工业污水COD在线监测方法的选择与展望

对均使用重铬酸钾氧化,分别采用分光光度法和电位滴定法测定的SHZ-4型和JHC-ⅢA型COD在线监测技术进行了比较,指出了造成SHZ-4型COD在线监测仪测定误差大的原因,分析了工业污水在线监测存在的问题并提出了几点建议,对在线监测方法发展前景进行了展望,指出臭氧氧化法和高温催化法在线监测仪以及TOC在线监测仪属清洁监测技术,是未来实现污水中有机污染物含量在线监测的发展方向。     

工业污水在线监测系统的应用

为加强对工业园区各企业污水排放的现场监督,从而确保污水处理厂的正常、安全运行,针对工业污水的流量、COD、氨氮、p H等4个参数,开发了一套在线监测系统。从而,实现了对排污企业实时、不间断的连续监测,保证了监测数据的准确性和代表性,有效避免了人工监测工作量大、监测频次低和成本高的缺点,能够真实且全面地反映排污企业的水质情况。该系统已投入使用,运行稳定、可靠。     

能源管理在线监测系统在东庞矿的应用

介绍了能源管理在线监测系统建设的意义;针对东庞矿的能源利用状况,提出建立能源组织管理体系、统计监测体系及考核奖惩体系等管理措施;监测系统可提供完整实时的能耗数据,为节能管理提供帮助。     

Numerical modeling of mass transfer processes coupling with reaction for the design of the ozone oxidation treatment of wastewater

A computational model for an ozone oxidation column reactor used in dyeing wastewater treatment is proposed to represent, simulate, and predict the ozone bubble process. Considering the hydrodynamics, mass transfer, and ozone oxidation reaction, coupling modeling can more realistically calculate the ozone oxidation bubble process than the splitting methods proposed in previous research. The modeling is validated and shows great consistency with experimental data. The verified model is used to analyze the effect of operating conditions, such as the initial gas velocity and the ozone concentration, and structural conditions, such as multiple gas inlets. The ozone consumption is influenced by the gas velocity and the initial ozone concentration. The ozone’s utilization decreases with the increasing gas velocity while nearly the same at different initial ozone concentrations. Simulation results can be used in guiding the practical operation of dyeing wastewater treatment and in other ozonation systems with known rate constants in wastewater treatment.     

污垢热阻实时预测模型校正与应用

针对热阻法污垢热阻预测模型在操作条件变化较大时存在很大的原理误差,不能用于污垢实时监测的问题,提出了一种对热阻法污垢热阻预测模型的校正方法。实验研究表明,校正模型原理误差小于3.5%。并针对热学法污垢热阻测量误差与结垢程度有关的特点,推导了测量误差计算式,提出测量误差实时跟踪的测量方法,依据误差值判断测量结果的有效性,提高对高污垢热阻阶段监测结果的可靠性。应用于煤油冷却器的实时监测,表明测量可靠。     

废水好氧生物处理工艺中氧的传质与强化的理论与实践

废水处理好氧生物工艺供氧过程的控制步骤是气液传质作用,即将气体分子氧转化为足够微生物用于氧化污染物的溶解氧（DO）,包含碳源BOD5的降解、氨氮的硝化和总氮的去除以及无机COD氧化的共同需求。文章指出DO的传质过程由总传质系数K_La决定,废水性质、生物量、污泥龄、微生物耗氧速率、微生物种群等因素都会影响K_La。DO的浓度梯度是气液固三相氧传质的主要推动力,气液传质受水温、水质、氧分压、气泡大小、液体紊流程度和液膜更新速度等的影响,通过提高氧气分压、增大气泡比表面积、强化气液混合以及无泡供氧等方式及其它们的结合,或者控制污泥流态化程度及其污泥龄,可以获得微生物摄氧能力的提高。本文指出在对水质特征、环境条件、微生物特性、反应器流体特性以及运行参数等优化的基础上,结合一些研究新的方向,如无泡供氧、纯氧/富氧曝气的气泡行为,流场分布、湍流构造、浓度梯度的流体行为,挡板内构件、流态化控制的反应器结构优化,以及充分考虑负荷的HRT和SRT的运行工艺条件,可以实现更加全面的节能目标。     

振动在线监测与故障诊断系统在鼓风机上的应用

介绍振动在线监测与故障诊断系统的组成、数据采集器及软件。利用该系统对硫酸装置1200kW空气鼓风机实施在线状态监测与故障诊断,可确保机组安全可靠地运行。根据频谱分析诊断故障的类型及原因,采取针对性措施,可节约维修时间和费用。对振动在线监测与故障诊断系统今后的发展方向提出建议。     

