ASP-Enzymosomes with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Asparaginase II Expressed in Pichia pastoris: Formulation Design and In Vitro Studies of a Potential Antileukemic Drug

The bacterial enzyme asparaginase is the main treatment option for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, it causes side effects, such as immunological reactions, and presents undesirable glutaminase activity. As an alternative, we have been studying asparaginase II from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, coded by ASP3 gene, which was cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant asparaginase (ASP) presented antileukemic activity and a glutaminase activity 100 times lower in comparison to its asparaginase activity. In this work, we describe the development of a delivery system for ASP via its covalent attachment to functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer chains in the outer surface of liposomes (ASP-enzymosomes). This new delivery system demonstrated antiproliferative activity against K562 (chronic myeloid leukemia) and Jurkat (acute lymphocytic leukemia) cell lines similar to that of ASP. The antiproliferative response of the ASP-enzymosomes against the Jurkat cells suggests equivalence to that of the free Escherichia coli commercial asparaginase (Aginasa^®). Moreover, the ASP-enzymosomes were stable at 4 °C with no significant loss of activity within 4 days and retained 82% activity up to 37 days. Therefore, ASP-enzymosomes are a promising antileukemic drug.     

碱性纤维素酶基因在巴氏毕赤酵母中的表达及重组酵母菌发酵工艺的优化

目的克隆碱性纤维素酶基因,构建酵母整合型表达质粒,在巴氏毕赤酵母中表达,并对重组菌的发酵工艺进行优化。方法应用PCR技术从嗜碱性芽孢杆菌ATCC21833中扩增碱性纤维素酶基因,克隆至酵母整合型表达载体pGAPZαA中,构建重组表达质粒pGAPZαA-ATCC21833,并转化至巴氏毕赤酵母GS115。通过单因素实验及正交实验,确定重组酵母的最佳发酵培养基。在20L发酵罐中进行高密度发酵,观察碳源对批式发酵的影响,并检测在4种流加方式(连续恒速流加、间歇匀速流加、间歇递减流加、维持底物浓度流加)下的菌体干重及发酵液中的酶活性。结果重组表达质粒pGAPZαA-ATCC21833经酶切及DNA测序证明构建正确,其基因序列与嗜碱性芽孢杆菌KSM-635的碱性纤维素酶基因序列一致。最佳发酵培养基组成为6%葡萄糖、2%硫酸铵、12g/L磷酸二氢钾。碳源浓度对于重组酵母菌体生长及产酶至关重要。SDS-PAGE表明表达产物的相对分子质量约为103000。维持底物浓度的流加方式可获得最高的菌体干重(29.8g/L)及酶活力(24U/ml)。结论已成功构建了表达碱性纤维素酶的巴氏毕赤酵母工程菌,并确定了维持底物浓度的流加方式为最佳发酵方式。     

High-level expression of bovine beta-lactoglobulin in Pichia pastoris and characterization of its physical properties

Bovine beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) variant A has been expressed in the methylotropic yeast Pichia pastoris by fusion of the cDNA to the sequence coding for the alpha-mating factor prepro-leader peptide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. P. pastoris Mut+ transformants were obtained by single cross-over integration of the BLG-containing vector into the AOX1 locus. In a fed-batch fermenter, a cell density of approximately 300 mg/ml was achieved by controlled glycerol feeding for a total of 24 h. After 72 h of methanol induction, the secreted BLG reached levels of > 1 g/l. The secreted protein could be purified to homogeneity by ion- exchange chromatography. Amino-terminal sequencing of the secreted BLG revealed that the Glu-Ala spacer repeats inserted between the mature protein and the alpha-factor prepro-leader were still present. The purified protein was characterized by a number of methods, including CD spectroscopy, guanidine-HCl unfolding, crystallization and two- dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopy. By all of these measures, the physical characteristics of recombinant BLG were indistinguishable from those of the native purified bovine BLG, making it useful as a model for protein folding and other biophysical studies.      

