钢-超高性能混凝土组合箱梁静力性能试验研究与数值模拟

以云南红河特大桥为工程背景,设计2个钢-超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)组合箱梁节段模型试验,主要关注组合箱梁的承载力、破坏模式和抗裂性能等。基于通用有限元软件ABAQUS建立组合箱梁的精细有限元模型,通过试验结果验证模型并开展参数分析,研究UHPC板厚度、配筋率、栓钉间距以及箱梁横隔板厚度对组合箱梁受力性能的影响,给出各参数的设计建议取值范围。研究结果表明:钢-UHPC组合箱梁承载力高、抗裂性能好;按最大裂缝宽度进行验算,等效为180 mm厚UHPC桥面板的承载力超过车辆荷载标准值的8倍;UHPC板厚度以及钢箱梁横隔板厚度对组合箱梁破坏模式影响较大;综合考虑经济性及受力性能,建议实际工程中UHPC桥面板厚度不宜超过210 mm,配筋率不宜超过1.4%,栓钉间距最大不超过450 mm。     

边箱钢-混叠合梁颤振性能及气动措施研究

为了研究边箱钢-混叠合梁悬索桥的颤振性能,以某大跨度悬索桥为背景,通过一系列节段模型风洞试验,研究了边箱钢-混叠合梁悬索桥的颤振形态及特性,并详细分析了上、下中央稳定板、水平导流板、裙板、锐化风嘴等气动措施对其颤振性能的影响。结果表明:边箱钢-混叠合梁颤振呈现以扭转为主、单一频率振动的弯扭耦合振动特征,即出现软颤振现象,且振动频率与系统扭转频率相近;通过气动优化研究发现,对于边箱钢-混叠合梁,中央稳定板对于提高其颤振临界风速的作用有限,而水平导流板与裙板组合气动措施的作用效果明显,可显著提高其颤振临界风速。此外,锐化风嘴亦可改善边箱钢-混叠合梁颤振性能。     

预应力简支钢箱梁自振频率研究

建立了预应力钢箱梁振动性能的非线性分析模型,并推导了曲线型布索的预应力简支钢箱梁自振频率计算公式;以曲线型布索的预应力简支钢箱梁试验模型为基础,应用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了预应力简支钢箱梁模型并对其进行模态分析,通过模型试验的自振频率测试结果和有限元分析结果验证了理论公式推导的正确性;采用理论计算和有限元数值计算相结合的方法研究了预应力钢索索力、锚固位置对预应力简支钢箱梁自振频率的影响。     

车轨桥中高频耦合振动分析的功率流方法及模型

轮轨滚动激励引起的桥梁振动响应和输入功率是计算桥梁结构辐射噪声的重要参数。时域车轨桥耦合振动分析常用于低频振动分析,但在中高频分析时效率较低。为此,提出一种基于力法原理的频域功率流方法解决这一问题。采用无限长Euler梁或Timoshenko梁建立钢轨部件,采用无限大Kirchhoff板、Mindlin板或有限元模型建立桥梁部件,采用弹簧元件模拟钢轨与桥梁之间的连接扣件,并以弹簧力为未知量建立力法基本方程。对比计算了不同轨桥模型对U梁和箱梁桥振动功率的影响。结果表明:U梁桥面板的剪切效应对桥梁振动功率计算结果影响很大,采用传统的无限大Kirchhoff板模型将导致功率级计算误差达到15 dB,而采用Mindlin板模型可获得良好的计算精度与效率。相对于箱梁实体有限元模型而言,采用Mindlin板模型的误差仍然较大。     

聚氨酯-钢板夹层正交异性桥面板试验研究

通过2个不同纵向加劲肋间距的聚氨酯-钢板夹层结构正交异性三跨连续桥面板的钢箱梁模型试验,结合有限元计算分析方法建立多种加劲肋间距桥面板的钢箱梁计算模型进行计算对比,研究该种桥面板的受力性能,试验模型按实桥同种材料的箱梁缩小1/4制作,按汽车荷载在跨中及支点截面产生最大弯矩时测试截面各关键点的纵向、横向应变和挠度。结果表明:桥面板各点应变试验值与计算值基本吻合;采用聚氨酯-钢板夹层结构正交异性桥面板可大幅削减局部应力集中峰值,从而可大幅减少加劲肋数量,减少程度主要取决于夹层板厚度;板面有些部位要同时承受两个正交方向的反号应力;相应截面中间加劲肋底部纵向应力最大;夹层桥面板的应力和挠度随着芯层厚度减小,增幅加大。     

