Zum Einsatz von Rapsöl im Vergleich zu Sojaöl im Mischfutter für Mastschweine und zum Einfluß dieser Futteröle auf das Fettsäurenmuster des Schweinefettes

The Employment of rapeseed Oil in Compounded Rations for Fattening Pigs in Comparison with Soya Bean Oil, and the Influence of these Feeding Oils on the Fatty Acid Pattern of Pig Fat Feeding oils improve the energy content of rations for fattening pigs in consequence of their high concentration of energy, and they prevent the formation of milling diet. Their part of the ration is de- limited by the content of polyen acid, above all the content of linoleic acid. In soya bean oil it amounts about 2.0–2.5 per cent. According the Swiss results the polyen acid content must not be higher than 12 per cent of all fatty acids; sometimes there are recommended 15 per cent. Rapeseed oil of 00–seed contents only 50 per cent of polyen acid and only 40 per cent of linoleic acid of their part in soya bean oil. The present tests confirm anew the close relation between the polyen acid content of the ration and that of the fatty tissue of pigs. Female slaughter pigs tend to higher contents of linoleic acid as castrated males. By mean of an addition of 4 per cent rapeseed oil there were caused content of linoleic acid in the tested fatty tissues, which may acceptable in processed products.     

Einfluß der Verfütterung von Ölsaaten und Nebenprodukten aus Ölsaaten auf die Vitamin E-Konzentration in Tierprodukten

Influence of feeding of oilseeds and byproducts from oilseeds on vitamin E concentration of animal products . In 5 feeding studies dairy cows, beef cattle and pigs were fed diets with different contents of oil seeds or oil seed expellers. Thus, the effects on vitamin E concentration in animal products were analyzed against a reference diet, which was free from these components. Dairy cows received 1 kg full fat rapeseed (430 g fat; 31 mg α-tocopherol/kg DM). Beef cattle were fed rations with 7,14 and 21% rapeseed and pigs were administered concentrates containing 10% rapeseed, 20% full fat soybeans or 5 and 10% false flax expeller. Feeding full fat oilseeds or their expellers resulted in an increased fat and α-tocopherol intake. Incorporating full fat rapeseed into the diets induced a significant increase of vitamin E-concentration in milk and other body samples. In contrary to this increase expeller feeding caused a decreased vitamin E-concentration in animal products. The fatty acids pattern of the oilseeds and the expellers have shown a clear influence on the fatty acid pattern of body fat in pigs, followed by milk and finally body fat of ruminants with an insignificant influence only. Fatty acid pattern, disposition for oxidation and vitamin E content of the various fat types influences their induction times. Feeding full fat oilseeds to ruminants, resulted in an increased induction time, in contrast, when fed to pigs the induction time decreased. Feeding expellers, the induction times of the various fat samples of both species decreased, due to the expected destruction of vitamin E.     

Die Analyse von Raffinationsfettsäuren zur Charakterisierung von Futterölen für Kleintiere

Analysis of Feeding Oils for Small Animals Fatty acids used as feeding oils in small animal keeping are mainly acids, which are obtained as by-products during the neutralisation step of edible fats refining process. However, up to now often products with sub-optimal or even low quality were offered in the market. Therefore, the characterization of feeding oils by means of suitable analytical data becomes more important. Up to now used quality criteria are critically investigated especially considering modern methods of analysis and possible alternatives. Among others a method for determination of oxidized fatty acids is reported.     

Schleusen für Druckreaktoren — Konzepte und Ausführungen

Feeding systems for pressure vessels – concepts and realization . Feeding systems are required to introduce solid materials into pressurised vessels. The systems consist of the feeder itself, related machinery and control devices. In this paper commercially proven systems are presented as well as those currently under development. Subsystems, such as valves or dosing facilities, are also dealt with. For assessment of the different systems, criteria are named which are related to important requirements in the operation of a system. The specific power consumption of various systems is also evaluated. The assessments show that the lock hopper system seems to have the widest scope, as borne out by the use of this system in most of the commerical and pilot plants for the gasification or combustion of coal under pressure. Should recent developments aimed at the reduction of vent gas losses prove successful, then the lock hopper system will be even more attractive.     

Omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched eggs by microalgal supplementation

The health promoting effects of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) are mainly ascribed to the n‐3 long chain (LC)‐PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, their intake is mostly below the recommended daily intake. A possible way to raise their average intake is to enrich food products with n‐3 LC‐PUFA. Addition of autotrophic microalgae to the diet of the laying hens can increase the level of these fatty acids in the egg yolk. Moreover, depending on the microalgal species, other nutritionally interesting algal carotenoids can also be transferred to the egg yolk. As a consequence egg yolk colour changes may occur. A survey conducted among 511 people showed that they will buy n‐3 PUFA enriched products, such as enriched eggs, and are even prepared to pay more for these products. However, the change of the yolk colour must be taken into account, since consumer' acceptability decreases when a deeply red yolk colour is obtained.     

Untersuchungen zum Verschleiß beim Spritzgießen von glasfasergefüllten Polyamiden. 1. Pyrolyseprodukte

The most important products from the vacuum-pyrolysis (300°C, 6h) of polyamide 66(PA 66) were analysed. As main component ammonium carbaminate was found. Besides this many other organic products are formed in very small quantities, among others cyclopentanone. Experiments were run in an autoclave (300°C, 200 bar, 24 h) under nitrogen or air to investigate which of the pyrolysis products are corrosive against steel. Ammonium carbaminate was found to be the most important corrosive component of the PA 66-pyrolysate. The question is discussed, whether the effect of the ammonium-carbaminate depends on a chemical transformation into urea, which is known to be corrosive against steel.     

Regulatory outlook on vegetable protein

Vegetable protein products are increasing in use in the U.S. diet, especially in substitutes for the traditional animal-protein foods: meat, seafood, poultry, eggs and cheeses. This is occurring despite an ample protein supply which permits U.S. consumers to eat about twice the recommended protein levels. Cost, dietary preferences and the functionality of vegetable proteins appear to assure further increases. In order to permit continued development of these products, while at the same time assuring their nutritional adequacy and providing informative labeling, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently issued comprehensive tentative regulations. The regulations prescribe that the primary products be named as vegetable flour, vegetable protein concentrate and vegetable protein isolate when they contain less than 65%, 65% up to 90% and 90% or more protein respectively—except that gluten products may be referred to as such. When vegetable protein products are used as protein sources in whole or partial substitution for meat, seafood, poultry, eggs or cheese foods, the name of the substitute food must include the term vegetable protein product. Such substitute foods must be nutritionally equivalent to the original foods to avoid being called imitation. Imitation products must also be named to indicate the nature of the products, such as their use of vegetable protein ingredients. Nutritional equivalency is defined by nutrient profiles for six classes of foods: break-fast or lunch meats; seafood, poultry and other meats; eggs; cream cheeses; cottage cheeses; and natural cheeses. Fortification of substitute foods to meet nutritional equivalency requires their nutrition labeling. The FDA regulations also require that the PER of substitute foods containing vegetable protein products at more than 30% when combined with meat, seafood, poultry, eggs or cheeses shall be at least 100% that of casein. At 30% or less, the required PER is 80% that of casein. Specific USDA rules or FDA regulations such as the proposed standards for milk, cream or cheese substitutes take precedence over the general vegetable protein regulations. It is FDA intent to finalize the vegetable protein regulations as soon as possible.     

Zur fütterungsbedingten Variation des Milchfettes der Kuh unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Regulationsmechanismen beim Fettstoffwechsel

Variations of Cow's Milk Fat as Affected by Feeding with Special Consideration of Regulation Mechanisms of Fat Metabolism Milk fat composition is highly affected by the conditions of feeding, which again may have considerable consequences for the quality of several dairy products. In order to establish possible variations in physical and chemical properties of the milk fat as depending on the nutritional status of the cow, a small herd of cows was successively subjected to different defined feeding conditions (barn feeding, pasture feeding, energy deficit). The investigations indicated that from barn feeding to pasture feeding to energy deficit the proportions of oleic acid and of long chain triglycerides increased and the proportions of short and medium chain fatty acids and triglycerides decreased. In spite of highly differing fat compositions relatively constant values for the viscosity and the average triglyceride molecular weight were obtained; also various characteristics from the melting and solidification curves were nearly identical. The solid/liquid ratios approached at higher temperatures. These results point to the existence of regulation mechanisms, in the course of which the flow and melting properties are kept within the required narrow ranges by an opposite behaviour of the proportions of short chain fatty acids and oleic acid. With pasture feeding, compared with barn feeding, all oleic acid isomers and linoleic acid increased, with energy deficit the proportions of these acids are at the low level of barn feeding. These results as well as the continuous decrease of the cholesterol content from barn to pasture to energy deficit are explained on the basis of the different pathways of fat metabolism; deficit are explained on the basis of the different pathways of fat metabolism; furthermore the proportions of trans C18: 1 acids are discussed in connection with the milk fat content. The milk fat globules are particularly large and unstable at the period of energy deficit. Consequently, quality deterioration of whipping cream (creaming, plug formation) and other dairy products (lipolysis) can be expected.     

