冷凝器炉中钎焊温度场三维有限元分析

文中对SF-X05平行流式汽车空调冷凝器在钎焊炉中的传热行为进行了分析.通过定义工件表面不同区域的辐射率、对流换热系数来表征不同区域受到的热流密度的差异关系,从而优化了冷凝器三维数值模拟的算法.同时,分析了冷凝器炉中钎焊的温度场,对比实测与模拟结果,试验结果表明了所开发的有限元模拟程序的准确性,从而为后续的工艺改进提供一个有效的理论分析手段,达到节省试验成本的目的.     

基于H13钢水淬在线监测的热处理数值模拟优化

为准确预测厚度较厚的H13钢热处理过程中的温度场和淬火残余应力,对规格为φ300 mm×350mm的H13钢工件进行淬火实时温度监测,分别设置了位于芯部、亚表面(离外表面10 mm)、1/3R(离圆心50 mm)和2/3R(离圆心100 mm)处的监测点。考虑钢/水对流换热系数受沸腾条件和热辐射的影响,对对流换热系数h进行了优化。结果表明各个温度监测点的试验结果与计算结果相符,证明经过优化后的对流换热系数可应用于大截面尺寸工件温度场的预测。模拟工件淬火后的应力场并结合显微组织观察发现,淬火在750 s前后出现芯部、表面最大的拉压峰值应力差,证明大尺寸工件淬火存在淬火危险期。     

Dependence of heat transfer coefficient at quenching on diameter of cylindrical workpieces

Abstract

For computer simulation of a quenching process, the fundamental prerequisite is to have the relevant heat transfer coefficient (HTC) calculated as a function of the workpiece’s surface temperature and time respectively. In order to calculate the HTC experimental measurement of the temperature–time history (cooling curve) near the workpiece surface is necessary. In this investigation, cylindrical probes with diameters of 20, 50 and 80 mm are used. The cooling curve was always measured 1 mm below the surface of the probe. Special care has been taken to keep all other factors (e.g. design of the probes, temperature measurement, quenching conditions and calculation procedure), which can influence the calculated HTC, constant, in order to ensure that the only variable is the diameter of the probe. Assuming a radially symmetrical heat flow at the half length of the probe, the HTC was calculated using one-dimensional inverse heat conduction method. The unexpected striking result of this investigation is the fact that for the probe diameter (80 mm) the calculated HTC as a function of surface temperature does not show the film boiling phase. A plausible explanation for this effect is given, based on the critical heat flux density. The possibility of establishing a simple fixed relation (a correction factor) between the HTC and the diameter of cylinders is discussed.     

Problems and solutions for determination of carbon transfer coefficient β using steel foil carburising method

Abstract

In this paper, the carburising process of steel foil was simulated by numerical method and the carbon transfer coefficient β at the workpiece surface was calculated with the conventional formula for the steel foil carburising test. The results indicated that foil thickness, carburising time and carbon diffusion coefficient in foil apparently affect the calculated carbon transfer coefficient, which always has a smaller value than the preset β value (the true value) and decreases with decreasing carbon diffusion coefficient. This paper suggests that the conventional formula is applicable only when carbon diffusion coefficient in foil is close to infinity; otherwise, the calculated β has obvious error and consequently, gives false information about the influences of other test factors. We propose a new calculation method based on the analytical solution of the diffusion equation during steel foil carburising and a supplementary test, with which the calculated β coefficient is close to the true value, and the carbon diffusion coefficient can be obtained simultaneously.     

STUDIES ON THE HEAT TRANSFER BEHAVIOUR OF THE INTERFACE BETWEEN WORKPIECE AND MEDIA IN THE QUENCHING PROCESS

1.IntroductionQuenchingisthemostcommonlytisedmethodofmetalhardening.Meanwhileitisalsothetechnologicalprocessinwhichthedeformationandcrackingoccursmosteasily.Inthe1970sstudieswereconductedonthenumericalsimulationofthequenchingprocessll--31.Thesestudieshoweverweresomehowconstrainedbysomefactors.Theimpropertreatmentoftheboundaryconditionisoneoftheimportantfactors.Thedimensionsofworkpiece,thetypesofmediaandthesurfacepositionofworkpieceetc.significantlyaffecttheheattransfercoefficientbetweenthewor…     

A critical analysis of weld heat input measurement through a water-cooled stationary anode calorimeter

Comprehensive models of heat transfer require specification of the total amount of heat received by the workpiece. The objective of this work was to critically examine the use of a water-cooled stationary anode calorimeter to obtain both arc efficiency and total heat input into the workpiece. For simplicity and clarity, this last quantity is called the gross heat input. The effects of current, material type and water flow rate on the calorimeter performance were determined experimentally. Some measures for reducing errors in calorimetry were evaluated. Improvements were made to reduce heat losses from the top surface of the test coupon and boost heat removal from the opposite surface. A sensitivity test was conducted to estimate the effect of measurement inaccuracies. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of calorimetry for measuring gross heat input in arc welding.     