循环冷却水系统不停车清洗配方的改进

根据现场循环水系统的腐蚀结垢特点,针对原清洗配方中存在的问题,同时为满足装置长周期运行提出的不停车清洗要求,通过一系列的改进研究,开发了新型不停车清洗剂ZW-1,该清洗剂的主要成分为:氨基磺酸、HEDP、共聚物和缓蚀剂等,该配方与老清洗配方相比有良好的溶解磷酸钙和磷酸锌的能力,经现场工业应用证明效果良好,换热器温差提高1￣4℃。     

Use of a midrange infrared optical-fiber probe for the on-line monitoring of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate/styrene emulsion copolymerization

A new versatile attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique has been developed for monitoring emulsion copolymerization reactions using midrange IR optical fibers. This probe was found to provide a novel opportunity for determining individual monomer conversions, as well as copolymer composition, for polymerizations carried out in aqueous media, even at a high solids content. Chalcogenide optical fibers were used to direct IR radiation from an FTIR spectrometer through an ATR probe immersed in a laboratory scale reactor and equipped with a two-reflection 45 degree ZnSe crystal. The utility of this technique for studying emulsion copolymerizations was demonstrated by monitoring a 2-ethylhexyl acrylate/styrene reaction at the azeotropic composition. Sufficient signal strength at the detector was achieved, resulting in IR spectra of high quality and resolution, while the short effective path length of the probe made it ideal for obtaining quantitative kinetic information from mid-range IR spectra in aqueous media.     

Microbial and toxic evaluation of raw and treated olive oil mill wastewaters

BACKGROUND: Olive oil mill wastewaters (OMW) from a three‐phase system were treated in a laboratory‐scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) for hydrogen production. Microbiological and physicochemical characterizations of raw and anaerobically treated olive oil mill effluents were performed. Toxicity assessment was also conducted in order to determine the impact of residual waters on the aquatic environment. RESULTS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa that has the ability to utilize phenolic compounds was isolated in raw OMW, along with several gram‐negative bacteria (Serratia odorifera, Enterobacter cloacae and Aeromonas hydrophila). The dominant species in the untreated effluent appears to be Enterobacter cloacae, whereas in the treated effluent it is Citrobacter braakii. Phenols, pH, NO^?₂, total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductivity were the main parameters related to the observed toxicity. CONCLUSION: A significant differentiation in the microbiological flora was detected between treated and untreated effluents whereas the microbial communities were correlated to the toxicity test results, pointing to the need for further research regarding identification of the microbial flora. This can improve the treatment processes to optimize management of OMW for environmentally safe discharge. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

假捻变形机在线张力控制方式分析

根据假捻变形机张力控制原理,分析了似捻变形机在线张力控制方式。通过调节D/Y比控制解捻张力(T_2)是最有效的方式,但必须采用单锭电机和变频器;通过调节丝条在假捻装置中的摩擦力来控制T_2,具有实用价值,对于皮圈式摩擦假捻装置和叠盘式摩擦假捻装置,都能实现生产过程中的T_2控制,在生产中有利于控制产品质量。     

氯化氢过氯在线监测技术的开发与应用

介绍了氯化氢过氯检测装置的开发与应用情况,该装置实现了氯化氢过氯在线监测,保证了系统安全正常运行。     

新型硅橡胶膜生物反应器用于有机废水处理的膜传质动力学

用中空纤维型硅橡胶管构造了管束式和卷绕式两种膜器,将它们结合进一个生物反应器系统,用于对废水中的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）进行生物降解处理。本文以甲苯为对象,研究了VOC在这种系统中穿过膜的传质问题。基于液-膜-液的串联阻力概念和质量平衡,构造了一个关于膜总传质系数的简单指数模型,用于传质实验的分析。将甲苯溶于水中模拟有机废水,配制适合于甲苯降解细菌生长的培养液,进行了甲苯从废水穿过膜到培养液中的传质实验,并将细菌移植进培养液进行了生物降解条件下的传质实验。对培养液中细菌存在和不存在两种情况下的甲苯传质实验进行了分析。结果表明,总传质系数的指数模型基本上与实验条件符合,所得到的甲苯的总膜传质系数具有10-6m·s-1数量级,卷绕膜器的总传质系数较管束型的稍高,生物反应条件下的总传质系数又较细菌不存在时的稍高。     

含砷,氟酸性污水处理装置的设计与运行评价

开封化肥（集团）公司（原开封化肥厂）将硫酸、硝酸磷肥、磷肥等生产过程中所酸性污水采用石灰－亚铁盐法集中治理的工艺。根据运行情况，表明该工艺设计合理，处理后清水无色，无味，透明，达到国家酸性废水排放标准，处理后的清水大部分进行复用，具有明显的社会效益和经济效益。     

