阵列形式及阵元失效对统计最优近场声全息重建结果的影响分析

为探究阵列形式以及阵元失效两种阵列因素对声场重建结果的影响,基于统计最优近场声全息(Statistically Optimal Near-field Acoustical Holography,SONAH)理论,仿真计算了网格阵列、圆形阵列、均布非规则阵列的声场重建结果。得出:网格阵列和均布非规则阵列都能准确识别声源位置,圆形阵列不能用于SONAH声场重建;模拟研究了典型失效模式下阵元失效产生的影响,结果表明:阵元失效后在失效点处会出现伪声源,其大小与失效点和声源距离有关。由此给出并分析了阵元失效的补偿方法,基于该方法对典型失效模式进行了算例仿真并分析计算了重建误差限,结果显示:采用该方法能消除伪声源,较好地识别声源位置。从而验证了该方法的有效性,为实际工程测量提供了指导与借鉴。     

水下声全息近场测量中阵元位置误差的校正方法研究

研究了水下近场扫描测量用的均匀水听器线阵各阵元位置误差的校正方法.该方法使用事先设置的校正源,在校正过程中将垂直悬挂的水听器线阵相对于支架轴以己知角度旋转两次,利用不同位置阵元的观测数据就能准确地估计各阵元位置.然后与理想的测量点位置进行比较,得到各阵元的位置误差,根据泰勒级数展开,将理想测量点处的声场值表示为实际测量值与一个误差因子组合的形式,迭代修正计算后可以得到精确的近场数据.计算机模拟的结果验证了本文方法的有效性.     

一种用于小平台的阵列虚拟阵元波束形成方法

水下小平台(UUV、AUV等)的探测方面往往面临自身尺寸的限制,而无法按照常规的方式进行阵列布放。目前阵列信号处理大多基于波束形成对其进行信号处理,因此阵孔径的大小直接决定目标方位探测的各项性能。本文提出一种虚拟阵元波束形成方法,相对于常规方法在水下小平台的阵列信号处理方面得到了较好的应用。     

一种多子阵合成孔径声纳CS成像算法

由于方位向采样不均匀,已有的频域算法如CS算法（ChirpScaling）等不能直接应用于多子阵合成孔径声纳成像．提出了一种可用于方位向不均匀采样多子阵合成孔径声纳的CS成像算法。此方法利用多子阵合成孔径声纳系统等间隔布阵和匀速直线运动的特点,将方位向不均匀采样的傅立叶变换分解为若干均匀采样的傅立叶变换,从而可以利用FFT提高计算效率。成像结果及分析表明,此方法可以很好应用于多子阵合成孔径声纳成像,并保持了标准CS算法快速高效的特点。     

声压基阵误差单辅助矢量水听器快速校准方法

针对方位依赖的声压基阵误差校正困难问题,提出了声压基阵误差单辅助矢量水听器快速校准方法。利用精确校正的单只矢量水听器,就可以对声源方位及方位依赖的声压基阵幅度相位误差,进行无模糊的联合估计。由于阵元位置误差、互耦及通道的幅度相位误差均可以等效为方位依赖的基阵幅度相位误差,所以可以对多种同时存在的基阵误差进行校正。该方法适用于任意的阵列结构,不存在参数联合估计的局部收敛问题,只需参数的一维搜索,运算量小可实时在线完成。通过计算机仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

矢量水听器阵列虚拟阵元波束形成

在信号频率一定的情况下,常规波束形成方法需要通过增大基阵孔径来提高目标方位的估计精度,但这会受到实际工程应用的限制。在研究矢量水听器波束形成的基础上,提出了基于Taylor级数展开的虚拟阵元波束形成方法。该方法针对有限尺度双十字阵型的矢量水听器基阵,根据已知阵元接收的数据,运用Taylor级数展开方法估计虚拟阵元上的接收数据,使基阵孔径在虚拟意义上得以扩大。从而改善了阵列的波束性能,窄化主瓣和抑制旁瓣,实现了空间分辨率的提高。仿真和试验数据结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