曲线箱梁桥的车桥相互作用分析

针对公路和城市立交中的曲线箱梁桥,基于剪力柔性梁格法建立了曲线箱梁的梁格模型,进行了车桥相互作用分析。采用三角位移函数,基于平衡法推导了一种新型曲梁单元。利用曲梁的力-位移关系,得到了极坐标下空间曲梁单元的刚度矩阵和一致质量矩阵。根据拉格朗日定理,建立了7自由度空间车辆模型。采用逆傅立叶变换法,由功率谱密度生成了4种等级的桥面不平度。数值仿真了一混凝土单箱双室曲线连续箱梁桥的动力特性和车桥相互作用,并分析车辆横向位置、车速、桥面不平度、曲率半径等因素对桥梁冲击系数的影响。结果表明:该曲梁单元简便、实用,所建立的曲梁梁格模型可以准确地模拟曲线箱梁桥的车桥相互作用。     

CRTSIII型板式无砟轨道桥梁区段动力学分析

通过建立CRTS III型板式无砟轨道-高架箱梁桥有限元模型，以德国低干扰谱激励下的轮轨垂向力为输入，对CRTS III型板式无砟轨道桥梁区段的高架线路动力学响应进行研究。研究结果表明：板壳单元很好地体现高架箱梁桥低频时的整体和局部振动情况，高架箱梁桥自振时顶板变化最为复杂，翼板在20阶以后振动加剧；德国低干扰谱激励下的高架箱梁桥的振动主要集中在200 Hz以下，与其他轨道型式类似；CRTS III型板式无砟轨道结构可明显降低高架箱梁桥结构在0-50 Hz频段内的低频振动，是一种具有良好减振作用的轨道结构型式。     

连续曲线箱梁预应力效应分析

本文通过预应力曲梁微元体的平衡方程,将作用于微元体上的预应力以一组等效荷载来代替。然后根据薄壁曲梁空间翘曲单元的刚度矩阵和各类荷载作用下固端力计算公式［１］,应用矩阵位移法分析曲梁中的预应力效应。计算预应力损失时,考虑了反向摩擦影响。结合某工程实例计算了由预应力引起的结构内力和变形。     

实体退化板单元及其在板的振动分析中的应用

经典板壳单元是由板壳理论构造出来的,而经典的板壳理论是在空间弹性理论的基础上考虑板壳的基本假定得来的。在空间等参数单元的基础上,直接引入板壳的基本假定,修改空间等参数单元的弹性矩阵,从而构造出适合于厚薄板壳分析的20结点实体退化板单元,并将其应用于开口圆柱薄壳的静力分析和厚薄板的固有振动分析。数值算例表明,该单元收敛快,稳定性好,具有较高的精度。此外,该单元还可以用于曲边变厚度板、壳体及层合板的振动分析。     

A geometry projection method for the topology optimization of curved plate structures with placement bounds

Single‐curvature plates are commonly encountered in mechanical and civil structures. In this paper, we introduce a topology optimization method for the stiffness‐based design of structures made of curved plates with fixed thickness. The geometry of each curved plate is analytically and explicitly represented by its location, orientation, dimension, and curvature radius, and therefore, our method renders designs that are distinctly made of curved plates. To perform the primal and sensitivity analyses, we use the geometry projection method, which smoothly maps the analytical geometry of the curved plates onto a continuous density field defined over a fixed uniform finite element grid. A size variable is ascribed to each plate and penalized in the spirit of solid isotropic material with penalization, which allows the optimizer to remove a plate from the design. We also introduce in our method a constraint that ensures that no portion of a plate lies outside the design envelope. This prevents designs that would otherwise require cuts to the plates that may be very difficult to manufacture. We present numerical examples to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed method.     

