炼油厂冷却水系统硫酸盐还原菌对316L不锈钢点腐蚀的研究

用开路电位、动电位扫描、电化学阻抗技术和扫描电镜等方法,研究了316L不锈钢在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)溶液中的腐蚀电化学行为,分析了炼油厂冷却水系统微生物腐蚀的特征及机制.结果表明,在含有SRB溶液中的自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)和点蚀电位(Epit)随浸泡时间的增加而负移,极化电阻(Rp)随浸泡时间的增加而减小;在含有SRB溶液中的腐蚀速率均大于在无菌溶液中;SRB的生长代谢活动影响了316L SS表面的腐蚀过程,使不锈钢表面的钝化膜层腐蚀破坏程度增加,加速了316L SS的腐蚀.     

钛、镍、不锈钢在NH_4CI介质中耐蚀行为的研究

采用多种试验方法,研究了钛、镍、ICr18Ni9Ti(321)和OCr17Ni7AI(17-7)不锈钢在NH_4CI介质中的腐蚀与磨蚀行为及其抗品间腐蚀和点蚀性能,试验结果表明,钛与17-7沉淀硬化不锈钢在NH_4Cl介质中具有良好的抗腐蚀与耐磨蚀性能,并具有较好的抗晶间腐蚀和点蚀能力,而Ni和321不锈钢在此介质条件下不宜选用.     

核级316NG控氮奥氏体不锈钢的局部腐蚀行为

采用电化学测试法、点腐蚀试验法、盐雾腐蚀试验法和慢应变速率测试法,分别对比研究了核级316NG控氮奥氏体不锈钢和321奥氏体不锈钢的局部腐蚀行为,并利用扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜等分别观察腐蚀后不锈钢的表面形貌。结果表明:316NG和321不锈钢晶间腐蚀再活化率分别为3.83%和4.47%,点腐蚀速率分别为10.74g/(m2·h)和45.97g/(m2·h),盐雾腐蚀速率分别为2.14×10-2 g/(m2·h)和12.32×10-2 g/(m2·h),应力腐蚀开裂敏感指数分别为0.078和0.10;316NG不锈钢中N和Mo元素提高了其耐局部腐蚀性能,因此其耐局部腐蚀性能均优于核电站结构材料321不锈钢的。     

Oberflächenbehandlung als Korrosionsschutzmaßnahme von nichtrostenden Stählen

Surface treatment as corrosion protection measure of stainless steels The pickling behaviour of several stainless austenitic steels and of one steel with ferritic/austenitic grain structure were investigated in pickling solutions of different compositions based on hydrofluoric acid. Because of uncertainties in practical applications, the influence of temperature, time and acid content on the mass loss is of high interest. In another series of experiments, aqueous solutions of citric acid were tested for their suitability as pickling chemicals for the materials X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 (AISI 321) and X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 (AISI 316 Ti). Finally, the pickling procedures based on nitric acid/hydrofluoric acid mixtures were compared with mechanical cleansing methods and with pickling procedures based on aqueous citric acid solutions as well, to elucidate their influence on the corrosion resistance of the treated materials. The valuation followed a pitting corrosion test in sodium chloride solutions of different concentrations after Herbsleb and Schwenk. Pickling with hydrofluoric acid solutions is superior to other cleansing procedures, if corrosive environments are present. The ecologically beneficial citric acid solutions are only able to remove the annealing colours from stainless steels.     

AISI 316不锈钢和Ti6Al4V合金在海水环境中的腐蚀与腐蚀磨损行为(英文)

采用立式万能销盘腐蚀磨损试验机研究AISI 316不锈钢和Ti6Al4V合金在海水中与Al2O3陶瓷对磨时的腐蚀与腐蚀磨损行为,重点讨论腐蚀磨损之间的交互作用。结果表明,摩擦作用使得Ti6Al4V合金和316不锈钢的开路电位大幅下降,腐蚀磨损过程中的电流密度远高于静态腐蚀时的电流密度,摩擦明显促进了合金的腐蚀。两种合金在海水中的磨损量远大于在纯水中的磨损量,腐蚀促进了磨损,并且Ti6Al4V合金的耐磨性优于316不锈钢的耐磨性,腐蚀磨损之间的交互作用是材料损失的一个重要因素。本实验所用的摩擦装置为单向滑动的面面接触方式,这使得摩擦对腐蚀的促进作用在总磨损量中所占的比例很小。     

