Factors affecting the composition of canadian oil seeds

Importance of climate, plant breeding, and economics to production of oil seeds in Canada is considered. The influence of temperature and rainfall on the oil content and fatty acid composition of linseed and rapeseed is discussed. Major changes in the fatty acid composition of rapeseed oil can be effected by modern techniques in plant breeding and selection, i.e. erucic acid content can be reduced from approximately 40% to 0. The impact on the oil meal market of continued selection for high oil in crops and varieties is discussed.     

Search for new industrial oils. viii. the genuslimnanthes

Seed oils from most of the known species and varieties ofLimnanthes were analyzed for their fatty acid content. Each contained at least 95% acids with more than 18 carbon atoms. The major component acid,cis-5-eicosenoic, ranged 52–77% of the acids present. Seeds of all species examined contained thioglucosidic precursors of volatile isothiocyanates, liberated by the action of mustard seed enzymes on the meal. One species also yielded a small amount of an oxazolidinethione-like compound of the type associated with enzyme-treated rapeseed meal.     

Zusammensetzung einiger koreanischer Samenöle

Composition of Some Korean Seed Oils Seeds of some Korean plants, used in popular medicine, were investigated for oil content, fatty acid composition and sterol composition. Two seed oils of conifers contained unusual polyenoic acids having 18 and 20 C-atoms. cis-5, cis-9, cis-12-Octadecatrienoic acid was identified as one of the major component fatty acids in the seed oil of Pinus koraiensis. Apart from their medicinal use, some of the investigated seeds of angiosperms, such as perilla, sesame or rape, are used mainly for oil extraction. The oils in the varieties cultivated in Korea do not differ in their fatty acid composition from the figures considered as average composition in Europe.     

Component fatty acids of some cruciferae oils

Summary The oils from yellow mustard seed (Brassica alba), black mustard seed (Brassica nigra) of Indian origin, and rapeseed (Brassica Compestris) of unknown origin have been analyzed for their fatty acid composition without preliminary resolution of fatty acids by lead-salt-alcohol or fractional crystallization methods. The results compare very favorably with those determined by other recently developed methods. It may be concluded therefore that this method can be favorably employed for the determination of fatty acid composition of fats containing higher unsaturated acids. Confirmatory evidence has been obtained for the presence of eicosenoic acid in rapeseed oil. The nature and amount of fatty acids of yellow mustard seed oil of Indian origin do not differ in any significant manner from those of other cruciferous seed oils. The present analysis of black mustard seed oil reveals a higher amount of linolenic acid, and the presence of a C₂₀ monoethenoid acid, not heretofore reported. Contribution No. 708 from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh. Presented in part at the Spring meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, held in New Orleans, La., May, 1948. Baliga and Hilditch’s paper. “The Component Acids of Rapeseed Oil” (J. Soc. Chem. Ind.67, 258–262 (1948).     

Die Fettsäure-Zusammensetzung wirtschaftlich genutzter Brassica- und Sinapis-Öle

Fatty Acid Composition of Commercial Brassica and Sinapis Oils Oils of different brassica and sinapis varieties were analyzed in order to simplify the assessment of rapeseed oil and turnip rape oil. The results show that the fatty acid composition varies to a great extent, and therefore, rapeseed oil can no longer be defined on the basis of such a composition.     

Die Variabilität des Protein- und Fettgehaltes sowie der Fettsäure-Zusammensetzung einzelner Sonnenblumenfrüchte innerhalb von Sorten und Linien

The Variability of Protein and Oil Content as well as the Fatty Acid Composition of Single Sunflower Seeds within Varieties and Lines From eight sunflower varieties 100 achenes were selected. Protein and oil content, as well as the share of hull, of each achenes was investigated. The fatty acid composition of some seeds with high or low oil content was investigated. The quality of seeds of open pollinated varieties from several countries was found to be distinctly genetically different. By means of selfings of the variety ?Vniimk”? genetical differences for the linoleic acid could be shown.     

