Fatty acid distribution in the phospholipids ofFrancisella tularensis

Francisella tularensis, LVS (live vaccine strain) grown in a chemically defined medium was found to have a lipid content of 21% by dry weight. The two major phospholipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE; 76%) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG; 24%) by thin layer chromatographic analysis, staining characteristics and quantitative chemical analyses of fatty acid, phosphate and glycerol constituents. PE contained a high proportion of 24∶0 fatty acid, with lesser amounts of 24∶1, 22∶0 and 10∶0. The major fatty acids of PG were 18∶1 and 22∶0. Hydroxy fatty acids, which are prominent components ofF. tularensis, were conspicuously lacking in these phospholipids; it is therefore concluded that hydroxy fatty acids are constituents of other structures of the organism.     

百日咳细胞免疫的研究进展

近年来,随着研究的深入,特异性细胞免疫在百日咳感染和疫苗诱导的免疫保护等方面的作用越来越引起人们的重视。本文就百日咳杆菌主要毒力因子在诱导细胞免疫及免疫调节中的作用、百日咳感染及疫苗免疫接种后诱导产生的细胞免疫应答等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

乙型脑炎活疫苗与灭活疫苗诱导小鼠体液和细胞免疫应答的比较

应用检测特异性CTL活性的方法检测乙脑活疫苗的细胞免疫应答 ,并以灭活疫苗作对照。结果显示活疫苗免疫小鼠后诱导的CTL均值为 79 2 % ,较灭活疫苗 2 9%高 5 0 2 % ,表明活疫苗具有较强的特异性CTL活性。用同批活疫苗免疫小鼠后其中和抗体效价为 1:5 ,而同批的灭活疫苗为 1:2 0 ,活疫苗的免疫效力 (ID5 0 ) 3 6× 10 6(ml)显著高于灭活疫苗的 4 0× 10 - 4 ～ 4 2× 10 4(ml)。表明乙脑活疫苗诱导的免疫应答中细胞免疫在保护效力中占有重要地位。     

狂犬病毒糖蛋白DNA疫苗的构建及免疫效果的研究

目的构建狂犬病毒糖蛋白基因DNA疫苗,并检测其免疫小鼠的免疫应答。方法用RT-PCR法扩增和分离CTN株狂犬病毒糖蛋白基因,测序后克隆入VR1055载体中,构建重组质粒VR1055-CTN,经碱裂解法提取质粒,并经Sepharose4FF柱层析纯化后免疫NIH小鼠,用ELISA法检测体液抗体,用MTT法检细胞免疫,并进行常规效力试验。结果VR1055-CTNDNA疫苗具有较好的诱导狂犬病毒抗体的能力,在诱导细胞免疫中,刺激脾淋巴细胞转化指数和小鼠血清中的IL-2活性均高于空白载体对照,差异有显著意义(P=0.000)。效力试验的小鼠存活率分别为73%和25%。结论该疫苗既能诱导体液免疫,又能诱导细胞免疫,并具有较好的免疫保护效果。     

流行性乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗对国内外不同野毒株的免疫性

目的　研究乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗对国内外不同野毒株的免疫原性。方法　用小鼠保护力试验和空斑减少中和试验检测该疫苗对国内外不同野毒株攻击的保护作用及其免疫血清的中和能力。结果　小鼠免疫 1针后均能抵抗国内 11株和国外 11株乙脑病毒的攻击 ,保护率均可达 90 %以上 ;人体免疫血清对台湾 1株和国外 9株病毒均有明显的中和作用。结论　SA14 142株乙脑活疫苗具有广谱的免疫原性。     

Protection of Teleost Fish against Infectious Diseases through Oral Administration of Vaccines: Update 2021

