Manganese, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, mercury and lead in muscle meat, liver and kidneys of poultry, rabbit and sheep slaughtered in the northern part of Poland, 1987

Manganese, copper, zinc, iron, cadmium, mercury and lead concentrations have been determined in muscle meat, livers and kidneys of ducks, geese, chickens, hens, rabbits and sheep slaughtered in the northern part of Poland in 1987. The mean values obtained related to wet weight for muscle meat, livers and kidneys of animals were: 0.11-0.27, 0.73-3.3 and 0.90-1.9 mg/kg Mn; 0.52-7.3, 3.8-88 and 2.8-15 mg/kg Cu; 5.7-40, 20-45 and 21-30 mg/kg Zn; 10-35, 27-83 and 50-180 mg/kg Fe; less than 5-5, 16-140 and 250-5100 micrograms/kg Cd; less than 1-3, 2-10 and 5-12 micrograms/kg Hg; and less than 10-20, 100-210 and 120-1300 micrograms/kg Pb, respectively. Substantial differences have been found in the mean copper concentration in muscle meat, livers and kidneys, zinc and iron in muscle meat, and cadmium in kidneys, between some of the species examined. The mean and maximum concentrations of mercury and lead found in muscle meat and organs of animals in the present study were low, and only in the case of cadmium were somewhat higher values found in kidneys of rabbit and hen. The results obtained are compared with the literature data on the concentrations of the metals examined in muscle meat, livers and kidneys of poultry, rabbit and sheep in Poland or elsewhere.     

TRANSLOCATION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM FROM FEED TO EDIBLE TISSUES OF SWINE1

In separate experiments, growing and/or finishing swine were fed a control diet and diets supplemented with various low levels of lead and cadmium, for periods up to 24 weeks. The levels of lead in different treatment groups were 2 (control), 6 and 21 parts per million (ppm), whereas those for cadmium were 0.2 (control), 2.4 and 10.1 ppm, respectively. Lead did not accumulate in skeletal muscles, but a dose-related increase was observed in bone, liver and kidney. In the case of cadmium, no increase was seen in skeletal muscles, bone or brain; the accumulation occurred primarily in kidney and liver. After cessation of lead supplementation the concentration of this metal declined in liver and kidney tissues. On the other hand, cadmium levels did not show any appreciable decline in kidney or liver during 12 weeks after an initial 12 weeks treatment. Lead and cadmium did not accumulate in edible muscles of swine, but the high concentrations of these metals that were recorded in liver and kidney would render these organs unfit for food purposes.     

Study on some trace elements content of certain internal organs and muscles of porkers

The aim of the investigations was the determination of the lead, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron content. It was found that lead and cadmium content in the kidneys and livers of porkers from the Cracow region was several times higher than in the case of porkers from an agricultural region (control). The average lead concentration in 35% of kidneys and livers coming from the porkers of the Cracow region exceeded the permissible norm.     

Study on some trace elements content of certain internal organs and muscles of lambs

The aim of the investigations was the determination of the lead, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron content. It was found that lead and cadmium content in the kidneys and livers of lambs from the S?dziszów region was by several times higher than in the case of lambs from an agricultural region (control). The average lead concentration in 31% of kidneys and livers coming from the lambs of the S?dziszów region exceeded the permissible norm.     

Study on some trace elements content of certain internal organs and muscles of lambs.

The aim of the investigations was the determination of the lead, cadmium, copper, zinc and iron content. It was found that lead and cadmium content in the kidneys and livers of lambs from the Sedziszów region was by several times higher than in the case of lambs from an agricultural region (control). The average lead concentration in 31% of kidneys and livers coming from the lambs of the Sedziszów region exceeded the permissible norm.     