Agricultural and genetic potentials of cruciferous oilseed crops

Oilseed crops of the Cruciferae are widely adapted and are of particular importance to countries in the northern latitudes. Cruciferous seed oils from the crops, rapeseed, mustard, Camelina, oilseed radish and Crambe, enter edible or industrial markets, or both. The oil-seed meal can be used either as a high protein feed supplement or as an organic fertilizer. The spring and winter forms of the two species of rapeseed,Brassica napus andB. campestris, are commercially the most important. Advances in crop management and plant breeding have resulted in a 40% to 50% increase in seed yield over the past 25 years. In the next 10 to 15 years, application of newer plant-breeding techniques will result in varieties even higher in yield and seed with improved oil and meal quality. Some of the quality improvements will be new patterns in fatty acid composition, higher oil and protein content, lower fiber content, and removal of the undesirable glucosinolate compounds from the meal. The mustard cropsBrassica juncea andB. hirta are important condiment crops which have considerable potential as edible oil sources. Oilseed radish,Raphanus sativus, yields significantly less seed and oil than other cruciferous oil crops but its oil, which contains a low level of erucic acid (3.7%) and a relatively high content of 16-carbon fatty acids (9.3%), may be useful in blending with normal or zero erucic acid rapeseed oils.Camelina sativa or false flax has many desirable agronomic characteristics but the oil of camelina seed contains too high a level of linolenic acid (36%) to penetrate the edible oil market and too low to compete industrially with linseed oil.Crambe abyssinica andC. hispanica are potentially important producers of high erucic acid industrial oils. Factors limiting Crambe development are the high cost of seed transportation due to the high volume to weight ratio of the threshed seed and the need for extra seed processing steps to render the meal suitable as a high protein feed supplement for livestock and poultry. One of 9 papers presented at the Symposium, “Cruciferous Oilseeds,” ISF-AOCS World Congress, Chicago, September 1970. Contribution No. 425, Research Station, Canada Department of Agriculture, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.     

The effect of hydrogen content on estimation of seed oil by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance

In the nondestructive estimation of seed oil by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), an assumption generally is made that the hydrogen content of the oil in the seed sample under investigation is the same as that of the oil standard or that of the oil in the standard seed samples. The hydrogen content is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms per unit mass of oil. The validity of this assumption has been investigated by; (i) calculating the Hydrogen contents of various oils on the basis, of their reported fatty acid composition, and (ii) experimentally determining the hydrogen contents of cotton and mustard oils obtained from different varieties of seeds. The FID method was used to monitor the NMR signal intensities. Both calculated and experimental values show that that hydrogen contents can be different not only for different oils but also for the same oil extracted from different varieties of the seeds. This variation in hydrogen contents is shown to introduce an error in the oil content values as estimated by NMR methods. The magnitude of this error increases with oil content, and also with the difference in the hydrogen contents.     

Application of principal-component analysis on near-infrared spectroscopic data of vegetable oils for their classification

In the near-infrared (NIR) spectra of oil, information about fatty acid composition is concentrated in the range of 1600–2200 nm. Principal-component analysis (PCA) was applied on the standardized full NIR spectral data of this region for vegetable oils to totally capture the NIR spectral pattern. Nine varieties of vegetable oils (soybean, corn, cottonseed, olive, rice bran, peanut, rapeseed, sesame and coconut oil) could be successfully classified from their PCA scores. Examining the contribution of wavelengths to PCA scores showed that wavelengths with a high loading weight were assigned to characteristic absorption regions that correspond to specific fatty acid moieties. This classification is related to the fatty acid composition of an oil, and it can be carried out rapidly and easily after eigenvectors were obtained.     

Nutritional value of rapeseed oil and its high oleic/low linolenic variety – A call for differentiation

To offer the best choice of healthy and acceptable food to the consumer a coordination of plant breeding, food processing and nutrition science is required. Here the nutritional aspects of the high oleic/low linolenic (HOLLi) varieties of rapeseed with a low α‐linolenic acid content of about 3% are reviewed. The content of α‐linolenic acid amounting to around 9% is the hallmark of the positive nutritional value of the original (erucic acid free) 00 varieties of rapeseed oil (“canola” quality in North America). n‐3 fatty acids are endowed with the property to protect the cardiovascular system from chronic disease and the consumption of food containing n‐3 fatty acids is explicitly recommended by national and international nutritional and medical authorities. Although the use of HOLLi with a low n‐3 fatty acid content can be unavoidable for specific purposes, because of technological and health considerations the continuous future consumption of the original rapeseed oil with around 9% of α‐linolenic acid by the consumer should have high priority from the standpoint of public health. To pursue this aim confusion of the consumer must be avoided by creating a new name and a new brand for HOLLi varieties.     