Immersion and intraperitoneal injection are the two most common methods used for the vaccination of fish. Because both methods require that fish are handled and thereby stressed, oral administration of vaccines as feed supplements is desirable. In addition, in terms of revaccination (boosting) of adult fish held in net pens, oral administration of vaccines is probably the only feasible method to obtain proper protection against diseases over long periods of time. Oral vaccination is considered a suitable method for mass immunization of large and stress-sensitive fish populations. Moreover, oral vaccines may preferably induce mucosal immunity, which is especially important to fish. Experimental oral vaccine formulations include both non-encapsulated and encapsulated antigens, viruses and bacteria. To develop an effective oral vaccine, the desired antigens must be protected against the harsh environments in the stomach and gut so they can remain intact when they reach the lower gut/intestine where they normally are absorbed and transported to immune cells. The most commonly used encapsulation method is the use of alginate microspheres that can effectively deliver vaccines to the intestine without degradation. Other encapsulation methods include chitosan encapsulation, poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid and liposome encapsulation. Only a few commercial oral vaccines are available on the market, including those against infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), Spring viremia carp virus (SVCV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and Piscirickettsia salmonis. This review highlights recent developments of oral vaccination in teleost fish.     

腮腺炎病毒蛋白组分疫苗的免疫效果

目的观察腮腺炎病毒蛋白组分疫苗的免疫效果。方法SP株腮腺炎病毒液经灭活、浓缩、裂解后,采用SP SepharoseTM Fast Flow阳离子层析柱及Sepharose CL-4B分子筛层析柱纯化,收集各峰样品,经12%SDS-PAGE、Western blot分析及HPLC检测。并取第1峰样品免疫ICR及BALB/c小鼠,检测血清中和抗体效价及CTL杀伤活性。结果所收集的第1峰样品为单一的腮腺炎病毒蛋白组分。免疫ICR小鼠可诱导产生中和抗体,其免疫后各检测时间点的GMT水平与减毒活疫苗组相比,差异均无统计学意义;免疫BALB/c小鼠可诱导产生针对HN肽段的CTL杀伤活性,而减毒活疫苗组则未能诱导此特异性CTL反应。结论腮腺炎病毒蛋白组分疫苗在小鼠体内可诱导特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫应答,为新型腮腺炎疫苗的研制提供了实验依据。     

冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗诱导的人体特异性免疫应答

目的观察人体接种冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗(H2株)后产生的特异性免疫应答。方法选择16名血清甲型肝炎抗体阴性的健康志愿者,接种1针冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗,接种前和接种后2、4、8、12、156周(3年)采血,采用ELISA检测血清抗HAVIgG抗体;采用流式细胞术检测全血各淋巴细胞亚群CD3+、CD4+、CD8+的百分率及表达细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-4的阳性细胞百分率;采用ELISPOT法检测外周血淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的斑点形成细胞(SFC)。结果接种疫苗后2周,表达IL-4的阳性细胞百分率与接种前相比显著升高;接种后4周,CD4+淋巴细胞亚群百分率与接种前相比显著升高;接种后8周,抗体100%阳转;接种后3年,抗体和分泌IFN-γ的SFC有一项以上阳性者占85.7%(12/14)。结论接种冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗,能诱导机体产生良好的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答。     

转人HLA-A2基因小鼠对adr亚型重组乙型肝炎疫苗(汉逊酵母)的免疫应答

目的对汉逊酵母表达的adr亚型重组乙型肝炎(简称乙肝)疫苗(adr疫苗)进行免疫学特性与功能学研究。方法采用adr疫苗与酿酒酵母表达的重组乙肝疫苗(adw疫苗)免疫转人HLA-A2基因小鼠,免疫剂量2μg/0.2 ml,于初免3周后进行第2次免疫。于第2次免疫1周后,采血,分离血清,经ELISA法检测小鼠血清中抗-HBs抗体水平。同时取小鼠脾脏,制备脾细胞悬液,采用HLA-A2/WLSLLVPFV五聚体荧光标记流式细胞术分析细胞中特异性抗乙肝病毒表位的CTL比例。结果 adr疫苗与adw疫苗均可诱导转基因小鼠产生抗乙肝表面抗原抗体,且抗体水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),2种疫苗对转基因小鼠的体液免疫应答的增强作用相似;adr疫苗诱导的乙肝表面抗原特异性CTL应答作用较adw疫苗更明显(P<0.05)。结论 adr重组乙肝疫苗(汉逊酵母)诱导转基因小鼠的体液免疫应答作用与现有adw疫苗相似,但其诱导机体产生细胞免疫应答的能力更显著,可能具有更加良好的预防HBV感染作用和前景。     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗(H2株)和灭活疫苗(L8株)诱导小鼠体液及细胞免疫应答