猪圆环病毒2型Cap蛋白在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

目的在毕赤酵母中分泌表达猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型(porcine circovirus 2,PCV2)Cap蛋白。方法将PCV2-Cap蛋白基因(Gen Bank登录号:KC620508.1)按毕赤酵母偏好密码子优化后,插入毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体p PICZαA中,重组质粒p PICZαA-Cap经SacⅠ线性化,通过电击转化整合至毕赤酵母GS115菌株的基因组中,构建p PICZαA-CapGS115重组酵母菌。经甲醇诱导表达重组Cap蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE、Western blot和间接ELISA法进行鉴定。结果重组表达质粒p PICZαA-Cap经双酶切和测序证明构建正确;重组酵母菌p PICZαA-Cap-GS115经菌落PCR鉴定,可扩增出1 001 bp的目的基因片段;表达的重组Cap蛋白相对分子质量约49 000,可与猪圆环2型阳性血清和小鼠抗His单克隆抗体发生特异性反应。结论成功利用毕赤酵母表达系统分泌表达了PCV2 Cap蛋白,表达的重组蛋白具有良好的抗原性,为PCV2亚单位疫苗和ELISA诊断试剂盒的研制奠定了基础。     

酿酒酵母细胞表达异源萜类化合物的研究进展

萜类化合物具有可观的经济价值,但是目前的生产过程复杂、产量低。酿酒酵母甲羟戊酸途径为萜类化合物的合成提供直接前体,因此酿酒酵母细胞具有合成异源萜类化合物的天然优势。对酿酒酵母甲羟戊酸途径的清晰认识是对其进行有效利用的基础,本文从代谢途径、关键酶的特点和全局调控机制3个方面对该途径进行了介绍。从代谢途径的构建和优化、模块与底盘细胞的适配、模块构建及组装方式的角度概述了酿酒酵母细胞异源合成单萜、倍半烯萜、二萜、三萜类化合物的研究进展。指出实现酿酒酵母高效合成萜类化合物所需要解决的基础问题是对酿酒酵母甲羟戊酸途径进行更为全面了解和对萜类化合物的天然代谢途径进行明确解析;另外,合成生物学的进一步发展也将为此提供应用基础。     

人松弛素H2类似物在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及其活性

目的利用毕赤酵母表达系统高效分泌表达人松弛素H2类似物(Human relaxin-2 analogue,HR2),并检测其生物活性。方法通过密码子优化合成HR2基因,构建重组表达质粒pPICZαA-HR2,转化毕赤酵母菌GS115,甲醇诱导表达,并对表达产物进行Tricine-SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析。表达产物经超滤和柱层析纯化后,切除人工C肽,检测其生物活性。结果经双酶切鉴定和测序证实,重组表达质粒pPICZαA-HR2构建正确;Tricine-SDS-PAGE分析显示,表达的重组蛋白相对分子质量约6 500,表达量占菌体总蛋白的47.6%,为451μg/ml,且为分泌表达;Western blot分析显示,重组蛋白具有良好的反应原性;纯化的重组蛋白纯度达96%;经检测C肽切除的重组HR2对THP-1细胞具有刺激活性。结论成功在毕赤酵母GS115中高效分泌表达了重组松弛素H2类似物,并具有一定的生物活性。     

人甲状旁腺素在甲醇毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

选用酵母偏爱的密码子,人工合成长度为282bp的人甲状旁腺素(hPTH)基因,将其克隆于M13载体中,DNA测序验证正确。通过PCR从含有hPTH基因的M13载体获得了该基因,将其插入到含有AOX1启动子和α因子信号肽序列的表达载体pPIC9K中,构建了重组质粒pPIC9K-hPTH,电击法转化甲醇毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)GS115菌株,经G418筛选得到高拷贝转化子,甲醇诱导表达,Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明在9 3kDa处有明显的诱导蛋白带,与报道的hPTH的相对分子质量相近;酶联免疫沉淀法(ELISA)检测证明表达的蛋白具有hPTH免疫活性为132ng/L。     

