Novel type of alginate gel‐based adsorbents for heavy metal removal

Various alginate gel‐based adsorbents were investigated for the removal of heavy metals: alginate beads, alginate capsules, and alginate gel‐coated adsorbent. Of these, alginate capsules showed the greatest Pb²⁺ uptake capacity of 1560 mg g^?1 of dry sodium alginate, and the alginate gel‐coated adsorbent, prepared simply by forming a thin alginate film on an inert matrix, achieved rapid adsorption equilibrium within 10 min. Adsorbed metals were readily removed from the alginate gel‐based adsorbents using eluents such as HNO₃ and could be reused for up to 10 adsorption–desorption cycles without marked loss of metal uptake capacity. Alginate gel‐coated adsorbents could be prepared in a dried state and have great application potential for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Performance evaluation of modified fabricated cotton membrane for oil/water separation and heavy metal ions removal

Preparation of effective membrane with special surface treatment for oil/water separation having promising future and low manufacturing cost. The suggested membrane was fabricated by a simple treatment via increasing the hydrophilicity of the cotton fabric surface. The cotton fabric was impregnated in poly(acrylic acid-co-N-methylol acrylamide), poly(AA-co-NMA), where NMA acts as bonding agent. Sodium hypophosphite (SHP) was added to the modification solution to enhance the bonding between the cotton fabric and the PAA. The modified fabric was thermally dried and cured at different temperatures. It was found that, the presence of 3.5% NMA and addition of 5% SHP to the modification solution then curing at 190°C gave the highest amount of bonded PAA to the cotton fabric. The success of the modification process was confirmed by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transformer infrared and the increase in the contact angle of the cotton fabric after modification. Furthermore, the prepared membrane was evaluated for oil (n-hexane, toluene, and petroleum ether)/water separation and also for heavy metal ions removal (Cd²⁺ and Co²⁺). Neutralization of the produced membrane with ammonium hydroxide resulting in a higher contact angle and consequently higher separation efficiency for oil/water mixtures and higher performance for heavy metal ions removal compared to the unneutralized one.     

柱撑蒙脱石对水中砷(Ⅴ)的吸附研究

采用羟基聚合Al-Fe为柱化剂对蒙脱石进行改性,将制得的柱撑蒙脱石作为吸附剂,研究了其对水溶液中砷的去除效果及其影响因素.结果表明:对蒙脱石柱撑改性后能显著提高其吸附性能.平衡吸附量与平衡质量浓度之间的关系符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程所描述的规律.用Elovich方程和双常数方程可以较好地拟合柱撑蒙脱石对As(Ⅴ)的动力学吸附过程.     

吸附法处理重金属废水的研究进展

综述了吸附法处理重金属废水的研究进展。讨论了天然材料、合成材料、改性材料、生物材料等种类的吸附剂,探讨了各类吸附剂的吸附机理和影响吸附的因素。展望了未来水处理吸附剂的发展方向,廉价的、高效的、无二次污染的吸附剂将会得到大力开发。     

改性蒙脱土去除水中重金属离子研究新进展

重金属离子污染具有非降解性、持续存在和累积的性质,影响着人类的生命安全。如何从水中去除重金属离子已经成为治理水污染的核心问题之一,其方法之一就是采用改性蒙脱土进行吸附处理。本文介绍了近年来重金属离子吸附用改性蒙脱土的研究新进展,重点回顾了无机改性蒙脱土、有机改性蒙脱土和无机有机复合改性蒙脱土的改性方法及其对重金属离子的去除能力及机理。提出今后改性蒙脱土研究的主要方向是合成多功能高吸附性的蒙脱土高分子复合微球、蒙脱土高分子凝胶和滤膜材料等,为今后改性蒙脱土作为重金属离子优良吸附剂的研究有一定的指导意义。     

天然淀粉改性水处理剂的研制及其对重金属、染料的吸附

重金属及染料是环境水体中危害极大的两类污染物,将天然淀粉进行交联、接枝改性制备的二硫代氨基甲酸基(DTC)淀粉对这两类污染物具有极强的吸附能力,其吸附重金属后的残留物安全、无毒,且可多次再生重复利用。对吸附产物的表面和结构分析表明,吸附作用主要发生在淀粉颗粒的表面,通过螯合作用吸附重金属离子,通过静电作用吸附染料分子。采用酶解、溶胶-凝胶等方法对天然淀粉进行预处理可显著提高饱和吸附量。     

Preparation and characterization of polyzwitterionic hydrogel coated polyamide-based mixed matrix membrane for heavy metal ions removal