目的评估甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗的免疫学效果。方法用甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗(H2株)和灭活疫苗(L8株)分别经腹腔免疫BALBc小鼠后,用ELISA法检测血清中抗HAVIgG、TNFα、IFNγ和IL2;用流式细胞仪对全血中T细胞亚群分类;3HTdR掺入法检测T淋巴细胞增殖。结果减毒活疫苗组在初免后诱导的体液和细胞免疫水平均低于灭活疫苗组,加强免疫后,与灭活疫苗相当。灭活疫苗组IFNγ的峰值出现时间较减毒活疫苗组晚,但水平较高。结论两种疫苗均可诱导体液和细胞免疫应答,减毒活疫苗进行加强免疫后可诱导更好的系统免疫应答。     

脂质体流感疫苗的制备及免疫效果

目的制备脂质体流感疫苗,并对其细胞免疫效果和小鼠保护效力进行检测。方法采用薄膜蒸发与冷冻干燥相结合的方法制得多层脂质体,与流感裂解疫苗按比例混合,制备脂质体流感疫苗。用该疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠,MTT法检测小鼠淋巴细胞增殖情况;流式细胞仪检测小鼠T淋巴细胞表面标记;ELISA法检测小鼠肺内容物中细胞因子含量;并检测小鼠的保护效力。结果在脾细胞增殖效率、CD4+水平、CD4+/CD8+比例以及细胞因子(IL-4、IFN-γ)水平上,实验组均有显著的增强作用,保护效力为4/6。结论脂质体流感疫苗能够刺激机体产生更强的细胞免疫应答和更高的保护效力。     

Activation of Dendritic Cells in Tonsils Is Associated with CD8 T Cell Responses following Vaccination with Live Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Virus

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease caused by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The live attenuated C-strain vaccine is highly efficacious, initiating protection within several days of delivery. The vaccine strain is detected in the tonsil early after inoculation, yet little is known of the role that tonsillar immune cells might play in initiating protection. Comparing the C-strain vaccine with the pathogenic CSFV Alfort-187 strain, changes in the myeloid cell compartment of the tonsil were observed. CSFV infection led to the emergence of an additional CD163⁺CD14⁺ cell population, which showed the highest levels of Alfort-187 and C-strain infection. There was also an increase in both the frequency and activation status (as shown by increased MHC-II expression) of the tonsillar conventional dendritic cells 1 (cDC1) in pigs inoculated with the C-strain. Notably, the activation of cDC1 cells coincided in time with the induction of a local CSFV-specific IFN-γ⁺ CD8 T cell response in C-strain vaccinated pigs, but not in pigs that received Alfort-187. Moreover, the frequency of CSFV-specific IFN-γ⁺ CD8 T cells was inversely correlated to the viral load in the tonsils of individual animals. Accordingly, we hypothesise that the activation of cDC1 is key in initiating local CSFV-specific CD8 T cell responses which curtail early virus replication and dissemination.     

Low-Dose SARS-CoV-2 S-Trimer with an Emulsion Adjuvant Induced Th1-Biased Protective Immunity

During the sustained COVID-19 pandemic, global mass vaccination to achieve herd immunity can prevent further viral spread and mutation. A protein subunit vaccine that is safe, effective, stable, has few storage restrictions, and involves a liable manufacturing process would be advantageous to distribute around the world. Here, we designed and produced a recombinant spike (S)-Trimer that is maintained in a prefusion state and exhibits a high ACE2 binding affinity. Rodents received different doses of S-Trimer (0.5, 5, or 20 μg) antigen formulated with aluminum hydroxide (Alum) or an emulsion-type adjuvant (SWE), or no adjuvant. After two vaccinations, the antibody response, T-cell responses, and number of follicular helper T-cells (Tfh) or germinal center (GC) B cells were assessed in mice; the protective efficacy was evaluated on a Syrian hamster infection model. The mouse studies demonstrated that adjuvating the S-Trimer with SWE induced a potent humoral immune response and Th1-biased cellular immune responses (in low dose) that were superior to those induced by Alum. In the Syrian hamster studies, when S-Trimer was adjuvanted with SWE, higher levels of neutralizing antibodies were induced against live SARS-CoV-2 from the original lineage and against the emergence of variants (Beta or Delta) with a slightly decreased potency. In addition, the SWE adjuvant demonstrated a dose-sparing effect; thus, a lower dose of S-Trimer as an antigen (0.5 μg) can induce comparable antisera and provide complete protection from viral infection. These data support the utility of SWE as an adjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity of the S-Trimer vaccine, which is feasible for further clinical testing.     