激光电子散斑干涉技术监测奥氏体不锈钢在NaCl溶液中的点蚀敏感性

用动电位极化和电化学阻抗等方法检测1Cr18Ni9Ti、304和316三种奥氏体不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的点蚀敏感性;用恒电位下的计时电流法结合激光电子散斑干涉技术（ESPI）实时监测这三种材料在3.5%NaCl溶液中阳极极化过程的表面动态变化及点蚀感应时间(τ)。结果表明,当电极表面发生点蚀时,激光电子散斑干涉图上会出现由点蚀产物扩散引起的亮斑。1Cr18Ni9Ti和 304不锈钢的τ值分别是1 s和9 s,316不锈钢的τ值大于50 s。由此可以判断1Cr18Ni9Ti的点蚀敏感性最大,304居中,316的点蚀敏感性最小。此结果与动电位极化和电化学阻抗等电化学方法得出的结果一致。激光电子散斑干涉技术可以做为一种实验室方法监测金属早期点蚀敏感性。     

热加工对复合板不锈钢表层晶间腐蚀的影响

对压力容器用低合金钢/不锈钢复合板在热加工后的晶间腐蚀行为进行研究,主要针对三种常用表层不锈钢304,321及316L热加工后的晶间腐蚀特性进行探讨。结果表明:表层不锈钢中,321钢存在少量阶梯组织,接近凹坑组织,过多的热处理工序会引起其晶间腐蚀,但程度上轻于316L钢;304钢为明显的晶间腐蚀类型,受热处理的影响较大,严格控制热加工工艺可使其晶间腐蚀的倾向相对最轻;316L钢热加工过程中的晶间腐蚀倾向最为严重,应尽量减少热处理。合金元素较多的钢种(321和316L)在敏化温度热处理后,晶间腐蚀特征改变不大;低碳不锈钢(304)经热处理后,晶间腐蚀所受影响较大。     

Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Verbindungen von Rohren aus nichtrostenden Stählen in Wässern

Corrosion of joints for stainless steel tubes in water The most important commonly used joining techniques for stainless steel tubes which are used for the transport of water and gases are welding and brazing. With corrosion attack by dry gases, both connections are resistant against corrosion. However, in water and aqueous condensates limits of application exist with regard to the corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance of weld connections with stainless steel tubes is diminished by

• – annealing colours (oxide films) and scale layers in the weld area;
• – changes in the microstructure adjacent to the welds (sensitization of the stainless steel material);
• – surface finish of weld seams after welding;
• – welding faults resulting from bad handling and workmanship.

Type and extent of corrosion damage occurring on weld connections with decreased corrosion resistance depend on the composition of the water and condensates, mainly on their chloride content. Typical examples for the causes of degraded corrosion resistance of weld connections, and possible types of corrosion attack, namely pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking and their mechanisms are described. Furthermore, measures are shown by which the corrosion resistance of weld connections with stainless steel tubes can be increased. Joints of stainless steel tubes by hard soldering with capillary fittings are endangered by knife line attack at the phase boundary between the stainless steel and solder (interfacial corrosion). Knife line attack means in this context the loss of adhesion between steel and hard solder. The severity of the corrosion risk, in particular the incubation time until the occurrence of the corrosion damage, depends on the water quality, mainly on chloride concentration, and pH. The press fitting with non-metallic gasket is a relatively new joining system, and it is used in the cold and warm water domestic installation. This joining technique is described. For domestic water distribution, an installation system with tubes and press fittings made of steel grade AISI 316 SS has been developed. This system is resistant to corrosion attack in potable water of usual composition, and it is already applied in-service in a considerable extent. Other joining systems are stainless steel weld fittings, threaded screw fittings, and compression couplings with cutting or clamping rings. They are used mainly in industrial installations.     

循环冷却水中 2507 双相不锈钢微生物腐蚀研究

目的研究2507双相不锈钢在循环冷却水模拟溶液(添加微生物SRB+IOB)中的腐蚀特征,确定其腐蚀机理。方法模拟某炼油厂循环冷却水溶液,采用SEM,EDS和电化学测试等手段分析2507双相不锈钢在SRB+IOB循环冷却水中浸泡不同时间后的腐蚀产物形貌及其电化学腐蚀情况。结果2507双相不锈钢的腐蚀速率很低,属于轻度腐蚀;在循环冷却水模拟溶液中的阳极极化曲线具有明显的钝化区,且钝化膜具有良好的自修复能力;腐蚀倾向随时间增加先增大后减小,腐蚀速率随时间增加先减小后增大。结论 SRB和IOB及其代谢活动与Cl-协同作用是点蚀的主要原因;2507双相不锈钢具有良好的钝化性和耐微生物腐蚀性能。     

Corrosion of Stainless Steels in Fatty Acid Media at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures

Abstract

Natural fatty acids were separated and purified by steam distillation at 250–300°C. Corrosion rates were determined for three stainless steels 316L, 317L and Ti-stabilised 321, using weight-loss measurements after 14 days in three fatty acid fractions at 260°C. These results for stainless steels were compared with corrosion rates obtained for nickel, molybdenum and manganese by similar weight-loss measurements. Scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm pitting corrosion at the metal surface. The effects of water, low molecular weight fatty acids and impurities such as sodium salts are discussed in relation to the overall corrosion processes in steel steam distillation columns.     