1,2,3,4‐Tetrachloro‐5,5‐dimethoxy‐cyclopenta‐1,3‐diene: Diels Alder Reactions and Applications of the Products Formed

Readily available 1,2,3,4‐tetrachloro‐5,5‐dimethoxy‐ cyclopenta‐1,3‐diene ( 2 ) is an excellent cyclic diene for Diels—Alder reaction with a vast variety of dienophiles. The products so formed (norbornene derivatives) constitute important building blocks for the synthesis of diverse complex natural as well as non‐natural products. Apart from very high endo selectivity associated with Diels—Alder reactions, there are several other fascinating features associated with these bicyclic products which make them convenient entities in the synthesis of complex molecules. The most important is the rigid framework that act as a powerful template to provide high degree of selectivity and directional nature to various substituents. The proposed article is intended to focus on Diels‐Alder reactions of 2 and the applications of norbornene derivatives in organic synthesis.     

Untersuchungen über den Einsatz glucosinolatarmer Rapssaaten bzw. Extraktionsschrote als Futtermittel für monogastrische Tiere

Experiments on the Use of Seed and Meal of Rapeseed Low in Glucosinolate Content in Feeding Rations for Monogastric Animals Glucosinolates and their components in seed and meal of rapeseed may confine feed-uptake by animals. With broilers as experimental animals, the feed-uptake and consequently the growth rate were dependent on the amount of glucosinolates in the feed rations. Using short-term heat treated rapeseed meal with a low glucosinolate content ?Erglu”? the feed-uptake was normal; with heat treated products rich in glucosinolates the feed-uptake could be increased only partly. Heating inactivates those enzymes in rapeseed which split glucosinolates to nitrils; most of the glucosinolates, however, remain intact. There exists a good correlation between content of nitrils in rapeseed products and repression of feed-uptake with broilers.     

Tocopherole — Antioxidative Wirkung bei Fetten und Ölen

Tocopherols — Antioxidative Effect on Oils and Fats The main reason for the deterioration of fats and oils is a chemical reaction between the oxygen and the double bonds which are contained in the unsaturated fatty acids. In the course of the autoxidation intermediate peroxides affect the vitamines sensitive to oxidation. They lower the content of physiologically valuable essential fatty acids. The oxidation stability of oils and fats depends on the natural content of tocopherols as well as on the composition of the fatty acid. The effect of the added tocopherols depends on the natural content of tocopherols. Lipids with lower contents can be stabilized very well with antioxidants consisting of tocopherols. Here animal fats as well as synthetical lipids are considered which in particular are used in cosmetic industry and in the field of pharmacy but also in food industry. Vegetable oils contain, due to their nature, high contents of tocopherols which are partly removed or oxidised during raffination and storage. Therefore adding antioxidants containing tocopherols is adviseable. Also an addition of reducing substances as for instance ascorbylpalmitate is recommended. Moreover antioxidant systems should consist of heavy metal chelating substances.     

Neuzeitliche Entwicklung der Kunstharz-Anlagen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Automatisierungsmöglichkeiten des Verfahrens

Recent Development of Synthetic Resin Plants with Special Consideration of Processing Automation In the development of synthetic resin plants, an extensive automation is desired for the maintenance of uniformity of high quality products. Moreover, the construction of the plant should enable a reduction of the time of production and the cost of energy. Automation of the plant is possible, especially for feeding the raw materials and for process control. Feeding of the raw materials, preferentially on weight basis, with preadjustment of the amounts and selection of the raw material is made from the control panel, either manually or by the use of punched cards. Various possibilities exist for automation in the process control. Most important is the automatic regulation of the product temperature, which is accomplished via a program regulator. This equipment regulates the cascade temperature of the reactor, which ensures proper processing. Further automatic controls of the process are the instruments built within the reactor, such as those for the measurement of conductivity, foaming and viscosity. A special feature of construction of the synthetic resin plant according to “RHE Händel Engineering” is the use of a packed column on top of the reactor, which affords a significant improvement of the azeotropic process. This system provides 10 to 15% savings of energy, reduction in the time of processing per charge by 1 to 2 hours or even longer, and elimination of contamination at the surface of heat exchangers. RHE can erect fully automatic synthetic resin plants, in which the feeding of raw materials and the processing as a function of the temperature in the reactor, can be regulated by the time and the viscosity of the product. The high cost of investment of such plants is economically justified, when a few types of products are produced only. In many cases, a semiautomatic synthetic resin plant is of greater economic advantage.     