高速线材热连轧过程温度场数值模拟

通过对高速线材轧制过程各个环节传热关系及边界条件的分析,采用有限差分法建立了热连轧过程三维温度场计算模型。结合生产实践,利用该模型对整个连轧过程进行了温度模拟,得出轧件同一截面上心部、中部和外表面上从出炉到吐丝共26道次的温降曲线,计算结果和实测值吻合较好。     

气淬过程中换热系数的数值模拟

为了研究淬火时流体与工件的对流换热,用计算流体的数值方法(CFD)对空气喷射平板探头的淬火传热过程做了模拟计算,得到了流体与平板探头之间的随平板温度和平板表面位置变化的换热系数,与试验结果比较吻合,应用模拟计算可简单准确地了解气体淬火传热过程,为制定气淬工艺提供参考依据,应该成为气淬过程重要的研究手段。     

宽厚板支承辊差温热处理工艺研究与生产实践

在宽厚板支承辊差温热处理加热过程中进行了实际测温及数值模拟,得到辊身不同深度处的温度场分布,确定了支承辊表面与差温炉之间的换热边界条件,制定了宽厚板支承辊生产件的差温热处理工艺。生产实践表明,采用差温热处理的厚板支承辊,硬度均匀性较高△HSD≤4,表面金相组织为性能优良的回火马氏体。     

热处理数值模拟进展之一——扩展求解域热处理数值模拟

金属热处理是复杂的多场耦合非线性物理过程,本文简要归纳前人有关"耦合换热"的研究成果,在此基础上首次提出了扩展求解域的热处理模型。它将温度场的求解域扩展到加热或冷却的热处理工件及其周围环境。用壁面函数法处理流场与固体之间换热,多物体多表面之间的辐射热交换用离散坐标法处理。各物体(子域)界面上的热流密度和温度是耦合换热的计算结果而不是预设定的边界条件。避免了现有的热处理模型中预先设定工件表面的边界条件所遇到的困难和不确定性,有助于更接近于实际生产的情况。本文以新型罩式渗氮炉的设计为例,运用扩展求解域的热处理数值模拟方法成功地进行了设备虚拟设计,证明了该模型具有巨大的优越性。     

搅拌摩擦焊过程中搅拌头温度场分布特征

试验测定了搅拌头温度分布曲线,分析了搅拌头温度场的分布特征,对比研究了不同材质搅拌头温度分布的特点.结果表明,摩擦焊初始阶段,搅拌区域金属的软化致使摩擦针与试板之间的摩擦产热量降低,在搅拌头轴肩与试板接触之前,搅拌头温度出现滞涨,并出现一定程度的回落;稳定焊接阶段,摩擦热传递至搅拌头的热量与通过其散失的热量处于动平衡状态,其温度波动较小;高速旋转搅拌头的表面与周围空气进行强烈的热交换,搅拌头轴线上的温度高于外缘的温度;采用比热容小、热导率高材质制作的搅拌头,焊接过程中其温度变化快,整体温度高.     

热处理工艺对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金机械性能的影响研究

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金属于时效强化合金,主要靠析出硬化来提高强度.以Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系中的7039铝合金为实验材料,进行析出硬化热处理研究.采用T4、T6、T73、T76等4种不同的热处理工艺条件与4种不同的淬火方式(冷水、沸水、热油、鼓风)分别进行实验,并对每组工艺参数处理下的试片进行硬度测量,找出最佳的热处理工艺参数.研究结果表明:采用T73的时效处理可得到较高的硬度值,淬火方式对铝合金的硬度影响较小,但鼓风淬火明显低于其它三种方式.由于固溶处理后合金表面处在压应力状态内部处在拉应力状态,因此应采用较为缓和的淬火方式,如沸水淬火和热油淬火,以减小工件的内应力.     

渗氮炉内流速场的数值模拟

为了研究渗氮炉内气体的分布状态,建立了三维湍流数学模型,应用计算流体动力学(CFD)的方法分别得到了渗氮炉空炉和加入工件时的气体速度分布.该渗氮炉空炉时工作区域内气体速度比较均匀,工件加入后渗氮炉内流速场变化很大,因此对于不同形状和炉内不同位置的工件,需要分别模拟计算各自的速度场.同时用数字涡轮风速仪对炉内的气体流速进行了测量,测量结果与模拟计算结果基本吻合,所以该数值模拟方法可以作为热处理工艺和热处理炉型优化设计预测的依据.     