Effect of dietary fats on some membrane-bound enzyme activities,membrane lipid composition and fatty acid profiles of rat heart sarcolemma

The effect of various dietary fats on membrane lipid composition, fatty acid profiles and membrane-bound enzyme activities of rat cardiac sarcolemma was assessed. Four groups of male weanling Charles Foster Young rats were fed diets containing 20% of groundnut, coconut, safflower or mustard oil for 16 weeks. Cardiac sarcolemma was prepared from each group and the activities of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase, 5′-nucleotidase, Ca²⁺-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase were examined. ATPase activities were similar in all groups except the one fed coconut oil, which had the highest activities. Acetylcholinesterase activity was also similar in all the groups, however, it was significantly higher in the group fed mustard oil. No significant changes were observed among the groups in 5′-nucleotidase activity, in the cholesterol-to-phospholipid molar ratio and in sialic acid content. The coconut, safflower and mustard oil diets significantly increased cholesterol and phospholipid contents and the lipid-to-protein ratio of cardiac sarcolemma as compared to feeding the groundnut oil diet. The fatty acid composition of membrane lipids was quite different among the various groups, reflecting the type of dietary fat given. The total unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio was not different among the various groups; however, the levels of some major fatty acids such as palmitic (16∶0), oleic (18∶1) and linoleic (18∶2) acids were significantly different. Cardiac sarcolemma of the group fed safflower oil had the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content. The results suggest that dietary fats induce changes not only in the fatty acid composition of the component lipids but also in the activities of sarcolemmal enzymes involved in the regulation of cardiac function.     

Phenolic acids in rapeseed and mustard

The compositions of free phenolic acids in rapeseed flours of diverse origin and white mustard were highly variable but represented less than 10% of the total phenolic acids. Phenolic acids released from hydrolysis of soluble esters constituted the major fraction, with Polish varieties having higher levels than a Canadian variety or white mustard. Yellow Sarson contained low levels of phenolic acids. Sinapic acid isomers constituted over 94% of the 13 phenolic acids found in the rapeseed varieties. Only traces of several phenolic acids appeared to be structurally bound to rapeseed and mustard proteins and carbohydrates.     

Fettsäuremuster bei verschiedenen Ölpflanzen

Fatty Acid Pattern of Various Oil Plants The fatty acid composition of seeds of important Swedish Oil plants, namely winter and summer rape, winter and summer turnip rape, white mustard and poppy, are compared with the composition of some important vegetable oils, which are imported to Sweden, such as soybean, sunflower, peanut and cottonseed oils. The aim of the breeding experiments was to improve the quality of crucifer oils. The oil sought for was to contain little erucic and linolenic acids, and a higher amount of linoleic acid. During the breeding work at Svalöf, new varieties of rape were developed whose oil was very similar to peanut oil. These oils had little or no erucic acid, little linolenic acid and a higher content of oleic and linoleic acids. It is more difficult to attain an increase in linoleic acid content with simultaneous decrease in linolenic acid than the increase in linoleic with simultaneous decrease of erucic acid.     

The Effect of Type of Oil and Degree of Degradation on Glycidyl Esters Content During the Frying of French Fries

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of oil degradation on the content of glycidyl esters (GEs) in oils used for the frying of French fries. As frying media, refined oils such as rapeseed, palm, palm olein and blend were used. French fries were fried for 40 h in oils heated to 180 °C in 30‐min cycles. After every 8 h of frying, fresh oil and samples were analyzed for acid and anisidine values, color, refractive index, fatty acid composition, and content and composition of the polar fraction. GEs were determined by LC–MS. Hydrolysis and polymerization occurred most intensively in palm olein, while oxidation was reported for rapeseed oil. The degradation of oil caused increased changes in the RI of frying oils. Losses of mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed in all samples, with the largest share in blend. The highest content of GE found in fresh oil was in palm olein (25 mg kg^?1) and the lowest content of GE was found in rapeseed oil (0.8 mg kg^?1). The palm oil, palm olein and blend were dominated by GEs of palmitic and oleic acids, while rapeseed oil was dominated by GE of oleic acid. With increasing frying time, the content of GEs decreased with losses from 47 % in rapeseed oil to 78 % in palm oil after finishing frying.     

The fatty acid composition of various cruciferous seeds

Seeds from 26 Cruciferae species in 7 genera have been investigated for fat content and fatty acid composition of the oil. The GLC retention data have been verified by mass spectrometry. The oil from Cardamine graeca contained 54% of cis-15-tetracosenoic acid; it is the highest content of this acid so far reported in any seed fat.     

Further studies on a multisequential method for determination of oil content in oilseeds

The multisequential method for determination of oil content in oil seed developed at Svalöf has been used for ten years with good results. The mean values obtained in analysis of comparative samples of rape, turnip rape and white mustard for seven years in five countries with official methods agree well with the mean values from the multi-sequential method as used in four laboratories in Sweden. However, the variation coefficient is considerably smaller for the multisequential method. In addition to rape, turnip rape and white mustard, flaxseed, poppy seed, sunflower seed, safflower seed, soybeans and groundnuts can be successfully disintegrated in the steel tubes used in the multisequential method. The free fatty acid content of a rapeseed sample can be determined on the oil used for the gravimetric analysis.     

