Teaching children fire safety skills

This investigation examined the effectiveness of three training procedures (elaborative rehearsal, rehearsal-plus, and behavioral rehearsal) in producing children's acquisition and maintenance of fire safety skills, as well as knowledge of fire safety skills. In addition, reduction of fire-related fears was targeted. Fifty-two randomly assigned second- and third-grade children served as subjects. The children were assessed before, immediately following, and three months after their training. The three training groups demonstrated significantly greater behavioral performance gains than an untrained control group at post-test. However, treatment gains did not persist at follow-up. Regarding knowledge, the elaborative rehearsal group reported significantly more knowledge of skills than rehearsal-plus, behavioral rehearsal, and untrained control groups at post-test. At follow-up, elaborative rehearsal and rehearsal-plus groups reported significantly more knowledge of skills than behavioral rehearsal and untrained control groups. Finally, no differences were found among groups concerning fear at post-test and follow-up.     

Use of videotaped peer modeling in the acquisition of emergency coping skills: Active versus passive strategies

Fifty-two third-grade children were assessed for the relative effectiveness of active and passive training in acquiring emergency coping skills. Active training consisted of videotaped modeling, plus rehearsal with feedback and reinforcement. Passive training consisted of videotaped modeling and passive rehearsal. Behavioral and self-report measures were assessed at pretest, at post-test, and 5 months after the training. Experimental groups showed significant behavioral acquisition: those that received active training demonstrated significantly greater acquisition than those that received passive training. All groups showed significant reductions in self-reported fear, with no differences among groups. Experimental groups demonstrated significant rationale acquistion relative to controls. Training did not affect self-efficacy ratings or blood pressure. Theoretical and practical implications of active training in coping with stressful situations are discussed.     

Rehearsal-plus: Coping with fire emergencies and reducing fire-related fears

The relative impact of two experimental conditions—rehearsal-plus and behavioral rehearsal—was assessed to determine their influence on acquiring and maintaining fire evacuation skills, as well as reducing fire-related fears. These experimental conditions were compared with two control groups, attention control and wait-list control. The subjects were 40 second- and third-grade children who were randomly assigned to the four groups. Behavioral rehearsal subjects received fire evacuation skills training and verbally rehearsed these skills. Rehearsal-plus subjects were taught fire evacuation skills and a strategy targeting reduction of fire-related fears. Attention control and wait-list control subjects were not taught evacuations skills or fear reduction. All subjects' evacuation skills and fear of fire-related stimuli were assessed at pre-, post-, and follow-up tests. No pretest differences were observed. At post-test, the rehearsal-plus group reported significantly more fear reduction than the other three groups. Behavioral rehearsal and rehearsal-plus groups displayed significantly more evacuation skills than the control groups. At follow-up, the rehearsal-plus group had retained more of their evacuation skills than the control groups; no differences were found among groups concerning fear reduction at this time. We concluded that rehearsal-plus appears to be useful in acquiring and maintaining fire evacuation skills, as well as reducing fire-related fears.Please send reprint requests to Dr. Russell T. Jones, Psychology Department, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0436.     

消防指战员冬季体能训练有效性实证研究

为满足新时期“全灾种、大应急”消防救援任务的需要,构建了“消防队-专业教练员-科研机构”联合训练模式,提出新的体技能训练方案,进行为期12 周的实证研究。研究以黔东南州消防救援支队的36 名消防指战员消防冬训项目为例,从季节特点、灾害特征、项目需求体技能核心素质和关键技术等因素设计体能训练方案,研究发现:实验组3 个项目运动成绩前后差异显著（P=0.00）且明显优于对照组,其中负重5 km 跑项目提升最大,同时也降低了运动伤病的发生概率。此结果表明新训练方案能满足当下任务需要,可有效提高消防员体能水平,为改进我国消防指战员体能训练提供实证参考和借鉴。     

养老机构工作人员消防技能影响因素分析

为解决养老机构工作人员消防技能匮乏且提高不显著等现实问题,本文针对养老机构工作人员消防安全技能评估及其可能影响因素设计了调查问卷,建立关于消防技能的结构方程模型,研究了影响养老机构工作人员消防技能的主要因素。调查结果分析表明：加强养老机构的消防教育培训、增大消防参与的力度对提升工作人员消防安全知识和消防技能具有重要作用;良好的消防态度能够促进消防安全知识的学习和消防技能的灵活运用;当前养老机构消防培训流于形式而导致其成效不显著,使得工作人员消防安全知识的储备量没有达到消防技能的要求。建议养老机构通过建立消防安全制度、营造消防安全氛围、加强消防教育培训实效、增加消防演练频次等方面,达到切实提高消防技能的目标,为养老机构消防安全保驾护航。     