无方位模糊的非均匀稀疏阵MVDR测向方法

稀疏阵能够获得更大的阵列孔径,但常规波束形成(Conventional Beam-Forming,CBF)对非均匀稀疏阵测向时会出现方位模糊。提出了一种基于最小方差无畸变响应(Minimal Variance Distortionless Response,MVDR)同局部非稀疏的非均匀稀疏阵(Non-Uniform Sparse Array,NUSA)的设计相结合来抑制方位模糊的方法(NUSA+MVDR),对其无方位模糊现象进行了理论分析,表明MVDR这一非线性处理方法对伪峰有很好的抑制能力。针对一种典型的NUSA(Typical NUSA,TNUSA),进行了TNUSA+MVDR数值仿真实验,其结果和理论分析一致,表明:1 MVDR有很强的NUSA检测能力,在所给仿真条件下,等效阵元间距为50倍波长时,仍能很好地抑制方位模糊;2TNUSA+MVDR较阵元数相同的均匀非稀疏阵列的CBF和MVDR有更高的方位分辨力;3阵元数一定,TNUSA+MVDR方位分辨力随着等效间距增加而提高,最小可分辨角度反比于等效间距;4等效间距一定,TNUSA+MVDR方位分辨力随阵元数增加而增加。海上实验在等效阵元间距为10倍波长条件下部分验证了NUSA+MVDR的检测性能。     

参量阵声纳的新应用分析

介绍了近几年国外参量阵技术在浅海探测声纳、吊放声纳、鱼雷自导声纳、浅海水声通讯等方面的应用进展情况。针对频率为30kHz的线性小目标探测声纳,对原频90kHz、差频30kHz的非线性参量阵进行了性能估算,结果表明,参量阵声纳在高混响背景下探测小目标的性能优于线性声纳。文章还分析了参量阵声纳的新应用所面临的一些技术难点,给出了一种相对简单的宽带参量阵的实现方法。     

固态拖线阵和液态拖线阵的试验分析

拖曳线列阵声纳以低频、大孔径等特点而受到关注。作为湿端的主要组成部分,拖线阵的发展也比较迅速。由于应用较早,液态拖线阵技术已经比较成熟。相比于液态拖线阵,固态拖线阵具有自身的特点,因此近年来对固态拖线阵的研究也逐渐增多。为了比较两种成阵工艺对拖曳线列阵性能的影响,进行了湖试,通过对湖试数据进行分析,比较两种拖线阵中阵元一致性和拖线阵波束形成性能的差异。结果表明,在阵元一致性方面,液态拖线阵和固态拖线阵的性能基本相似;在波束形成性能方面,静态时两者性能无明显的差别;在拖曳状态下,固态拖线阵对拖曳时产生的噪声敏感性低,因而具有更好的波束形成性能。     

基于稳健Capon波束形成的阵形校正

由于受地形、海流和布放方法等的影响,声阵在布放后通常会偏离原定阵形。若直接利用原定阵形作方位估计,则各种高分辨方位估计算法的性能通常会退化甚至失效。因此,为了在实际中应用这些算法,必须对阵元的位置进行校正。RCB(Robust Capon Beamforming)是最近提出的一种稳健自适应波束形成算法,该算法直接对导向矢量进行估计,并用估计的导向矢量作波束形成,从而有效避免了因阵列流形失配而导致的算法性能下降。借用RCB的思想,提出一种新的阵形校正方法,该方法对导向矢量进行估计,然后用估计的导向矢量推导出阵元的位置。湖试结果表明了该校正方法的有效性。     

Fault-tolerant sensor systems using evolvable hardware

This paper describes a system that is robust with respect to a sensor failure. The system utilizes multiple sensor inputs (three in this case) connected to a programmable device that averages the outputs from the sensors. The programmable device is programmed using evolvable hardware techniques. If one or more of the input sensors fail, then the controller detects the failure and initiates a reprogramming of the circuit. The system then continues to operate with a reduced number of sensors. The failure detection is accomplished by comparing the actual system output with a Kalman-filter estimate of the output. If the actual output and the filter estimate differ by an amount greater than the system uncertainty, then a failure is noted. The system is robust to several different failure modes: sensor fails as open circuit, sensor fails as short circuit, partial failures, multiple sensors fail, field programmable analog array input amplifier failure. This paper describes the experimental setup as well as results using actual temperature sensors. For all failure types, the system was able to recover to within 2% of the target value.     