321不锈钢在淡化海水中的耐腐蚀性能

采用电化学测试和慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)方法,结合扫描电镜(SEM)评价321不锈钢在淡化海水中的耐蚀性.循环伏安实验表明,随着温度的升高,点蚀击破电位负移,耐点蚀性能下降;321不锈钢在淡化海水中的临界点蚀温度(CPT)为30.5℃.SSRT实验结果表明,321不锈钢在淡化海水中具有一定的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)敏感性,随着温度的升高,应力腐蚀敏感性增大.在35℃和50℃,321不锈钢在淡化海水中的断裂为韧性断裂;而在70℃,断口微观形貌呈现韧窝+少量准解理形貌,SCC敏感性增强.     

不同热处理态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀行为对比研究

目的 对比研究原始、固溶和敏化态的304和321奥氏体不锈钢在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中的应力腐蚀（SCC）行为及机理。方法 将304和321奥氏体不锈钢经过热处理制备成固溶和敏化态试样,采用U形弯试样在模拟加氢催化氯化铵环境中浸泡的应力腐蚀试验方法对其进行研究,通过观察U形弯弧顶的腐蚀形貌和开裂时间,并结合腐蚀及裂纹的SEM照片和电化学测试结果进行分析。结果 原始和固溶状态304不锈钢U形弯试样在氯化铵溶液环境中开裂时间为25 d左右,断口形貌分别为穿晶断口和沿晶断口;敏化态试样18 d后发生开裂,断口形貌为穿晶和沿晶的混合断口。原始和固溶态321不锈钢U形弯试样在该环境中经过39 d均无应力腐蚀裂纹;敏化试样经30 d后产生宏观开裂。电化学测试结果显示,不同热处理态的304不锈钢在氯化铵溶液中均具有明显的点蚀敏感性,321不锈钢在该环境中耐点蚀和应力腐蚀的能力优于304不锈钢。结论 不同状态的304不锈钢在高温氯化铵环境中具有较强的应力腐蚀倾向,特别是敏化态试样;321不锈钢在该环境中的应力腐蚀敏感性相对较小,但敏化处理显著增加了其沿晶应力腐蚀倾向,而固溶态试样具有明显的沿晶腐蚀特征。     

316L不锈钢焊接头耐蚀性能研究

分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、动电位极化技术及零内阻安培表方法研究爆炸焊接316L不锈钢接头的显微组织形貌、物相、点蚀及电偶腐蚀行为。结果表明,316L不锈钢侧焊缝金属存在严重的组织形变和金属间化合物相,且相对于基体试样,316L不锈钢侧焊缝和熔合区产生了更多的δ铁素体相,这些因素导致焊接后的316L不锈钢耐点蚀和电偶腐蚀性能降低。     

The pitting resistance of AISI 316 stainless steel passivated in diluted nitric acid

The pitting resistance of AISI 316 stainless steel after passivation in diluted nitric acid was studied in comparison with that of non-passivated specimens. The passivation treatment increased the pitting potential but decreased the resistance to crevice corrosion under open circuit conditions in aerated sea water. Immersion in the nitric acid solution was found to remove the sulphide inclusions from the metal surface, thus eliminating the most susceptible sites for attack. In the absence of sulphide particles pitting nucleated at aluminium-rich oxides.     

Corrosion of aluminium,stainless steels and AISI 680 nickel alloy in nitrogen‐based fuels

Nitrogen‐based compounds can potentially be used as alternative non‐carbon or low‐carbon fuels. Nevertheless, the corrosion of construction materials at high temperatures and pressures in the presence of such fuel has not been reported yet. This work is focused on the corrosion of AISI Al 6061, 1005 carbon steel (CS), 304, 316L, 310 austenitic stainless steels (SS) and 680 nickel alloy in highly concentrated water solution of ammonium nitrate and urea (ANU). The corrosion at 50 °C and ambient pressure and at 350 °C and 20 bar was investigated to simulate storage and working conditions. Sodium chloride was added to the fuel (0–5 wt%) to simulate industrial fertilizers and accelerated corrosion environment. Heavy corrosion of CS was observed in ANU solution at 50 °C, while Al 6061, 304 and 316L SS showed high resistance both to uniform and pitting corrosion in ANU containing 1% of sodium chloride. Addition of 5% sodium chloride caused pitting of Al 6061 but had no influence on the corrosion of SS. Tests in ANU at 350 °C and 20 bar showed pitting on SS 304 and 316L and 680 nickel alloy. The highest corrosion resistance was found for SS 310 due to formation of stable oxide film on its surface.     