Replication-Deficient Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-Vectored Vaccine Candidate for the Induction of T Cell Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) represents a major burden to global health, and refined vaccines are needed. Replication-deficient lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV)-based vaccine vectors against cytomegalovirus have proven safe for human use and elicited robust T cell responses in a large proportion of vaccine recipients. Here, we developed an rLCMV vaccine expressing the Mtb antigens TB10.4 and Ag85B. In mice, rLCMV elicited high frequencies of polyfunctional Mtb-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell responses. CD8 but not CD4 T cells were efficiently boosted upon vector re-vaccination. High-frequency responses were also observed in neonatally vaccinated mice, and co-administration of rLCMV with Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) vaccines did not result in substantial reciprocal interference. Importantly, rLCMV immunization significantly reduced the lung Mtb burden upon aerosol challenge, resulting in improved lung ventilation. Protection was associated with increased CD8 T cell recruitment but reduced CD4 T cell infiltration upon Mtb challenge. When combining rLCMV with BCG vaccination in a heterologous prime-boost regimen, responses to the rLCMV-encoded Mtb antigens were further augmented, but protection was not significantly different from rLCMV or BCG vaccination alone. This work suggests that rLCMV may show utility for neonatal and/or adult vaccination efforts against pulmonary tuberculosis.     

Vaccination against Atherosclerosis: Is It Real?

Atherosclerosis has been known in medicine for several centuries. As early as 1755, the Swedish anatomist Albrecht von Haller used the term “atheroma” to describe vascular lesions. Atherosclerosis may originate from an unbalanced diet or bad habits, and is mainly found in developed countries. Clinical trials have been conducted to establish the causes of atherosclerosis, and also to develop treatments for this disease. However, prevention of the disease has always been better than treatment, so vaccination may be the key to saving thousands of lives. The creation of a vaccine may be directly related to the study of autoimmune processes occurring in the body, immunity. This review considers the issues related to the involvement of the immune response in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Modern concepts of atherogenesis, immune inflammation in atherosclerosis, and potential vaccine targets are also discussed. There is a particular focus on experimental and clinical data supporting the development of immune therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk.     

In vivo Targeting of DNA Vaccines to Dendritic Cells via the Mannose Receptor Induces Long-Lasting Immunity against Melanoma

Herein, we report effective, C-type lectin mannose receptor (MR)-selective, in vivo dendritic cell (DC)-targeting lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) of a novel lipid-containing mannose-mimicking di-shikimoyl- and guanidine head group and two n-hexadecyl hydrophobic tails (DSG). Subcutaneous administration of LNPs of the DSG/p-CMV-GFP complex showed a significant expression of green fluorescence protein in the CD11c⁺ DCs of the neighboring lymph nodes compared to the control LNPs of the BBG/p-CMV-GFP complex. Mannose receptor-facilitated in vivo DC-targeted vaccination (s.c.) with the electrostatic complex of LNPs of DSG/pCMV-MART1 stimulated long-lasting (270 days post B16F10 tumor challenge) antimelanoma immunity under prophylactic conditions. Remarkably, under therapeutic settings, vaccination (s.c.) with LNPs of the DSG/pCMV-MART1 complex significantly delayed melanoma growth and improved the survival of mice with melanoma. These findings demonstrate that this nonviral delivery system offers a resilient and potential approach to deliver DNA vaccines encoding tumor antigens to DCs in vivo with high efficacy.     