基于职业技能培训的建筑材料检测应用型人才培养模式探讨

建筑材料质量是关系工程质量的重要方面,建筑材料检测是工程施工的重要环节,因此,在工程建设过程中须定时、按规对建筑材料进行质量检测。建筑材料质量检测是一项专业性、规范性和技术性极强的工作,对从业人员的知识水平和技术能力有较高要求。职业技能培训是培养建筑材料检测专业技能人才的重要途径。文章探讨了中国现行建筑材料检测应用型人才培养模式,分析了基于职业技能培训的建筑材料检测应用型人才培养特点、规律及主要问题,概要阐述了优化改进措施和基本实施策略,明确了人才培养中的"三个意识"、培养侧重点及多元教学资源。同时,基于建筑材料应用型人才培养实践,提出5步递进式培训新方法。     

基于虚拟现实技术的消防救援模拟演练系统

为全面提升消防员针对典型灾害事故的协同作战技能及应急救援处置能力,分析了消防救援队伍灭火救援训练过程中面临的问题,提出了一种将虚拟现实可视化技术和应急救援训练内容相结合的模拟演练方法。通过虚拟现实技术模拟不同典型灾害事故场景,逼真的场景和交互式的体验让消防救援人员在虚拟环境中进行真实化、实战化、专业化的模拟演练,从而提升消防员救援能力,解决了目前消防救援队面临的战训难题。     

Influence of training schedule on development of perceptual–motor control skills for construction equipment operators in a virtual training system

Virtual Training Systems have emerged as alternative tools for construction equipment operator training that may reduce costs, avoid risks, and provide flexible environments for various training purposes. However, principles for determining training-schedule design for efficient utilization of these systems are not well established. The present research compared performance of two groups, one adopting a mixed practice schedule (with high contextual interference) and the other employing a blocked practice schedule (presumably with lower contextual interference) for learning construction excavator control skills in a computer-based virtual environment. No significant difference was found with regard to achieved skill level and skill consistency. A possible reason is that the complexity of the training task created a degree of intra-task interference in the blocked practice schedule comparable to the interference created by the mixed practice schedule. This result implies a need to further assay construction equipment operation to critically isolate influences on operator skill development.     

A data acquisition and recording system for fire parameters

Sufficient knowledge about the statistical properties of fire parameters especially for noise influences in ambient conditions is necessary for the design and test of both fire detectors and detection algorithms for automatic fire detection systems with improved false alarm behavior. The work described in this paper shows the measuring method as a requirement to overcome the knowledge gap.

Eight data acquisition systems and adequate measuring devices were developed, produced and calibrated, monitoring two smoke measurement principles, temperature and two control measures, relative humidity and absolute air pressure. These data acquisition systems were installed in realistic ambient conditions and false alarm relevant data were recorded.     

消防员心肺复苏技能实训系统研究

阐述了消防员在灾害事故救援现场熟练掌握心肺复苏技能的重要性,分析了消防员心肺复苏技能训练现状及存在问题,介绍了混合现实技术应用于消防员心肺复苏训练的优势,并设计出一种消防员混合现实心肺复苏技能实训系统.此研究对于加强消防员心肺复苏技能熟练掌握,提高消防员急救处置能力,提升灾害事故现场伤员的生存率具有重要意义.     

化工储罐泄漏防控实训平台开发

随着化学工业的蓬勃发展,化工储罐类火灾事故时 有发生,应急管理和消防救援部门高度重视危化品事故应急救援 能力的训练工作。通过开发储罐泄漏防控实训平台,设置3 种不 同的储罐泄漏形式,每种泄漏形式根据不同的泄漏孔径和泄漏时 间分为21 个子场景,共设置109 个泄漏子场景,利用火焰发生装 置模拟真实火灾状态,构建不同火灾情景,依据实训难易程度设置 4 个考核等级,满足了化工储罐泄漏全方位火灾防控综合能力训 练的要求。     

我国应急管理人才培养现状研究

阐述应急管理人才培养基本内涵,围绕课程设置、实践教学和教材建设对国内 7 所高校应急管理人才培养现状开展调查。结果表明：各院校课程设置体现地域或行业特色,专业知识结构差异显著;跨学科技能培养需进一步加强;公共平台教材建设仍较薄弱。从顶层设计、培养方案编写、课程体系设计、实践基地建设等方面给出建议,以期提供更好的应急管理人才培养能力。     

虚拟现实技术在消防仿真实训中的应用

为提高危险化学品事故应急救援装备仿真训练科学性及操作体验性，研究了火灾事故应急处置措施建模方法，开发了基于嵌入式的虚拟现实感知应急装备及仿真实训系统。首先对火灾事故应急处置进行建模，然后通过三维虚拟系统可视化对应急处置操作结果进行展示。实验结果表明，该仿真实训装备对提高应急处置操作水平有重要作用，实现了消防装备操作的实时模拟计算与反馈。     