等离子体改性1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢钝化膜的耐蚀性

等离子体改性１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢钝化膜的耐蚀性雷明凯，袁力江，孔常静，张仲麟（大连理工大学大连１１６０２４）电子回族共振（ＥＣＲ）微波等离子体具有高电子密度和离化率，低放电粒子溅射率及无极放电设计等优点［１－２］，为金属钝化膜的改性提供了有效和...     

Influence of Ti,C and N concentration on the intergranular corrosion behaviour of AISI 316Ti and 321 stainless steels

Intergranular corrosion behaviour of 316Ti and 321 austenitic stainless steels has been evaluated in relation to the influence exerted by modification of Ti, C and N concentrations. For this evaluation, electrochemical measurements – double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) – were performed to produce time–temperature–sensitization (TTS) diagrams for tested materials. Transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the composition and nature of precipitates. The addition of Ti promotes better intergranular corrosion resistance in stainless steels. The precipitation of titanium carbides reduces the formation of chromium-rich carbides, which occurs at lower concentrations. Also, the reduction of carbon content to below 0.03 wt.% improves sensitization resistance more than does Ti content. The presence of Mo in AISI 316Ti stainless steel reduces chromium-rich carbide precipitation; the reason is that Mo increases the stability of titanium carbides and tends to replace chromium in the formation of carbides and intermetallic compounds, thus reducing the risks of chromium-depletion.     

316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀行为

通过腐蚀失重试验,获得了316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的腐蚀失重曲线及均匀腐蚀速率;采用XPS、XRD、SEM等手段对腐蚀产物的组成元素、物相、形貌进行了分析。结果表明:316NG不锈钢在高纯水环境中的平均腐蚀速率为0.05mm/a,远小于304NG不锈钢和321不锈钢的;腐蚀产物膜主要以耐蚀性强的磁铁矿Fe_3O_4、尖晶石类氧化物FeCr_2O_4和NiFe_2O_4、镍和铬氧化物及氢氧化物等形式存在,且(铬+镍)与铁的原子比高于基体的,说明316NG不锈钢具有良好的耐腐蚀性能。     

选区激光熔化MnSi2增强316L不锈钢复合材料的表面质量及耐蚀性能

为改善316L不锈钢在海洋环境下的耐腐蚀性能,通过MnSi₂增强316L不锈钢基体,采用选区激光熔化(SLM)制备MnSi₂/316L不锈钢复合材料。利用Image-Pro Plus软件、光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)及电化学工作站研究了激光功率对316L不锈钢金属基复合材料致密度及耐腐蚀性能的影响,通过Tafel极化曲线和阻抗谱表征其耐腐蚀性能的强弱,并通过点蚀形貌揭示了其腐蚀机理。结果表明:添加MnSi₂是提高316L不锈钢耐腐蚀性能的有效途径。随着激光功率的增大,耐腐蚀性能呈现先提高后降低的趋势,当激光功率达到190 W时,2%MnSi₂/316L不锈钢复合材料的致密度为99.80%,其腐蚀电位为－0.053 V (vs SCE)。同时,2%MnSi₂可以显著改善316L不锈钢的成形质量,提高其耐腐蚀性能,其腐蚀形式为氯离子诱导氯化物生成的点蚀,且点蚀产生位置主要集中在孔隙边界处。     

Application limits of stainless steels in the petroleum industry

Stainless steels have a great variety of potential applications in the petroleum industry, mainly as an alternative to carbon steel in corrosive environments. Within a number of media that can cause corrosion problems with these materials, only chloride solutions and hydrogen sulfide are of importance in oilfield service. A reliable tool that permits the proper selection of stainless steels has yet been missing. In order to provide engineering diagrams for this purpose, pitting and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests were performed. Specimens were exposed to NaCl solutions containing from 3 to 100,000 ppm Cl^? at temperatures from 40 to 200 °C. This test configuration was chosen to give a better representation of actual service conditions than accelerated standard test procedures do. Tested materials were the austenitic stainless steel grades 321, 316Ti (API LC30‐1812) and 254 SMO, and 22Cr duplex (austenitic‐ferritic) steel (API LC65‐2205). Based on an optical examination of the specimens, no‐risk regions of chloride concentration vs. temperature have been identified. Subsequently, service temperature limits have been deduced for each tested material. Thus, material failures by pitting and SCC can be prevented without overdesigning. The results of the testing series are applicable to all chloride environments without presence of H₂S, as they have to be handled by primary production equipment, as well as transportation and gas processing facilities.