Fingerprinting of fatty acid composition for the verification of the identity of organic eggs

Organic products (such as organic eggs) usually have a higher price than the corresponding conventional products. This makes organic products susceptible to fraud. Administrative controls are conducted to detect this type of frauds. However, an analytical verification of the organic identity of food products would be very useful in this respect. It is unlikely that there is a single compound, or a few compounds, that differ sufficiently between organic and conventional eggs to be used as a marker of organic identity. Instead, fingerprinting of the organic products (that is to say, analyzing a wide range of compounds instead of only a few) might be used as a tool for their verification. Here, we have used the fatty acid composition of egg yolks as a fingerprint to verify the organic identity of eggs. From the fingerprints, chemometric models were built which predict the identity of eggs (organic or conventional) with high success rates.     

化学工程与工艺专业天然产物化工课程教学改革与实践

天然产物化工是我校精细化工研究方向的一门重要的课程课程,课程以我校相关的科研为依托,主要从事天然产物分离、结构鉴定及工艺研究,具有鲜明的特色。针对一般工科院校的培养目标,从培养化工应用型工程技术人才的角度出发,我们从优化教学内容、改进教学方法、调整实验内容的设置等几方面探讨了天然产物化工课程的教学改革。     

Preparation and analysis of dehydrated mixtures of vegetables and underutilized fish species flours: I. Dehydrated mixtures of cereal-fish

For the purpose of providing possible solutions to the malnutrition problems affecting those populations where cereals and tubers form an important portion of their daily intake, products were prepared from dehydrated mixtures of cereals and under-utilized fish, but which contain high-quality protein. Two cereals were selected for our experiments: rice and corn, and a marine under-utilized fish species (Macrodon ancyclodon). The minced fish muscle recovered by mechanical deboning was mixed with the cereal, obtaining mixtures with 5%, 10% and 15% fish on a dry basis. Feeding experiments using Wistar weaning rats were then carried out to evaluate the most important characteristics. An amino acid profile which reflected high-quality protein was obtained, as evidenced by the excellent PER, NPU, NPR and digestibility values determined. The dehydrated mixtures of fish/cereal flour prepared with 5% and up to 10% fish (dry basis), did not present any odour, but as of the 15% level, fish odour was perceived. Therefore, the use of dehydrated mixtures of fish/cereal flours with up to 10% fish in preparing food products, is recommended, since these would be of great help in solving the scarcity of good-quality protein, particularly in the developing countries.     

The Microbiota and the Gut–Brain Axis in Controlling Food Intake and Energy Homeostasis

Obesity currently represents a major societal and health challenge worldwide. Its prevalence has reached epidemic proportions and trends continue to rise, reflecting the need for more effective preventive measures. Hypothalamic circuits that control energy homeostasis in response to food intake are interesting targets for body-weight management, for example, through interventions that reinforce the gut-to-brain nutrient signalling, whose malfunction contributes to obesity. Gut microbiota–diet interactions might interfere in nutrient sensing and signalling from the gut to the brain, where the information is processed to control energy homeostasis. This gut microbiota–brain crosstalk is mediated by metabolites, mainly short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids or amino acids-derived metabolites and subcellular bacterial components. These activate gut–endocrine and/or neural-mediated pathways or pass to systemic circulation and then reach the brain. Feeding time and dietary composition are the main drivers of the gut microbiota structure and function. Therefore, aberrant feeding patterns or unhealthy diets might alter gut microbiota–diet interactions and modify nutrient availability and/or microbial ligands transmitting information from the gut to the brain in response to food intake, thus impairing energy homeostasis. Herein, we update the scientific evidence supporting that gut microbiota is a source of novel dietary and non-dietary biological products that may beneficially regulate gut-to-brain communication and, thus, improve metabolic health. Additionally, we evaluate how the feeding time and dietary composition modulate the gut microbiota and, thereby, the intraluminal availability of these biological products with potential effects on energy homeostasis. The review also identifies knowledge gaps and the advances required to clinically apply microbiome-based strategies to improve the gut–brain axis function and, thus, combat obesity.     