乙酰肝素酶大亚基在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的构建乙酰肝素酶(HPA)大亚基片段真核表达质粒,并在毕赤酵母中表达重组蛋白。方法根据GenBank中登录的HPA大亚基基因序列设计引物,PCR方法扩增肝素酶基因,构建毕赤酵母真核表达质粒pPICZαA-HPA。电击穿孔法转化感受态毕赤酵母SDM1168,斑点免疫印迹法筛选重组菌株,PCR法鉴定阳性克隆。甲醇诱导表达重组蛋白,Western blot鉴定表达产物。结果构建的重组真核表达质粒经双酶切及测序鉴定证明构建正确;斑点免疫印迹法筛选出的9个单菌落经PCR扩增,均可见1161bp的目的基因条带;表达产物经Western blot分析,具有良好的反应原性,表达量约为5μg/L。结论已成功构建了HPA大亚基片段真核表达质粒pPICZαA-HPA,并在毕赤酵母SDM1168中分泌表达了HPA大亚基。     

Improved Production of Recombinant Myrosinase in Pichia pastoris

The effect of the deletion of a 57 bp native signal sequence, which transports the nascent protein through the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in plants, on improved AtTGG1 plant myrosinase production in Pichia pastoris was studied. Myrosinase was extracellularly produced in a 3-liter laboratory fermenter using α-mating factor as the secretion signal. After the deletion of the native signal sequence, both the specific productivity (164.8 U/L/h) and volumetric activity (27 U/mL) increased more than 40-fold compared to the expression of myrosinase containing its native signal sequence in combination with α-mating factor. The deletion of the native signal sequence resulted in slight changes in myrosinase properties: the optimum pH shifted from 6.5 to 7.0 and the maximal activating concentration of ascorbic acid increased from 1 mM to 1.5 mM. Kinetic parameters toward sinigrin were determined: 0.249 mM (K_m) and 435.7 U/mg (V_max). These results could be applied to the expression of other plant enzymes.     

Optimisation of Recombinant Myrosinase Production in Pichia pastoris

Myrosinase is a plant defence enzyme catalysing the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, a group of plant secondary metabolites, to a range of volatile compounds. One of the products, isothiocyanates, proved to have neuroprotective and chemo-preventive properties, making myrosinase a pharmaceutically interesting enzyme. In this work, extracellular expression of TGG1 myrosinase from Arabidopsis thaliana in the Pichia pastoris KM71H (Mut^S) strain was upscaled to a 3 L laboratory fermenter for the first time. Fermentation conditions (temperature and pH) were optimised, which resulted in a threefold increase in myrosinase productivity compared to unoptimised fermentation conditions. Dry cell weight increased 1.5-fold, reaching 100.5 g/L without additional glycerol feeding. Overall, a specific productivity of 4.1 U/L_medium/h was achieved, which was 102.5-fold higher compared to flask cultivations.     

氧在重组毕氏酵母发酵过程中的摄取与传递

引言 在生物发酵过程中,氧的供需是一个至关重要的问题[1-2].好气性微生物需要足够的溶解氧以维持自身的呼吸代谢.     

葡萄糖苷酶在毕赤酵母中的重组表达及一步纯化

从绿色木霉中克隆了葡萄糖苷酶bg基因,构建入表达载体pPIC9k-His6中,然后在AOX1启动子的控制下,在毕赤酵母GS115菌株中表达. 在5 L发酵罐中发酵120 h,重组P. pastoris Mut+菌株湿重达360.6 g/L,葡萄糖苷酶浓度和酶活分别为2.1 mg/mL和73.5 U/mL. 经亲和层析一步纯化后,得到了电泳纯的葡萄糖苷酶. HPLC分析显示其纯度为95.6%,比酶活为71.9 U/mg. 纯化过程酶得率为73.6%,纯化倍数为42.6. 纯酶的等电点为5.0,最适温度为50℃,最适pH为6.5. 金属离子Ag+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+及SDS对葡萄糖苷酶活性有抑制作用,而Mg2+, Mn2+, K+能增强葡萄糖苷酶活性,其中1 mol/L Mg2+能使酶活提高20%.     