偏心轴向荷载作用下薄壁箱梁的约束扭转翘曲应力研究

以薄壁箱梁的约束扭转分析理论为基础,将薄壁箱梁所受偏心轴向荷载作为一种外加双力矩荷载考虑,建立偏心轴向荷载作用下薄壁箱梁约束扭转的双力矩这一广义内力的计算公式。为了便于计算翘曲应力,进一步推导了扭转中心位置及主扇性坐标的实用计算公式。通过对一模型箱梁进行计算,并与按通用有限元软件ANSYS壳单元计算结果进行比较,验证了该文方法和所推导公式的正确性。详细分析箱室高宽比以及悬臂板宽度变化对偏心轴向荷载作用下薄壁箱梁约束扭转翘曲应力的影响。研究结果表明:箱室高宽比及悬臂板宽度对悬臂板端部翘曲应力的影响最大,对腹板与上翼缘、下翼缘交接处翘曲应力的影响相对较小;在偏心轴向分布荷载作用下,悬臂箱梁固定端横截面上控制点处的翘曲应力可达到初等梁应力的12%,不容忽视。     

典型人字形桥梁模型试验研究与分析

为分析受力复杂的异形薄壁箱梁桥,在初等梁理论的基础上,通过增加自由度的方法,提出每个节点10个自由度的薄壁箱梁分析单元。同时从现有的人字形桥梁中抽象出一种典型的结构作为研究对象,根据相似理论建立有机玻璃模型,设置了多种支座形式及多种荷载工况下的试验测点。另外,分别建立初等空间梁格与板壳有限元模型,同时对模型的理论分析与实测结果进行比较。研究结果显示初等梁理论不能较好地反映人字形薄壁箱梁桥的受力行为,并指出板壳理论在结构整体分析时尚存在不足,验证了该文理论分析方法的正确性和简便性,为求解人字形桥梁复杂受力行为提供了一种有效的途径。     

隔震曲线连续梁桥铅芯橡胶支座参数优化

为了提升铅芯橡胶支座（LRB）在隔震曲线梁桥中的减隔震效果,该文对LRB力学性能参数进行了优化分析。首先,采用ANSYS建立了某三跨隔震曲线梁桥有限元模型,考虑LRB屈服力、初始刚度及屈服后刚度等性能参数的影响,对该桥进行非线性时程分析,得到了结构关键地震响应随支座力学性能参数的变化规律,并确定了支座参数的合理取值范围。在该支座参数区间内,又以墩底剪力之和为目标函数,基于零阶优化算法,对LRB力学性能参数进行了优化。结果表明:屈服力、初始刚度及屈服后刚度对隔震连续梁桥地震响应有显著影响;隔震支座参数优化后,使得隔震支座峰值位移得到了有效控制,同时不显著增大墩底剪力,且边墩与中墩墩底剪力差值明显缩小,各墩受力更趋均衡。     

三维地震动作用下曲线连续梁桥减震控制研究

为了减少双支承曲线梁桥的地震破坏效应,提出了利用液体粘滞阻尼器进行曲线梁桥减震控制的方法,建立曲线连续梁桥的空间有限元模型和动力仿真模型,在桥梁墩台活动支座部位设置切向和径向液体粘滞减震装置,输入三维地震动计算分析了桥梁主动控制、半主动控制和被动控制三种减震方法的减震效果。结果表明,曲线梁桥的地震反应表现出显著的纵桥向与横桥向的耦合特性,在减震控制计算时必须同时输入三维地震动并设置纵横向减震装置。粘滞阻尼器能够控制曲线梁桥内外墩的内力趋于接近,三种减震控制方法均能有效地减小曲线梁桥的梁端位移和固定墩墩底内力,且三种方法的减震效果和地震反应时程的差别均相对较小,主动控制和半主动控制没有表现出明显的优越性,建议在实际曲线梁桥的抗震减震设计中应用粘滞阻尼器被动控制。     

随机车辆荷载下三塔悬索桥钢箱梁疲劳关键断面分析

泰州大桥为世界首座千米级三塔悬索桥,建立泰州大桥的三维全桥模型,通过简化的车辆荷载模型,将随机车流加载于大桥有限元模型上,计算泰州大桥主梁不同位置竖向位移和弯矩的振动响应值,分析车流作用下大桥主梁应力变化最大位置,从而确定主梁的疲劳分析的关键位置。     

Higher-order B-spline finite strip model for laminated adaptive structures

This paper presents the development of a higher-order isoparametric B-spline finite strip model, applied to the static and free vibration analysis of composite laminated plate/shell structures, which can have arbitrary lay-ups, loading and boundary conditions. The model considers the possibility of existing embedded and/or surface bonded piezoelectric actuators and sensors, enabling passive control of parameters, such as displacements and natural frequencies. The structure is discritized in a finite number of strips and the geometry and the displacement components of each strip are represented by interpolating functions written as products of cubic B-spline functions and Lagrange and Hermite functions along the y and x strip directions, respectively. The whole structure is modeled through the assembly of a finite number of flat section strips. Several examples are presented and discussed to illustrate the accuracy and capability of the model.     