Breaking Water‐in‐Bitumen Emulsions using Polyoxyalkylated DETA Demulsifier

Adding demulsifier is currently the most widely used method for breaking water‐in‐oil emulsions. Experimental demulsifiers based on DETA with various PO and EO contents were synthesized and their RSN values were determined. The dehydration efficiency of these demulsifiers was measured in diluted bitumen using both gravitational settling and centrifugation tests. The results indicate that some of the DETA products could perform potentially at least as well or better than the demulsifier currently used in a commercial plant. RSN values are correlated very well with EO and PO numbers. Optimal dehydration efficiency is in the RSN range of 18 to 22, which corresponds to a PO‐to‐EO ratio in the range of 1 to 1.8.     

磷脂对浓缩天然胶乳机械稳定性的影响

在天然胶乳中添加磷脂,研究磷脂对天然胶乳机械稳定性的影响,结果表明,随着磷脂用量和氨含量的增加,天然胶乳的机械稳定度逐渐升高。气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析表明,磷脂在碱性条件下水解产生亚油酸、棕榈酸、油酸、反油酸、硬脂酸、α-亚麻酸等长链脂肪酸,进一步与氨水反应形成脂肪酸铵,并吸附在橡胶烃粒子表面,提高了天然胶乳的机械稳定性。随着碱度的升高和水解时间的延长,磷脂水解产物的化学组成和含量存在一定差异。     

Zur Qualität und Kontamination von Fischölkapseln

On the Quality and Contamination of Fish Oil Capsules All medicinal fish oil capsules available in German market, viz. 27 products, were examined w.r.t. their cholesterol- and lipophilic vitamine contents as well as oxidised and polymer fractions. Moreover, the possible contamination of the fish oils with organochloric pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyles (PCB), heavy metals and polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) was also examined. Our objective was to answer the enquires made to us by many physicians regarding the content of fish oil capsules w.r.t. cholesterol, vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E. At the same time we also ascertained, the extent to which these therapeutic products, conformed to the existing food legislation, the guidelines of Codex-Alimentarius and those of the fat processing industry. We found that, most of these products had a degree of oxidation amounting to abt. 20%, a 2 – 3.5% polymeric triglyceride content and a cholesterol content between 0.3 – 0.6%. The capsules contained, with very small exceptions, no vitamin A. Contrary to this, the vitamin E concentration of most products were between abt. 600 to abt. 7000 μg/g and 15 to abt. 100 IU/g vitamin D respectively. The contamination of the capsules with organochlorine pesticides, PCB and heavy metals was in line with normal level of such pollutants in fish oil, i.e. most products conformed to legal guidelines and only a few exceeded the limits. However, the PAH-contamination of most capsules, particularly with benzo(a)pyrene, did not conform with the guidelines.     

Tuna fishmeal as a source of DHA for n-3 PUFA enrichment of pork,chicken, and eggs

Enriching foods with long-chain n−3 PUFA (LC n−3 PUFA) is an important approach to increasing the dietary intake of these beneficial nutrients. Enrichment of meat and eggs can be achieved by adding flaxseed, fish oil, or fishmeal to pig or poultry feeds. However, utilization of these sources, particularly fishmeal, has been limited by concerns about adverse effects on sensory qualities. In this study, we evaluated the use of PorcOmega^TM (POM), a stabilized tuna fishmeal formulation, as a source of DHA for enrichment of pork and poultry products. Pigs, broilers, and laying hens were fed rations containing varying levels of POM for varying time periods, and its impact on the LC n−3 PUFA content and sensory qualities of cooked meat and eggs was examined. Pork and chicken products, including chops, sausages, and eggs, with substantially increased (up to sevenfold) levels of LC n−3 PUFA (predominantly DHA) were achieved by including up to 10% POM in rations. The increases were retained after cooking. Some sensory deficits were noted when using higher levels of POM (exceeding 15% in meat and 10% in eggs). However, at modest rates of feeding (5–10% POM), palatable meat and eggs were obtained with worthwhile levels of enrichment. The fishmeal feeding strategy used in this study offers a viable means of producing a range of alternative dietary sources of LC n−3 PUFA.