岩藻多糖对染铅大鼠体内铅及矿物质元素含量的影响

目的:研究岩藻多糖对铅染毒大鼠体内铅及矿物元素钙、锌、铜、铁含量的影响。方法:灌胃醋酸铅溶液建立铅中毒大鼠模型,将大鼠随机分为6组:空白对照组,模型组,阳性药物组及低、中、高剂量岩藻多糖组(50、100、200 mg/kg),连续灌胃8周后,处死大鼠并测定血液和各脏器中铅及矿物质元素含量。结果:与空白对照组对比,除脑组织外,模型组大鼠血液及各脏器中铅元素含量极显著升高(P<0.01),钙、锌、铁矿物质元素流失严重;与模型组对比,中、高剂量岩藻多糖组大鼠血液、肝脏、肾脏中铅元素含量极显著降低(P<0.01),钙、锌矿物质元素流失率下降;与空白对照组对比,模型组大鼠肾脏中铜元素上升9.14%,差异不显著(P>0.05),铅毒性虽未对大鼠肾铜稳态造成不良影响,但铅暴露后阳性药的摄入使大鼠肾脏中铜元素含量极显著降低(P<0.01),下降54.46%。结论:铅染毒导致大鼠血液及各脏器中钙、锌、铁元素严重流失,而岩藻多糖在排铅的同时能有效改善染铅大鼠体内矿物质元素稳态失衡,且其高剂量对股骨、肝脏具有较好保护效果。     

Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers, and kidneys of swine slaughtered in The Netherlands during the period 1980-1985

The results obtained between 1980 and 1985 in a Dutch monitoring programme on the presence of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat and organs of swine are presented. For meat, livers and kidneys the median values were, respectively, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.003 mg/kg (fresh weight) for arsenic, 0.002, 0.044, and 0.260 mg/kg for cadmium, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.08 mg/kg for lead and 0.001, 0.002, and 0.005 mg/kg for mercury. No significant changes were observed in the tissue arsenic and mercury levels during the investigated period. A decrease was observed in the cadmium and lead concentrations in livers and kidneys. The provisional Dutch legal limits were exceeded only for lead in one kidney sample. A significant recti linear relation was found between the cadmium concentrations in livers and kidneys. In general the cadmium and lead levels found are comparable with published data, reported from other countries. Compared with data from the literature, the arsenic and mercury concentrations found in the present study are low.     

Hygienic evaluation of the meat of pigs given a feed concentrate prepared from overflow active sludge

The authors studied the chemical composition of the meat of pigs given the diet containing a feed concentrate obtained from excess active sludge and the effects on the laboratory animals of such meat fed for a year. As compared to the accepted standards, the meat of pigs given the feed concentrate showed high cadmium content in the kidneys and high lead content in the liver and muscles. Starting from the 6th month of being kept on the meat of experimental pigs, the rats demonstrated an appreciable increase in the count of peripheral blood reticulocytes which remained almost unchanged to the end of experiments. The data obtained indicate that excess trace elements including heavy metals contained by active sludge from the purification works of the city of Kiev interfere with its use on a large scale as a feed additive.     

葡萄籽提取物原花青素对肉兔抗氧化功能、脂质含量及血清代谢产物浓度的影响

研究葡萄籽提取物原花青素(grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts,GSPE)对肉兔抗氧化功能、脂质含量及血清代谢产物浓度的影响。采用单因子随机区组试验设计,选择128只60日龄、体重相近的健康新西兰兔,随机分为4组(1个对照组和3个试验组),每组32个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,3个试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100、200及400 mg/kg GSPE的试验饲粮。试验期为39 d,其中预试期为6 d,正试期为33 d。结果表明:随饲粮中GSPE添加量升高,试验兔背最长肌、肝脏及血清总抗氧化能力、总超氧化物歧化酶与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)升高,而丙二醛浓度极显著(P0.01)降低;对照组试验兔背最长肌粗脂肪含量极显著(P0.01)高于200 mg/kg组和400 mg/kg组,而肝脏粗脂肪含量、血清三酰甘油与总胆固醇浓度均显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)高于其余3组;对照组试验兔血清葡萄糖与尿素氮浓度均显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)高于其余3组,而尿酸浓度显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)低于200 mg/kg组和400 mg/kg组。研究结果提示:饲粮添加GSPE,可增强肉兔机体抗氧化功能,改善脂质、糖和氮代谢,且作用效果随添加量升高而增强。     