A novel polyzwitterionic hydrogel coated mixed matrix membrane (MMM) was successfully prepared, characterized and used for Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Pb²⁺ heavy metal ions removal from water. Hydrophilic and porous covalent organic framework (COF) nanoparticles (NP) as filler were synthesized from melamine and terephthalaldehyde, and then incorporated into polyamide (PA) thin film composite (TFC) membrane. The hydrogel coating was applied by using a tailored cross-linkable polymer system in combination with concentration polarization enabled cross-linking. The effects of COF NP loading into PA layer and polyzwitterionic hydrogel coating on the membrane morphology and separation performance were studied using different analyses. The MMM prepared with a COF NP loading of 0.02 wt/wt% in the hexane dispersion used for NP deposition during PA layer formation (leading to 0.42 g/m²) exhibited an increased pure water permeability of around 200% compared with the neat PA TFC membrane while the Mn²⁺ ion rejection maintained above 98%. Scanning electron microscopy surface images and zeta potential profiles showed that the hydrogel was successfully deposited on the membrane surface. Furthermore, the hydrogel coating could decrease net surface charge of membranes but did not significantly influence the heavy metal ions rejections under nanofiltration conditions. The results of filtration experiment with protein solution indicated that the hydrogel coated membranes exhibited superior antifouling property, as shown by higher flux recovery ratio after washing with water, compared with neat PA TFC membrane and not coated MMM, respectively.     

Reactive green HE‐4BD functionalized supermacroporous poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogel for heavy metal removal

The aim of this study was to investigate the heavy metal adsorption performance of supermacroporous poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [PHEMA] cryogel. The PHEMA cryogel was produced by cryo‐polymerization. The PHEMA cryogel was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PHEMA cryogel containing 385 μmol Reactive Green HE‐4BD/g were used in the adsorption studies. Adsorption capacity of the PHEMA cryogel for the metal ions, i.e., Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺ were investigated in aqueous media containing different amounts of the ions (5–600 mg/L) and at different pH values (3.2–6.9). The maximum adsorption capacities of the PHEMA cryogel were 11.6 mg/g (56 μmol/g) for Pb²⁺, 24.5 mg/g (385 μmol/g) for Cu²⁺ and 29.1 mg/g (256 μmol/g) for Cd²⁺. The competitive adsorption capacities were 10.9 mg/g (52 μmol/g) for Pb²⁺, 22.1 mg/g for Cd²⁺ (196 μmol/g) and 23.2 mg/g (365 μmol/g) for Cu²⁺. The PHEMA/Reactive Green HE‐4BD cryogel exhibited the following metal ion affinity sequence on molar basis: Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Pb²⁺. The PHEMA/Reactive Green HE‐4BD cryogel can be easily regenerated by 50 mM EDTA with higher effectiveness. These features make the PHEMA/Reactive Green HE‐4BD cryogel a potential adsorbent for heavy metal removal. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

纳米纤维素去除水体系重金属离子的研究进展

水体系重金属污染治理是目前全世界所面临的一个重大挑战。传统治理方法由于成本高、效率低等问题已不符合当今社会可持续发展战略。纳米纤维素凭借其来源丰富、可再生、化学反应活性高、比表面积大、密度低等优点,在水体系重金属离子去除领域有着光明的应用前景。然而,纳米纤维素吸附材料在水体系重金属去除领域还存在吸附量较低,吸附选择性、再生性、性能稳定性较差,制备成本较高等问题,这限制了其在水体系重金属离子去除领域的工业化应用。通过改性和结构设计不断提高纳米纤维素材料的吸附效率是行之有效的途径,本文从化学改性和结构设计两方面出发,系统地综述了纳米纤维素在水体系重金属离子去除领域的研究现状,并对其中存在的科学技术问题进行总结。最后,展望了纳米纤维素在水体系重金属离子去除领域的发展趋势。     

Polymeric organogel as an effective approach for eradication of heavy metal ions As,Pb, Cd,and Cr from the surface of groundwater through adsorption stratagem

Excess metal pollutant has affected and caused serious havoc in the lives of terrestrial as well as aquatic beings. The core of this work revolves around eradicating highly toxic heavy metal ions from underground water systems using a cost-effective, high removal efficiency polymeric adsorbent capable of adsorbing and removing ionic metals whose backbone is composed of a bio-degradable polymer, polyvinyl alcohol. The obtained adsorbent was characterized using FT-IR, HNMR, and P-XRD. Morphological studies were carried out using SEM. Detection and adsorption of metal ions were performed using SEM–EDX and AAS; wherein the adsorbent was found to remove nearly 80% of arsenic ions, 70.5% and 70.7% for lead and chromium ions while 60.7% for cadmium ions, respectively. Further, the kinetics of adsorption along with intraparticle diffusion studies were also performed to determine the mechanism alongside observing the isothermal influence of the sorbent. The adsorption capacity was seen to be highest in arsenic at around 570.42 mg g⁻¹ thus acting as a potential and effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from groundwater.     