胆盐水解酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的在毕赤酵母中表达胆盐水解酶(Bile salt hydrolase,BSH)基因。方法以重组质粒pMD18-BSH为模板,PCR扩增BSH基因,克隆至毕赤酵母表达载体pGAPZαA上,经AvrⅡ线性化,电转化至毕赤酵母SMD1168,PCR筛选阳性重组子,诱导表达,表达产物经Western blot进行分析。结果重组表达质粒pGAPZαA-BSH经双酶切及测序证明构建正确;经PCR鉴定阳性的重组酵母菌的诱导表达产物经SDS-PAGE分析,可见相对分子质量约35000的目的蛋白表达条带;表达的重组蛋白可与兔抗植物乳杆菌多克隆抗体发生特异性反应。结论在毕赤酵母中成功表达了BSH,为BSH结构与相关功能及高效降解胆固醇的基因工程菌株的研究奠定了基础。     

人溶菌酶-木聚糖酶融合基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的在毕赤酵母中表达人溶菌酶(Human lysozyme,hLY)-木聚糖酶(Xylanases,XynⅡ)融合基因。方法通过PCR技术将hLY基因与XynⅡ基因连接,中间插入肠激酶识别位点序列;将其克隆至载体pPIC9K上,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9K-XynⅡ-EKsite-hLY,经SacⅠ线性化后,电转化毕赤酵母GS115,通过G418抗性筛选得到高拷贝转化子,PCR鉴定为阳性的克隆用甲醇进行诱导;表达的融合蛋白经Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析纯化后,用肠激酶酶切,分别采用改良舒加法和DNS法测定hLY和XynⅡ的活性。结果获得的融合基因序列与理论序列完全一致;重组表达质粒构建正确;融合蛋白的hLY和XynⅡ活性分别为170和158 U/ml,经肠激酶酶切后,hLY的活性为520 U/ml,XynⅡ的活性达244 U/ml。结论已在毕赤酵母中成功表达了XynⅡ-EKsite-hLY融合基因,经肠激酶酶切后的目的蛋白活性均有较大提高。     

毕赤酵母组成型表达载体的构建及报告蛋白表达评价

目的构建毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)组成型分泌表达载体,并表达报告蛋白葡萄球菌核酸酶(staphylococcus nuclease,SNase,NucA),以评价其表达外源蛋白的能力。方法从巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115基因组中PCR扩增毕赤酵母甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶启动子(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter,pGAP)片段,克隆至载体pPIC9K中,构建组成型分泌表达载体pGHKα;从金黄色葡萄球菌基因组中PCR扩增编码报告蛋白金黄色葡萄球菌NucA成熟肽的序列nucA,克隆至载体pGHKα中,构建重组表达质粒pGHKα-nucA,经SacⅠ和BglⅡ依次酶切线性化后,电转化至毕赤酵母GS115中;PCR及TB-D平板法筛选阳性重组酵母菌;Tricine-SDS-PAGE检测表达产物;琼脂扩散法检测重组酵母菌表达上清液的核酸酶活性。结果组成型分泌表达载体pGHKα经PCR鉴定,证明构建正确;重组表达质粒pGHKα-nucA经PCR及测序鉴定,证明nucA基因片段正确插入载体pGHKα中;重组酵母菌GS115/pGHKα-nucA经PCR及TB-D平板法检测证明构建成功;表达的目的蛋白相对分子质量约为17 000,表达量约占上清总蛋白的42%,且具有显著的核酸酶活性。结论成功构建了毕赤酵母组成型分泌表达载体pGHKα,其能正确表达报告蛋白NucA,且表达的蛋白能分泌到细胞外,表达效率高,为异源蛋白在毕赤酵母中的安全高效表达奠定了基础。     