A system for accurate on-line measurement of total gas consumption or production rates in microbioreactors

A system has been developed, based on pressure controlled gas pumping, for accurate measurement of total gas consumption or production rates in the nmol/min range, applicable for on-line monitoring of bioconversions in microbioreactors. The system was validated by carrying out a bioconversion with known stoichiometric relation between gas consumption and substrate conversion, that is, the enzymatic oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. The reaction was carried out in a stirred microreactor with a working volume of 100 μL, whereby the oxygen consumption was monitored on-line. Subsequently the system was applied to determine the oxygen transfer capacity of the microbioreactor. The dissolved oxygen concentration was measured with an optical dissolved oxygen sensor, which was integrated near the bottom of the reactor. Different stirrer sizes and geometries were investigated for their effect on the mass transfer of oxygen. A maximal k_La of 156±10 h⁻¹, allowing a maximal O₂-transfer rate up to 50 mmol O₂/L/h, was reached which is sufficient to grow cells aerobically in (fed-)batch mode at relatively high biomass concentrations.     

Electrochemical treatment of wastewater containing phenolic compounds: oxidation at boron-doped diamond electrodes

This work investigates the performance of BDD electrodes during oxidation of aqueous solutions of phenol. The main reaction intermediates are identified, the effect of operating conditions on the faradic yield of the process, and the degree of mineralization achievable under different experimental conditions are evaluated. Due to the crucial role of mass transfer in the process, an impinging jet cell is used for the experiments. The results indicate that if a minimum value of current density is imposed, suitable initial conditions can be set at which the removal of the reactant is always under mass transfer control and the process is carried out at a faradic yield of about unity, up to the near-complete disappearance of total organic load. High current density and high mass transfer coefficient must be used in order to carry out the process with high space-time yield. The performance of BDD is compared to that obtained at Ti/RuO₂ anodes.     

Electrochemical technologies for the regeneration of urban wastewaters

Nowadays, the lack of water resources in many countries promotes the research in the finding of new sources. Regeneration is one of the best choices, and electrochemical technology can be an interesting alternative to the existing technologies. This work reports a preliminary study of the usefulness of conductive-diamond electrochemical oxidation (CDEO) and electrocoagulation in the regeneration of three different actual effluents. Results show that electrocoagulation can easily remove ionic phosphorus and COD associated to colloids. It also has a buffering effect on the pH of the effluent. CDEO can disinfect the effluents and simultaneously it can completely remove the COD of the actual effluents, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs). To check this point electrolysis of solutions of different concentrations of sulfamethoxazole were tested. Energy consumptions lower than 4.5 kWh m⁻³ can be enough to disinfect and remove typical POPs organic loads. This study shows that both electrochemical processes can be robust alternatives to the existing regeneration technologies.     

换热器在线监测仪的研制

在深入研究换热和热阻基本原理的基础上,利用SPCE061A单片机设计出一个在线监测与控制系统,该系统基于被控对象的特性设计了循环水流量和蒸汽温度时滞补偿控制系统,同时该系统通过在线测定计算出实时热阻,并能进行实时存储、显示与打印。由于采用了高集成度的SPCE061A单片机芯片核心设计《换热器在线监测仪》,使得外围芯片相对减少,不仅带来整个仪器体积减小,而且实际应用表明仪器的可靠性也得到了提高。     

Developmental studies of an adaptive on-line softsensor for biological wastewater treatments

Efficient monitoring and automatic control systems for biological wastewater treatment processes, especially those dealing with bioinhibitory pollutants, such as phenol, are urgently required in order to meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Practical on-line sensors of variables that describe water quality, such as BOD or individual toxic pollutants such as phenol, are not commercially available; e.g. phenol is generally monitored off-line by spectrofluorometry. Inference software sensors could be an attractive alternative for on-line monitoring of these variables. As a first step towards the development of inferential sensors for biological wastewater treatment processes, we consider in this study, a simplistic version of such a process which consists of a continuous culture of Pseudomonas putida Q5 degrading phenol. In this work, we propose a neural network based inferential sensor for phenol monitoring using on-line biomass concentration measurements by spectrophotometry. The network was built with wavelets as the basis functions and the adaptive algorithm for the weights was based on a Lyapunov stability analysis. Predicted phenol output of the network showed good agreement with experimental data, over fairly broad ranges of inlet phenol concentration and dilution rate step changes. Simulations were conducted to find convergence conditions and to investigate possible sources for errors in phenol estimates.