Application of anionic acrylamide‐based hydrogels in the removal of heavy metals from waste water

Crosslinked acrylamide (AM) and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) homopolymers and copolymers were prepared by free radical solution polymerization using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinker. The chemical structures of hydrogels were characterized by FTIR analysis and the results were consistent with the expected structures. These hydrogels were used for the separation of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Fe(III) ions from their aqueous solutions. The influence of the uptake conditions such as pH, time and initial feed concentration on the metal ion binding capacity of hydrogel was also tested. The selectivity of the hydrogel towards the different metal ions tested was Cd(II) > Cu(II) > Fe(III). It was observed that the specific interaction between metal ions and ionic comonomers in the hydrogel affected the metal binding capacity of the hydrogel. The recovery of metal ions was also investigated in acid media. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

三维网络水凝胶在重金属和染料吸附方面的研究进展

近年来,三维网络水凝胶由于具有较高的吸附容量、较快的吸附速率和较好的再生性能,在废水处理方面受到了人们的广泛关注。本文简单介绍了三维网络水凝胶,重点评述了在重金属离子和染料废水方面的研究进展,并探讨了三维网络水凝胶吸附处理中存在的问题,展望了今后重点研究的方向。     

Recent developments of metal oxide semiconductors as photocatalysts in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for treatment of dye waste‐water

The textile industry presents a global pollution problem owing to the dumping or accidental discharge of dye waste‐water into waterways, which is having a major impact on the quality and aesthetics of water resources. The World Bank estimates that 17 to 20% of industrial water pollution comes from textile dyeing and treatment. This percentage represents an appalling environmental challenge for clothing designers and other textile manufacturers. Recently, the application of metal oxide semiconductors in the advanced oxidation process (AOP) has gained wide interest for the treatment of dye waste‐water owing to its good degradation efficiency, low toxicity and physical and chemical properties. AOP refers to a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic and inorganic materials from waste‐water by oxidation. In this paper, recently developed metal oxide semiconductors are discussed, in which the semiconductors are generally divided into three categories: (i) titanium dioxide; (ii) zinc oxide; and (iii) other metal oxides (such as vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, indium oxide and cerium oxide). The syntheses and modification methods as well as the efficiency of each category are discussed and analyzed. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

城市污泥中重金属存在形态、去除及稳定化研究进展

城市污水处理厂污泥产生量大,含有丰富的有机质、氮、磷、钾等农作物所需营养物质,但由于受重金属的污染使污泥无法直接农用。本文简述了城市污泥重金属的来源、特点及危害。重点论述了城市污泥中重金属去除和稳定方法,包括化学法（电化学法、化学试剂法）、生物法（微生物法、植物法、低等动物法）、物理法（超临界流体萃取、微波和超声）及联合技术。分析了各种方法处理污泥重金属过程中重金属的形态变化及其对处理效果的影响,对比各种方法的优缺点、影响因素及适用范围。指出污泥中重金属形态分布是影响去除效果的关键因素,污泥中重金属形态分布差异性大,且大部分重金属以稳定或相对稳定的状态存在,导致物理法和生物法去除效率较低,微生物和低等动物处理法相比植物法（备受时空限制）则表现出更好的适应性;电化学法对可氧化、可还原态分布的重金属都能起到较好的转化去除作用,但往往受由污泥向污泥液相中转移过程的控制,电损耗较突出;化学试剂浸提剂是目前效率较高的方法,但强酸环境常导致污泥营养物质流失和酸根离子累积,农用时容易板结而不利于污泥土地利用。因此,以土地利用为前提的条件下,将各种处理技术联合运用以提高污泥重金属去除率有待于进一步研究。     

一种水处理用聚合胍杀菌剂的制备及评价

以盐酸胍、十二烷基二甲基叔胺、二乙烯三胺为原料,制备了聚合胍杀菌剂OG-23。杀菌性能及粘泥剥离性能评价显示,OG-23在投加量为40 mg/L时,对TGB、SRB、FB的杀菌率达99.999%;在投加量为50 mg/L时,粘泥剥离率为81.45%。OG-23杀菌及粘泥剥离效果明显优于1227及双季铵盐等常规杀菌剂。     

Preparation and in vitro evaluation of hydrophobic‐modified montmorillonite stabilized pickering emulsion for overdose acetaminophen removal

Pickering emulsion stabilized with hydrophobic‐modified montmorillonite (HMMT) was proposed for treating acute overdose acetaminophen intoxication, with a rapid removal rate, better stability, and good biocompatibility. The tiny HMMT was able to adsorb at the oil‐water interface of the Pickering emulsion to reduce the interfacial energy along with the formation of solid particle layer, in order to enhance the stability of the emulsion and improve the removal performance. With a fast removal rate, the detoxifying Pickering emulsion removed 0.5 g/L acetaminophen in the simulated gastric fluid to 0.13 g/L in 6 min, which is less than the intoxication content of 0.15 g/L, with a leakage ratio of lower than 4 % in simulated intestinal fluid over 4 h. Such a detoxifying emulsion was prepared at 55 °C with 2 % organoclay (HMMT) as the emulsifier, 6 % tributyl phosphate (TBP) as the extractant, and 0.1 mol/L NaOH as the inner phase in the volume ratio of 5:7. All the results denoted that the Pickering emulsion could be a promising candidate for the acute oral intoxication treatment.