不同代次F基因型SP-A株腮腺炎病毒在恒河猴体内的致病性

目的观察不同代次F基因型SP-A株腮腺炎病毒在恒河猴体内的致病性。方法选取腮腺炎病毒SP-A株在KMB17细胞上传至15、20、30代的活病毒作为实验组,在Vero细胞上传至第2代的病毒作为野毒株对照组,分别接种恒河猴腮腺。观察实验动物体温和临床体征。活体取双侧腮腺,进行组织病理检查,并检测腮腺炎病毒中和抗体。结果对照组动物出现了明显的体温升高,一般状况较差,注射后第5天出现腮腺肿大,组织病理检查表现为淋巴细胞大量浸润。而各实验组动物均未出现腮腺炎症状和明显的组织病理学变化。各组动物接种病毒后均能产生抗腮腺炎病毒的中和抗体,但对照组的中和抗体GMT水平均高于各实验组。结论腮腺炎病毒SP-A株传至第15代次,已无致腮腺炎发病能力,为开发F基因型腮腺炎病毒减毒活疫苗奠定了基础。     

Protective Immunity against Listeria monocytogenes in Rats,Provided by HCl- and NaOH-Induced Listeria monocytogenes Bacterial Ghosts (LMGs) as Vaccine Candidates

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) bacterial ghosts (LMGs) were produced by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HCl, H₂SO₄, and NaOH. Acid and alkali effects on the LMGs were compared by in vitro and in vivo analyses. Scanning electron microscope showed that all chemicals form lysis pores on the Lm cell envelopes. Real-time qPCR revealed a complete absence of genomic DNA in HCl- and H₂SO₄-induced LMGs but not in NaOH-induced LMGs. HCl-, H₂SO₄- and NaOH-induced LMGs showed weaker or missing protein bands on SDS-PAGE gel when compared to wild-type Lm. Murine macrophages exposed to the HCl-induced LMGs showed higher cell viability than those exposed to NaOH-induced LMGs or wild-type Lm. The maximum level of cytokine expression (TNF-α, iNOS, IFN-γ, and IL-10 mRNA) was observed in the macrophages exposed to NaOH-induced LMGs, while that of IL-1β mRNA was observed in the macrophages exposed to HCl-induced LMGs. To investigate LMGs as a vaccine candidate, mice were divided into PBS buffer-injected, HCl- and NaOH-induced LMGs immunized groups. Mice vaccinated with HCl- and NOH-induced LMGs, respectively, significantly increased in specific IgG antibodies, bactericidal activities of serum, and CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell population. Antigenic Lm proteins reacted with antisera against HCl- and NOH-induced LMGs, respectively. Bacterial loads in HCl- and NaOH-induced LMGs immunized mice were significantly lower than PBS-injected mice after virulent Lm challenges. It suggested that vaccination with LMGs induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and protects against virulent challenges.     

儿童和成人接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗的安全性及免疫原性评价

目的 评价我国儿童和成人接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗的安全性及免疫原性,为科学适当调整免疫策略提供依据.方法 选择1 500名8 月龄以上儿童作为儿童组,2 000名18～50岁成人为成人组,分别接种麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗,分析疫苗接种安全性及免疫前后麻疹及风疹抗体水平.结果 儿童组和成人组的局部不良反应发生率分别为0....     

乙型肝炎疫苗-卡介苗联合疫苗细胞免疫的研究

目的评价乙型肝炎疫苗-卡介苗联合疫苗对小鼠细胞免疫的影响。方法采用BALB/c小鼠,试验组分为联合疫苗组、卡介苗组、乙肝疫苗组,对照组分为空白组和保护剂组,各组小鼠分别于接种后1个月及2个月,取脾进行淋巴细胞转化试验以及细胞因子和T淋巴细胞表面标记检测。结果联合疫苗组淋巴细胞转化刺激指数、IL-2含量均明显高于卡介苗组和乙肝疫苗组;CD4+/CD8+值高于单价乙肝疫苗组,而与卡介苗组差异无显著意义。结论乙型肝炎疫苗-卡介苗联合疫苗能有效地诱导细胞免疫。