核心链霉亲和素在毕赤酵母中的表达及纯化

目的构建核心链霉亲和素(core-streptavidin,CSA)酵母表达载体,表达、纯化CSA蛋白,并测定其活性。方法通过基因操作获得天然SA的核心活性区域基因片段,克隆至酵母表达载体p PIC9K,重组表达质粒p PIC9K-CSA经电击转化至毕赤酵母KM71感受态细胞中,甲醇诱导表达CSA蛋白。利用硫酸铵沉淀、2-亚氨基生物素琼脂糖凝胶亲和层析法纯化CSA蛋白,紫外光谱测定法检测CSA蛋白与生物素的结合活性。结果构建的CSA基因工程菌能有效表达目的蛋白,经硫酸铵沉淀、亲和层析两步法纯化后得到纯度约95%的CSA重组蛋白,其具有与生物素结合的活性,活性为13.6 U/mg。结论利用毕赤酵母表达系统能够有效分泌表达CSA蛋白,该重组蛋白具有良好的生物学活性,为CSA发酵产品的大规模纯化提供了依据。     

A Comparative Study on the Expression, Purification and Functional Characterization of Human Adiponectin in Pichia pastoris and Escherichia coli

Adiponectin is one of the most bioactive substances secreted by adipose tissue and is involved in the protection against metabolic syndrome, artherosclerosis and type II diabetes. Research into the use of adiponectin as a promising drug for metabolic syndromes requires production of this hormone in high quantities considering its molecular isoforms. The objective of this study is to produce recombinant human adiponectin by Pichia pastoris (P-ADP) as a cheap and convenient eukaryotic expression system for potential application in pharmaceutical therapy. For comparison, adiponectin was also expressed using the Escherichia coli (E-ADP) expression system. Adiponectin was constructed by overlap-extension PCR, and cloned in standard cloning vector and hosts. Recombinant expression vectors were cloned in the P. pastoris and E. coli host strains, respectively. SDS-PAGE and western blotting were used to detect and analyse expressed recombinant protein in both systems. Adiponectin was purified by affinity chromatography and quantified using the Bradford Assay. The results of this study indicated that P-ADP quantity (0.111 mg/mL) was higher than that of E-ADP (0.04 mg/mL) and both were produced in soluble form. However, P-ADP was able to form high molecular weights of adiponectin molecules, whilst E-ADP was not able to form isoforms higher than trimer. In addition, P-ADP was more active in lowering blood glucose compared with E-ADP. The two types of proteins were equally efficient and significantly decreased blood triglyceride and increased high density lipoprotein. We conclude that P. pastoris is able to produce high quantity of bioactive adiponectin for potential use in treatment of metabolic syndromes.     

HPV 16 L1天然变异体在毕赤酵母中的可溶性表达及病毒样颗粒装配

目的在毕赤酵母中表达两个临床人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)16型毒株主要衣壳蛋白L1(HPV 16 L1),并分析表达产物的可溶性及病毒样颗粒(virus-like parcticle,VLP)装配差异。方法将编码两个不同HPV 16毒株L1蛋白的全长基因序列M16和Y16分别重组于毕赤酵母表达载体p Pink LC,构建重组表达质粒Y16LC和M16LC,转化表达菌株p Pink strain 1。重组菌经甲醇诱导后,Western blot分析L1蛋白的表达水平及可溶性。经密度梯度离心结合透射电镜观察,分析VLP装配情况。通过软件pubmed在线Alignment分析两个序列的氨基酸排列。结果两个重组表达质粒经酶切鉴定及测序分析证明构建正确。两个序列获得了相似的蛋白表达水平,但Y16的可溶性较差,几乎且无VLP形成;而M16呈现较好的蛋白可溶性及VLP装配能力。Y16与M16有5个氨基酸的差异(H202D、T266A、Δ424S、D441Δ、K452Q)。结论 HPV 16 L1氨基酸的微小改变尽管未对重组蛋白的表达水平产生影响,但显著影响有功能的预期产物的获得。提示在基因重组病毒疫苗研发中,制备VLP时需考虑毒株的选择,甚至主动进行抗原的特定氨基酸的改造。