A novel thermal sensor concept for flow direction and flow velocity

This paper presents a unified theory for different measurement concepts of a thermal flow sensor. Based on this theory, a new flow sensor concept is derived. The concept allows measuring both direction and velocity of a fluid flow with a heater and an array of temperature sensors. This paper first analyzes the two-dimensional (2-D) forced convection problem with a laminar flow. The two operation modes of a constant heating power and of a constant heater temperature are considered in the analytical model. A novel estimation algorithm was derived for the flow direction. Different methods for velocity measurement were presented: the hot-wire method, the calorimetric method, and the novel average-temperature method. The only geometric parameter of the sensor, the dimensionless position of the sensor array, is optimized based on the analytical results. Furthermore, the paper presents the experimental results of the sensor prototype. In order to verify the analytical model, an array of temperature sensors was used for recording the 2-D temperature profile around the heater. Temperature values are transferred to a computer by a multiplexer. A program running on a personal computer extracts the actual flow velocity and flow direction from the measured temperature data. This paper discusses different evaluation algorithms, which can be used for this sensor. A simple Gaussian estimator was derived for the direction measurement. This estimator provides the same accuracy as the analytical estimator. Velocity results of both the calorimetric concept and the novel average-temperature concept are also presented.     

矢量线阵二维波达方位估计的方法

声矢量传感器南声压传感器和质点振速传感器组成,它可以空间共点、时间同步测量声场的声压标量和振速矢量信息。钏对声压线阵无法同时分辨目标的方位角和俯仰角,而三维矢量传感器线阵会带来成本的增加和工程应用上的困难．利用二维矢量传感器组成的直线阵对目标的二维波达方位进行联合估计,详细推导了矢量阵MUSIC算法的数学表达式,并着重对矢量线阵在三维坐标不同轴上时对方位估计的影响进行了研究。仿真结果表明二维矢量线阵布放在水平的X轴或Y轴上时存在方位模糊．而布放在垂直的Z轴上时可以实现全空间无模糊定向,且对双目标也有较高的分辨率。     

Dual SAW sensor technique for determining mass and modulus changes

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, which are sensitive to a variety of surface changes, have been widely used for chemical and physical sensing. The ability to control or compensate for the many surface forces has been instrumental in collecting valid data. In cases in which it is not possible to neglect certain effects, such as frequency drift with temperature, methods such as the "dual sensor" technique have been utilized. This paper describes a novel use of a dual sensor technique, using two sensor materials (quartz and GaAs) to separate out the contributions of mass and modulus of the frequency change during gas adsorption experiments. The large modulus change in the film calculated using this technique and predicted by the Gassmann equation provide a greater understanding of the challenges of SAW sensing.     

稀疏矢量阵设计的模拟退火算法

对于均匀间隔线列阵,由采样定理可知,当阵元间距超过信号波长的一半时,指向性图会产生与目标等高的栅瓣。为了获得高分辨率,同时避免栅瓣出现,需要大量的传感器。为了减少设备复杂度,可以采用稀疏布阵技术,以较少的阵元获得较高的分辨力。将模拟退火算法应用到稀疏矢量水听器阵的设计中。通过优化阵元位置控制指向性图,可以获得无栅瓣的指向性图。给出了优化后的稀疏矢量阵与均匀间隔矢量阵的指向性图比较。     

A novel method for reducing the dimensionality in a sensor array

Specific types of gas sensors are normally produced by adding different dopants to a common substrate. The advancement of technology has made the fabrication of many dopants and consequently various sensors possible. As a result, in each family of gas sensors, one can find tens of different sensors which are only slightly different in the spectrum of response to various volatile compounds. The wide variety of available gas sensors creates a selection problem for any specific application. Sensor selection/reduction becomes even more important when cost and technology limitations are issues of concern. Accordingly, a methodology by which one can tailor a sensor array to a specific need is highly desirable. In this paper, a novel method is introduced to address this task using data from an electronic nose that uses polymer gas sensors. This method has been delineated based on the geometry of eigenvectors in Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The methodology is general and therefore suitable for many other feature selection problems     