A bispace parameterization method for shape optimization of thin‐walled curved shell structures with openings

Simultaneous shape optimization of thin‐walled curved shell structures and involved hole boundaries is studied in this paper. A novel bispace parameterization method is proposed for the first time to define global and local shape design variables both in the Cartesian coordinate system and the intrinsic coordinate system. This method has the advantage of achieving a simultaneous optimization of the global shape of the shell surface and the local shape of the openings attached automatically on the former. Inherent problems, for example, the effective parameterization of shape design variables, mapping operation between two spaces, and sensitivity analysis with respect to both kinds of design variables are highlighted. A design procedure is given to show how both kinds of design variables are managed together and how the whole design flowchart is carried out with relevant formulations. Numerical examples are presented and the effects of both kinds of design variables upon the optimal solutions are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shape optimization of shell structures based on NURBS description using automatic differentiation

The consolidation of the link among four fields in computational mathematics and mechanics is the main objective of this work. Surfaces based on NURBS (non‐uniform rational B‐spline), mathematical optimization, the finite element method (FEM) in structural analysis, and automatic differentiation (AD) are applied in shape optimization of shells. This problem is performed taking into account the fact that material and mechanical characteristics influence both, the structural shape and the thickness variation, in order to obtain the best performance with respect to a specific criterium. Some techniques were implemented to modify the shell geometry conserving the same parameterization without a new finite element mesh generation. The shape modification is carried out using an optimization code based on the data obtained by a finite element analysis and gradients evaluation. In this work the optimization procedure is performed using an SQP (Sequential Quadratic Programming) algorithm, where the variables are the control points in homogeneous coordinates, the knot vectors, and the thickness. The functional value is determined by the FEM and gradients are evaluated using AD. Some examples are analyzed and discussed. As a consequence of the shape optimization, shells with high structural performance and aesthetically beautiful shapes can be obtained. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An evolution strategy in structural optimization problems for plates and shells

For multilayered plated and shell structures the formulation of the optimization problem is strongly dependant on the definition of the design variables. Therefore, the first part of the work is devoted to the definition of design variables and the forms of objective functions. Those design variables define stacking sequences of structures have discrete fiber orientations 0°, ±45°, 90° and a finite number of key points that are required in the evaluation of the curve Γ characterizing an external boundary of the structure or a structural shape understood in the sense of a structural geometry representing a shell/plate mid-surface or thickness distribution of structures. For the curve definition we have adopted one dimensional B-splines. Each curve is formed by an assembly of subsegments passing through certain key points. The positions of key points are randomly generated so that in the generation process it is possible to fulfill the required set of equality or inequality constraints. It is necessary to emphasize that the proposed method is very general and can be applicable to a very broad class of optimization problems. The generality of the approach is confirmed by the proof of the direct equivalence and mapping between discrete fiber orientations and continuous angle ply orientations. The evolution strategy is proposed herein as the optimization algorithm. Similarly as classical ones (e.g. ACO, SS, PS or ISM) it combines all features and advantages of evolution algorithms. It is worth to note that in the evolution strategy the number of children produced in one generation is not limited and it is not necessary to conduct mutation operations as in genetic algorithms. It simplifies significantly the effectiveness of numerical procedures. Then, two numerical examples have been solved to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed formulations and the optimization algorithm. They deal with thickness and stacking sequence optimization problems for circular cylindrical shells subjected to various dynamic and static constraints, respectively.     

基于分层设计变量的复合材料层合板优化设计及灵敏度分析

在复合材料层合板的结构优化设计中,提出分层设计变量的优化方法以满足实际工程需要。在结构位移、自振频率和屈曲临界荷载灵敏度分析中,给出了刚度矩阵对分层厚度和分层角度设计变量的灵敏度计算公式,考虑了分层厚度变化引起层合板对称中心的改变,保证了计算准确性。数值算例验证了灵敏度算法的精度,应用实例显示了分层设计变量方法的实用性。