Cadmium and lead in muscle tissue and organs of broilers, turkeys and spent hens and in mechanically deboned poultry meat

Cadmium and lead levels have been determined in meat, livers and kidneys of turkeys, in livers and kidneys of spent hens, in kidneys of broilers and in mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM), by dry ashing of the sample with Mg(NO3)2 followed by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric analysis. The possible age-dependent cadmium and lead accumulation in livers and kidneys of turkeys was also studied. The cadmium concentrations in meat and organs of poultry are in good agreement with data reported for other countries, but lead concentrations were low compared with most data reported in the literature. The cadmium levels in kidneys and livers of turkeys increased with age, whilst the lead concentrations were unrelated to age. The cadmium and lead concentrations in industrially prepared MDPM from broiler carcasses were very low (less than 0.001-0.004 mg/kg and less than 0.01-0.06 mg/kg, respectively). In MDPM prepared from backs (including the kidneys) and necks, elevated cadmium concentrations were found. The increase was related to the cadmium concentrations in the kidneys. In MDPM prepared from broilers, turkeys and spent hens the cadmium concentrations varied between 0.001 and 0.002 mg/kg, 0.005 and 0.006 mg/kg and 0.007 and 0.028 mg/kg, respectively. For lead the concentrations in meat and MDPM were similar. It can be concluded from the results that in MDPM prepared from spent hens and possibly turkeys, when incorporating the kidneys, cadmium concentrations greater than 0.05 mg/kg, (the legal limit for cadmium in poultry meat in The Netherlands) may occur.     

Cadmium intake of moose hunters in Finland from consumption of moose meat, liver and kidney

Although the average cadmium intake in Finland is about 10 μg day^-1, some risk groups can be identified. This study assessed cadmium intake from the consumption of moose meat, liver and kidneys by moose hunters. Consumption data from a postal questionnaire were combined with a representative database on moose cadmium concentrations. Cadmium intakes were calculated as point estimates for all respondents (n = 711), for those consuming moose meat, liver and/or kidneys, and for the highest decile of those. Probabilistic modelling using the Monte Carlo technique was used to simulate the distribution of dietary cadmium exposure. Of the respondents, 69% consumed moose liver and only 23% moose kidneys. The consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, whereas moose meat (median consumption 17 kg year^-1 person^-1) contributed only slightly (0.16 μg day^-1 person^-1) to the daily total cadmium intake. In the simulation, 10% of the moose hunters had an intake of > 8.76 μg day^-1 (14.6% of PTWI for a 60-kg person) from moose. Point estimates provided only a partial understanding of the potential exposure. Simulated distributions of intake were more useful in characterizing exposure. The study revealed that heavy users of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin from the levels of cadmium probably causing adverse health effects.     

Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers and kidneys of cattle slaughtered in The Netherlands during 1980-1985

The results obtained between 1980 and 1985 in a Dutch monitoring programme investigating the presence of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic in meat, livers and kidneys of cattle are presented. During the period of investigation no clear trends were observed in the metal concentrations, except for lead in kidneys, for which the average concentration decreased from 0.48 mg/kg in 1980 to 0.24 mg/kg in 1985. The average cadmium and lead concentrations found in livers and kidneys in the present study were lower than those obtained for Dutch cattle investigated between 1970 and 1980. In general the metal concentrations found were in good agreement with data reported for other countries. The provisional Dutch legal limits for heavy metals in foods were exceeded only for cadmium in 2 kidney samples. Significant linear relations were found between the concentrations in livers and kidneys for arsenic, cadmium and lead. Significant relations were found also between the cadmium and lead concentrations in livers and between the cadmium levels in livers and kidneys and the age of the animals investigated.     

Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers and kidneys of sheep slaughtered in The Netherlands

The results obtained between 1981 and 1986 in a Dutch monitoring programme investigating the presence of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in meat, livers and kidneys of sheep are presented. For the meat, livers and kidneys, the median values were 0.001, 0.003, and 0.007 mg/kg (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.003, 0.054, and 0.098 mg/kg for cadmium; 0.04, 0.85, and 0.36 mg/kg for lead; and 0.001, 0.002, and 0.007 mg/kg for mercury. During the reported period, no clear trends were observed. The results are compared with the data from other countries. The mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the levels of lead in livers are relatively high. The lead concentrations in livers showed seasonal fluctuations, the highest concentrations usually being found during the winter. Significant linear relationships were found between the concentrations in livers and kidneys for arsenic, cadmium and mercury. Tissue trace element levels were not related to the age of the investigated animals.     

The biochemical role and hypocholesterolaemic potential of the legume Cassia fistula in hypercholesterolaemic rats.

The hypocholesterolaemic effect of Cassia fistula was investigated using hypercholesterolaemic male albino rats. Hypercholesterolaemia was induced by feeding on a mixture of cholesterol plus cholic acid for a 12 weeks period. Hypercholesterolaemia was characterized by significant increase in the average levels of total lipids, total cholesterol, and triglycerides and significant decrease in phospholipids content. Administration of Cassia fistula significantly reduced blood and liver total lipids. Brain, spleen, kidneys and heart followed nearly the same trend but with moderate effect. Blood, liver, kidneys, spleen and heart total cholesterol was significantly reduced, while that of brain was not affected. The level of triglycerides was markedly improved. There was a moderate rise, however, in phospholipids content in all studied organs. That is to say a marked progress in the correction of lipid metabolism occurred. Also, administration of Cassia fistula induced a significant decrease in the high activities of serum GOT, GPT, alkaline and acid phosphatase and the values nearly returned the initial values. Total serum protein, albumin (A), globulin (G), A/G, free amino acids, uric acid and creatinine were also determined and their values were improved and attained nearly the normal values of the control group.     

The biochemical role and hypocholesterolaemic potential of the legume Cassia fistula in hypercholesterolaemic rats

The hypocholesterolaemic effect of Cassia fistula was investigated using hypercholesterolaemic male albino rats. Hypercholesterolaemia was induced by feeding on a mixture of cholesterol plus cholic acid for a 12 weeks period. Hypercholesterolaemia was characterized by significant increase in the average levels of total lipids, total cholesterol, and triglycerides and significant decrease in phospholipids content. Administration of Cassia fistula significantly reduced blood and liver total lipids. Brain, spleen, kidneys and heart followed nearly the same trend but with moderate effect. Blood, liver, kidneys, spleen and heart total cholesterol was significantly reduced, while that of brain was not affected. The level of triglycerides was markedly improved. There was a moderate rise, however, in phospholipids content in all studied organs. That is to say a marked progress in the correction of lipid metabolism occured. Also, administration of Cassia fistula induced a significant decrease in the high activities of serum GOT, GPT, alkaline and acid phosphatase and the values nearly returned the initial values. Total serum protein, albumin (A), globulin (G), A/G, free amino acids, uric acid and creatinine were also determined and their values were improved and attained nearly the normal values of the control group.     

Nutrient composition of Najdi-camel meat

The proximate composition, amino-acid composition, and inorganic nutrients of different wholesale cuts and organs of 18 (six each at eight, 16, and 26 months) Najdi male camels have been determined. Skeletal muscles contained 68·8-76% moisture; 19·4-20·5% protein; 4·1-10·6% fat, and 1·0-1·1% ash. In proximate composition, camel meat is generally similar to beef. Significant differences (p < 0·05) in moisture, fat, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and zinc were found between samples. The meat protein tended to have a higher percentage of the amino acid proline than literature values for other red meats, and lower values for tryptophan, aspartic acid, and tyrosine. Differences were observed between skeletal muscles and organs in nutrient content. Organs have higher percentages of ash, sodium, and iron than skeletal muscles. Among organs, kidneys contained higher quantities of moisture, calcium, and sodium but lower values of protein, magnesium, and potassium than liver and heart meats.     