Der Einfluß fettreicher Rapsprodukte auf die Fettqualität von Lämmerschlachtkörpern

The influence of fatty rapeseed products on fat quality of lamb carcase. In a feeding experiment with lambs the following question was to be answered: Effects of unsaturated fatty acids in diets of different rape products (rapeseed, rapeseed cake and rapeseed oil) on the fatty acid composition of stored fat in lamb carcase. A total of forty weaned tup lambs (genotype: Merino Sheep, Blackhead Mutton Sheep × Merino Sheep) were fattened up to an average finishing weight of 49 kg under conditions of a high feeding intensity. Four groups were built (n = 10) each receiving four different mixed concentrates. The control group was fed conventional mixed concentrates on the basis of coarse meal of cereal-dried sugar beet pulp-soybean. The mixture for the test group 1 contained 10% rapeseed. In test group 2 soybean meal was replaced by 34% rapeseed cake. Test group 3 was given mixed concentrates with 4% rapeseed oil. All mixtures were composed in an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous way. The three mixtures for the test groups contained a higher content of crude fat and crude fiber than the control mixture. The fat content of the test mixtures had the same level. The fatty acid composition in the fat tissue of the test groups (abdominal fat, back fat, intramuscular fat) were significantly different from the control group. The test groups showed, especially, a higher degree of trans fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1) and a smaller portion of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the control group. With respect to the composition of fat there was no difference between the three test groups. This accordance indicates that the process of digestion in the rumens took place in a parallel way. There was no difference between feeding cell bound oil or free oil.     

Changes in rat heart phospholipid composition after rapeseed oil feeding

The influence of long duration rapeseed oil feeding with high or low levels of erucic acid has been investigated on rat heart phospholipids. The rats treated for 20 wk with rapeseed oil containing 46.2% erucic acid showed a twofold increase in the sphingomyelin content of the heart. Treatment with primor rapeseed oil (3.7% erucic acid) for 20 wk did not modify phospholipid composition of rat heart. The fatty acid patterns of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were slightly influenced by the high erucic rapeseed oil; eicosenoic acid was incorporated preferentially into position one, but erucic acid showed a random distribution in both. After high erucic rapeseed oil feeding, 22∶1 was incorporated into cardiolipin (5.6%) and sphingomyelin (10.5%). The incorporation of 22∶1 into sphingomyelin was associated with an increase of the percentage of 24∶1 (14.6%) and a decrease of saturated long chain fatty acid (22∶0, 24∶0) percentages. Primor rapeseed oil caused a slight increase of 24∶1 and a decrease of 22∶0 and 24∶0 in rat heart sphingomyelin. As cardiolipin is localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria and sphingomyelin in plasma and microsomal membranes, the acyl-moiety alterations of both phospholipids might be correlated to the pathological lesions of rat heart after a long duration of rapeseed oil feeding.     

Studies on Minor Seed Oils VII

Seeds of seven species, representing different plant families, have been analyzed for oil and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. In all the species, the oil content exceeded 10% except Mecaranga peltata and Cubeba officinalis seeds. Fully matured Garcinia cambogia seeds had very high (～50%) oil content.     

Unusual effects of some vegetable oils on the survival time of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Preliminary experiments have shown that a diet containing 10% rapeseed oil (low-erucic acid) markedly shortens the survival time of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats under 1% NaCl loading as compared with diets containing perilla oil or soybean oil. High-oleate safflower oil and high-oleate sunflower oil were found to have survival time-shortening activities comparable to that of rapeseed oil; olive oil had slightly less activity. A mixture was made of soybean oil, perilla oil, and triolein partially purified from high-oleate sunflower oil to adjust the fatty acid composition to that of rapeseed oil. The survival time of this triolein/mixed oil group was between those of the rapessed oil and soybean oil groups. When 1% NaCl was replaced with tap water, the survival time was prolonged by ∼80%. Under these conditions, the rapeseed oil and evening primrose oil shortened the survival time by ∼40% as compared with n-3 fatty acid-rich perilla and fish oil; lard, soybean oil, and safflower oil with relatively high n-6/n-3 ratios shortened the survival time by roughly 10%. The observed unusual survival time-shortening activities of some vegetable oils (rapeseed, high-oleate safflower, high-oleate sunflower, olive, and evening primrose oil) may not be due to their unique fatty acid compositions, but these results suggest that these vegetable oils contain factor(s) which are detrimental to SHRSP rats.