消防院校数学教学中"数学建模"融入研究

现代消防科技的迅猛发展,为数学的实际运用提供了很好的平台.消防院校数学课程教学也将必然适应这一趋势.文章结合当前消防院校教学需贴近实战,符合消防实战的目标和需求,分析了当前消防院校数学教学发展现状,简要介绍了数学建模的概念及应用领域,结合实际给出了现代消防人才培养的目标,将数学建模知识融入到传统的数学教学中,通过创新基本理论和教学方法,能够培养出新时代全面发展的高素质消防指挥人才,更好的为消防应急现代化服务.     

基于贝叶斯网络的城市消防安全协同治理效果评估

为精细化指导城市消防安全协同治理的优化和均衡发展,以当前城市消防安全的源头治理、火灾风险防控、安全监督管理和安全保障能力四个方面的数据为基础,建立了评估城市消防安全协同治理效果的贝叶斯网络。基于贝叶斯网络前后向推理,确定了四个方面的达标值,认为城市火灾防范协同治理应从公共消防基础设施建设、应急联动建设、消防监督执法力量和消防安全培训等环节加强建设。并针对应急管理局与消防救援队在火灾风险防控方面的协同治理进行剖析,结果认为仍需在灭火救援力量配备和应急联动建设方面加强协同治理。     

液化石油气槽车事故处置虚拟现实训练平台开发

以液化石油气槽车事故为对象,利用虚拟现实技术研发槽车事故处置虚拟现实训练平台。平台运用Unity3D引擎,创建槽车倾覆、泄漏、火灾等事件事故3D场景模拟仿真,构建了基础知识模块、仿真3D模块、任务模块,开发了12项训练任务,处置程序和演练现实模拟,可以开展单人单项学习和训练、预案程序训练以及实战演练训练。平台训练运行表明,系统操作流畅,契合消防训练要求,有助于槽车事故处置的训练和应急能力的提高。     

消防部队群众工作与群死群伤火灾探析

消防部门群众工作的缺失与群死群伤火灾具有相关性。群众自觉遵守消防规章制度、落实消防责任制度和维护消防安全是消防群众工作成功的关键。分析公共娱乐场所、生产经营单位火灾发生与消防部门群众工作的关系,并提出提高人员的消防安全意识及消防技能的措施。     

基于VR 技术油库安全隐患排查及演练系统设计

针对油气储存等危险化学品行业隐患排查及应急处置训练难题,提出了基于 VR 技术的油库隐患排查及应急演练培训系统。该系统利用 VR 开发引擎,运用 3D Max、Unity 3D、Visual Studio 等开发工具完成对油库环境及其作业场景的三维建模与可视化,并利用高保真可编程渲染管线技术达到高度逼真的画面效果,实现了具有真实感的油库三维环境漫游、知识学习、隐患排查训练以及典型火灾事故应急处置演练等各个应用场景的动态仿真。应用结果表明,该系统可有效提高油库隐患排查及应急演练培训水平。     

北京协和医院眼科临床医学博士后差异化培养方案的建立与应用

目的探索差异化培养方案在北京协和医院眼科临床医学博士后学员培养中的实施效果。方法选取2018—2020级北京协和医院眼科临床医学博士后学员为评估对象。根据学员的教育背景和能力水平,制订差异化培养方案和进阶式手术培训体系,横向比较分析临床医学博士后学员与同年级其他学员的理论考核成绩,纵向比较分析临床医学博士后学员连续3年理论与技能综合评估成绩及发展趋势,并通过核心胜任力模型分析学员3年间在职业素养、沟通合作、病人照护、知识技能、教学能力和终生学习6个维度的纵向发展趋势。结果第1年、第3年临床医学博士后学员的理论考核成绩较同年级其他学员高,临床医学博士后学员的理论与技能综合水平逐年提高,第3年临床医学博士后学员6个维度的核心胜任力均得到有效发展。结论差异化培养方案可有效提升临床医学博士后学员的综合水平,为培养高层次复合型医学精英人才作出了积极有益的探索。     

将航测采集数据格式转换为SCS G2005数据格式使用技巧

随着地理信息系统建立不断成熟,需要输入大量的数据信息和图形信息,同时要规范各种信息数据的格式,达到数据共享的目的。而航测采集数据是基础地理信息系统的重要数据源。掌握对航测采集数据格式转换使用技巧,有利于规范信息数据格式,也有利于提高我们的工作效率,减轻我们的工作量：