Effect of the amount of protein and calcium in the diet on cadmium chloride distribution and accumulation in the body when administered by different routes

The authors studied distribution and accumulation of cadmium chloride after its intravenous (i. v.) or intragastric (i. g.) administration to experimental rats, which received diets with varying content of protein (18, 30 and 5%) and calcium (0.6, 2.4, 0.1%), during one month. A high level of cadmium chloride was recorded in the liver after i. v., and in the kidneys after i. g. administration. The highest level of cadmium chloride was observed in the kidneys after i. g. administration to rats which were given diets with high protein content. A balanced content of protein and calcium in the diet promoted diminution of cadmium chloride accumulation in the body.     

Accumulation of trace elements in cattle from rural and industrial areas in Belgium

Trace element concentrations were determined in meat, kidney and liver tissue of cattle, which had resided more than 18 months in areas historically contaminated by emissions from the non-ferrous metal industry or in regions with normal background metal contamination levels in Belgium. Trace element levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Lead, arsenic and cadmium concentrations in meat were low for all cattle. Concentrations in kidneys were, respectively, 1.8-, 2.2- and 2.5-fold higher in cattle from the contaminated areas compared to animals from reference areas. The European maximum level for cadmium in kidney was exceeded by 75% of the kidneys from contaminated areas and 47% of the kidneys from reference areas. Lead, arsenic and cadmium concentrations in bovine livers from contaminated areas were increased by a factor of 2.3. Zinc levels in livers and kidneys were within normal ranges, but 20% higher in the contaminated areas compared to reference areas. Copper levels in livers were high in all areas. Dairy cattle accumulated significantly higher levels of cadmium in kidneys and of lead in liver and kidneys than did beef cattle.     

南通地区干条斑紫菜中砷、铝、铅、镉的 污染情况研究

目的分析南通3个条斑紫菜主产区的干条斑紫菜中砷、铝、铅、镉4种金属元素污染情况。方法对南通3个地区共计170批次干条斑紫菜进行采样,参照国标GB 5009.11-2014、GB 5009.182-2017、GB5009.12-2017、GB 5009.15-2014分别对无机砷、铝、铅、镉4种金属污染物进行分析。结果南通地区干条斑紫菜无机砷含量范围为ND~0.303 mg/kg,平均含量是0.147 mg/kg;铅含量范围为ND~0.208 mg/kg,平均含量为0.025 mg/kg;镉的含量范围为0.108~3.11 mg/kg,平均含量为1.50 mg/kg;铝含量范围为66~511 mg/kg,平均含量为122 mg/kg。结论该地区干条斑紫菜中铅和无机砷含量处于较低水平,无污染风险。铝和镉含量较高,应引起相关部门的注意。不同采样地区间干条斑紫菜4种污染物含量无显著性差异。同时,建议尽快建立检测紫菜中多种形态铝和镉的标准方法。     

Composition, chemical and microbiological properties of Jordanian ovine organ meats

Sheep livers, spleens, kidneys and hearts were taken from fifteen carcasses at a local slaughterhouse to study proximate composition, energy value, minerals content and chemical and microbiological characteristics. A wide range of weights was identified between organs and within one type of organ. Kidneys had the highest mean moisture and fat contents, while liver had the highest protein content, nitrogen‐free extract value, energy (kcal) values and the lowest pH value. The thiobarbituric acid value was highest in kidneys and lowest in livers. There was considerable variability of mineral content within and between organs. The aerobic plate counts were similar for all organs and numbers of Staphylococcus aureus were low, with little difference in number between organs.