fire patterns had thin char zones with thicknesses much smaller than the thickness of the fuel element. After a smolder-to-flame transition, the fire patterns created by smoldering were rapidly destroyed by the flames and replaced by flaming fire patterns.In nine tests out of ten, the origin of the fire was coincident with the location of burnthrough (a penetration caused by the consumption of a fuel element) in the upholstered furniture item. However, asymmetric flame spread caused by unusual construction features could lead to burnthroughs in other locations. A burnthrough was observed in all six tests in which a transition from smoldering to flaming fire behavior occurred.Only in earliest stage of the ignition sequence will the physical evidence of the ignition source—smoldering or flaming—be preserved. Thus, to determine the cause of a fire, the investigator may need to rely on a consideration not only of fire pattern observations but also the human and environmental factors which may have contributed to the ignition event. This is an approach often called system safety.     

Effectiveness of downward evacuation in a large-scale subway fire using Fire Dynamics Simulator

Effective evacuation routes in the case of a large-scale subway fire were studied. A serious problem in the subway fire is that the directions of smoke flow are coincident with those of evacuation toward the surface. Hence, it is necessary to design an evacuation route without interference from smoke. A disastrous fire broke out in the Jungangno subway station in Daegu, South Korea in 2003. Based on this case, the Jungangno subway station with three basement levels was used in Fire Dynamics Simulator model in this study. The influences of smoke, temperature, and toxic gases (carbon monoxide [CO] and carbon dioxide [CO₂]) were computed at the evacuation staircases in the subway station with a fire source in the third basement floor (B3). The calculations showed that the evacuation staircases had high smoke density, temperature, and concentrations of CO and CO₂ in the subway fire. Hence, these factors greatly affected all of the upward evacuation staircases due to the coincidence of the smoke flow and the evacuation routes. Therefore, our paper proposes a new subway station with a fourth basement floor (B4) having downward evacuation routes which are in the opposite direction to the smoke flow. The results of analysis show that these factors hardly affected the staircases from B3 to B4. We conclude that downward evacuation can be more effective than upward evacuation for a large-scale subway fire.     

孤立森林算法的灭火救援疏散路径规划方法

针对建筑火灾中人员疏散路径规划问题,提出基于孤立森林算法的灭火救援疏散路径规划的方法。运用布置在火灾现场的无线传感器网络采集火灾环境信息,构建火灾数据样本,随机分割并训练火灾数据样本,创建多个孤立二叉树组建孤立森林,识别火灾异常数据,获得着火点及障碍物位置,并以栅格法构建火灾救援环境动态地图为基础,通过更新位置节点当量距离、信息素浓度以及信息素挥发因子的改进蚁群算法,构建救援疏散路径组合优化模型,规划出最佳灭火救援疏散路径。测试结果表明：该方法可准确检测火灾中的着火点位置,可在多起点、多终点的救援疏散路径规划中更好地避开着火点和障碍物,快速、合理地规划出最佳灭火救援疏散路径。     

基于BIM与Revit的地下建筑火灾预警及疏散系统

为预防地铁等地下建筑火灾事故,将BIM与Revit技术应用于地下建筑火灾预警和疏散管理中,分析不同条件下烟雾、人员疏散过程变化,实现对地铁火灾的预警和疏散可视化平台建设。以某运营地铁站为例,根据火灾烟气扩散过程确定烟气高度作为评价疏散安全性的指标,获得临界烟气最小高度下的可用疏散时间;通过人员量化处理进行人员疏散模拟,获得必需疏散时间并与可用疏散时间对比,进行建筑模型的评价和优化,以满足安全使用要求。结果表明：现有疏散通道布局存在一定安全隐患,可通过撤除不合理商业箱、提高候车公共区空地面积、增加喷淋设备密度、组织安全疏散演练等方式降低疏散时间,降低安全隐患。     

Heuristic for brand artefacts co-design: a computer-mediated proposal

Brands undeniably constitute a significant asset for a company and are usually specified in its organisational strategy. Typically, employees are not invited to participate in debates or decisions about branding since they access brand information in a unidirectional way. Many of them do not even know how to convey appropriate messages and fail to recognise the importance of brand consistency. In this article we propose a heuristic for an interaction structure aimed at brand artefact co-design, through a computer-mediated platform, so that employees may learn about the brand, develop brand knowledge, propose meaningful brand artefacts and manage the evaluation of their peers’ proposals. We prepared a non-functional prototype of a Participatory Brand Centre and tested it in focus group sessions with the University of Aveiro's employees. We found that though our proposal is consistent with employees’ brand-related needs, authorship is a sensitive issue.     

Fire risk perception and building evacuation by vulnerable persons: Points of view of laypersons,fire victims and experts

Fire risk perception and its influence on building evacuation were studied in order to improve building evacuation processes. The sample adopted in this study consisted of (i) laypersons, mostly elderly; (ii) healthcare professionals working with vulnerable individuals who live with disability on an everyday basis, for their point of view on disabled persons; (iii) fire victims for their experience (persons who suffered burns in a fire).Qualitative research was used to study fire risk perception and to understand the attitudes and behaviours of individuals. The information was collected during interviews following a questionnaire that combined questions of a general nature, questions referring to the fire and questions focused on the experience of evacuating a building.Results of this inductive, exploratory and qualitative method showed differences between the analysis of experts, the point of view of laypersons and the experience of fire victims. They also showed that risk perception is influenced by psychological, social, physical, political (here regulatory and normative) and cultural factors. Fire risk perception is based on the individual-environment-risk paradigm. Among the factors characterising risk perception, we noted the preponderant role of trust emerges, as well as that of the human environments (daily and emergency), the physical environment (building) and the climate of safety in which the event takes place. These different dimensions of fire risk perception show that it is a combination of psychometric and cultural paradigms. Building evacuation is seen as a psychological process involving both emotion and cognition.The resulting model aims to improve the understanding of a building evacuation process and to provide tools to anticipate crises.     

城市地震应急疏散规划编制研究——以《淄博市中心区地震应急疏散规划》为例

<正>1规划背景近年来,全球变化和人类活动的共同影响已使自然灾害的发生越来越带有人为因素,面对频繁的灾难,未雨绸缪地编制城市地震应急疏散规划,统筹考虑方便适宜、可达性好的应急避难场所以及全面、便于使用的应急设施,确定快     

教学楼的防火疏散调查研究——以某教学楼调查分析为例

针对目前大学教学楼使用特点,如学生数目日益增长,火灾荷载相对增大,以某大学南阶教室为例,调查现在的教学楼的防火疏散是否满足建筑防火安全性能要求,调查教学楼能否满足学生们的安全疏散。     

ESM: a building evacuation simulation model

Evacuation simulation model (ESM) is a tool for simulating evacuation in building fires. This model can simulate the optimized evacuation, the phased evacuation and the “Evacuability”, which is defined as the percentage of successful evacuees to the total occupants in the building evaluated. It is also capable of tracing the occupants in every compartment of the building at every time step, and describing the values of passages between compartments during simulation. ESM is a network model consisting of stocks connected by flows. The stocks stand for the compartments, such as rooms, corridors, hallways, stairs, landings and lobbies. The flows represent the passages between compartments. Using ESM, the evacuation safety of buildings can be evaluated.