Tactile sensor based on piezoelectric resonance

We discuss here the realization of tactile sensors based on the principle of change in piezoelectric resonance frequency with the applied pressure. An array of electrodes has been adopted on either side of the PZT material to have independent resonators. The common areas sandwiched between the electrodes and excitable at resonance frequency of the PZT material are used to form the sensitive area of the tactile sensor. The electrodes were deposited using sputtering technique. Tactile sensors with 3/spl times/3, 7/spl times/7, and 15/spl times/15 array of electrodes are developed with different electrode dimensions and separation between the electrodes. The tactile sensor has been interfaced to computer for the convenience of automatic scanning and making it more user interactive. The tactile sensors developed with different spatial resolution were tested for different shaped objects placed in contact with the sensor. The 3/spl times/3 matrix tactile sensor showed relatively poor spatial resolution, whereas the 15/spl times/15- matrix tactile sensor showed improved spatial resolution. The sensor with 7/spl times/7 matrix elements was tested for its sensitivity to different extents of applied force/pressure. The output response study carried out on the sensors indicated that these sensors can provide information not only about the extent of force/pressure applied on the object, but also the contour of the object which is in contact with the sensor.     

Sensitivity enhancement of grating interferometer based two-dimensional sensor arrays using two-wavelength readout

Diffraction gratings integrated with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors offer displacement measurements with subnanometer sensitivity. However, the sensitivity of the interferometric readout may drop significantly based on the gap between the grating and the reference surface. A two-wavelength (2-λ) readout method was previously tested using a single MEMS sensor for illustrating increased displacement measurement capability. This work demonstrates sensitivity enhancement on a sensor array with large scale parallelization (~20,000 sensors). The statistical representation, which is developed to model sensitivity enhancement within a grating based sensor array, is supported by experimental results using a thermal sensor array. In the experiments, two lasers at different wavelengths (633 and 650 nm) illuminate the thermal sensor array from the backside, time-sequentially. The diffracted first order light from the array is imaged onto a single CCD camera. The target scene is reconstructed by observing the change in the first diffracted order diffraction intensity for both wavelengths. Merging of the data from two measurements with two lasers was performed by taking the larger of the two CCD measurements with respect to the reference image for each sensor. ~30% increase in the average sensitivity was demonstrated for a 160×120 pixel IR sensor array. Proposed architecture is also applicable to a variety of sensing applications, such as parallel biosensing and atomic force microscopy, for improved displacement measurements and enhanced sensitivity.     

基于时延估计的海底线阵阵形估计方法研究

阵形估计是水听器阵列应用中的关键问题,基于时延估计的阵形估计方法比基于传感器测量和基于匹配场处理的方法具有更强的适应性和较高的精度。针对浅海水听器阵列中水平长线阵存在的纵向相关振荡现象引起的不能简单以某一阵元为基准求相对时延的问题,充分利用了阵元信号的高相关性,提出了基于子阵时延的阵形估计方法,针对子阵间时延估计误差向阵端累积的问题,该方法以时延估计的克拉美罗界为依据提出了合理的子阵方式,在一定程度上减小了误差传递。对已有海试数据阵形估计处理的结果表明,相对于单源固定间距方法和未分子阵的双源时延估计方法,基于子阵时延的阵形估计方法满足阵元间距的约束,有较好的空间谱特性,减小了阵形估计误差,对长水听器阵列的应用及阵形估计具有较大应用价值。     

The van der Pauw stress sensor

Piezoresistive sensors fabricated on (100) and (111) silicon surfaces are capable of measuring from four to all six components of the stress state at a point on the surface of an integrated circuit die. Such resistor-based sensors have been successfully designed and fabricated on these wafer planes and have been used successfully for measurement of die stresses in electronic packages by many research teams. In this paper, classical van der Pauw (VDP) structures, traditionally used for sheet resistance measurement, are shown to provide more than three times the sensitivity of standard resistor sensors. A single four-terminal VDP device replaces two resistor rosette elements and inherently utilizes the high-accuracy four-wire resistance measurement method. Theoretical expressions are developed for the change in resistance of the VDP device as a function of the individual stress components resolved in wafer coordinate systems on both the (100) and (111) silicon surfaces, and it is predicted theoretically that VDP devices will exhibit more than three times higher sensitivity to stress than standard resistor sensors. Design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of VDP and resistor test structures are presented for both silicon surfaces, and numerical simulation is used to help resolve discrepancies between theory and experiment. Sources of experimental error are identified, and the 3.16 times sensitivity enhancement of the VDP device is confirmed.