An investigation of workpiece temperature variation of helical milling for carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP)

Better prediction about the temperature distribution of workpiece has a great significance for improving performance of cutting process, especially relating to the workpiece of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). In this paper, a heat transfer model is developed to investigate the temperature distribution of CFRP workpiece in helical milling process. Depending on characteristics of helical milling, two kinds of heat sources have been presented, the geometrical shapes of which are modeled as semicircle arc and line. The complex trajectory of each heat source relative to the stable workpiece has been studied. Based on the analysis, unsteady state three-dimensional governing equation of heat transfer in CFRP workpiece with adiabatic boundary condition is proposed. The solution procedure of this nonhomogeneous heat transfer equation consists of two steps: it is transformed into homogeneous equation according to the heat transfer theory firstly; and then the homogeneous equation is solved using the separation of variables. Basing on the solution of the homogeneous equation, the temperature distribution resulting from the moving semicircle arc heat source and the line heat source has been studied detailedly. In order to calculate the heat generation in the helical milling process, a cutting force model is presented and the heat partition transferring into the CFRP workpiece is solved using the Conjugate Gradient Method. A series of tests of helical milling for CFRP are conducted, and the experiment results agree well with the results calculated by the predicted model. This model can be extended to optimize the cutting condition and restrain the thermal damage of the CFRP workpiece.     

热传导反算模型的建立及其在求解界面热流过程中的应用

基于热传导反算中的非线性估算法,建立了求解界面热流及换热系数的数学模型,并在此基础上开发了热传导反算程序.通过在网格边界上施加三角形热流,求解出网格内部不同位置点的温度变化曲线,然后以求解出的温度为输入数据,利用反算程序求解出界面热流,通过对比求解的热流和实际的热流,验证了该模型的准确性.同时本文还分析了测温传感器的滞后、热流形状、计算参数、采样频率以及测温点离表面的距离对于计算结果的影响,并且针对相关问题提出了解决方案.     

Ti2AlNb结构件高压气淬过程数值模拟

高压气淬过程中,由于冷却速率较大,工件易产生热应力,甚至发生塑性变形或开裂,因此能准确预测高压气淬过程中工件热应力分布对于工业生产尤为重要.本研究运用计算流体力学法建立了交流流动型立式高压气淬炉气淬过程的数值传热和湍流模型,模拟了Ti2AlNb超塑成形/扩散连接空心结构件的气淬过程,并通过间接耦合法得到Ti2AlNb结...     

流态化渗碳碳传递系数试验研究及数学模型

以丁烷加空气为流态化渗碳气源,系统试验研究了流态化渗碳温度、气氛碳势、刚玉粒径及表观流态化速度等对碳传递系数的影响。利用单纯形方法回归建立了不同条件下流态化渗碳碳传递系数数学模型和综合影响因素数学模型,试验验证表明,该数学模型具有较高的拟合精度。     

淬火冷却系统的设计及计算机模拟

淬火是钢铁零件热处理的关键工序之一。淬火冷却系统的设计和结构对工件获得良好的淬火质量具有极为重要的作用。论述了淬火槽容积的确定,工件的热量向淬火剂的传递,淬火液的搅拌方式及搅拌强度的确定和检测,以及CFD技术在淬火冷却系统设计中的应用。     

Infrared-optical properties and heat transfer coefficients of semitransparent thermal barrier coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) which are used in aircraft and land-based gas turbines for thermal insulation of thermally highly loaded components are usually semitransparent in the infrared spectral region at higher temperatures. Thus, at turbine surface conditions the total heat transfer coefficient of TBCs increases above the heat transfer coefficient caused by solid heat conduction alone.The solid thermal conductivity of electron beam physical vapor deposited (EB-PVD) partially yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings derived from laser flash measurements were correlated with the microstructure of the coatings, which was adjusted by defined heat treatments. To obtain the contribution of the radiative transfer on the total heat transfer coefficient, infrared-optical characterizations were carried out at ambient and elevated temperatures.A theoretical model was developed which can be used to describe the heat transfer through semitransparent, absorbing and scattering media. Finally, the total heat transfer, caused by solid thermal conduction, radiative transfer and an interaction of both is derived for the coatings prepared in this work. Additionally the measurement method BBC (black body boundary conditions) which is suitable to determine spectral transmittance and emittance at elevated temperatures is introduced.     

热送热装工艺的数值模拟

为了研究热送热装工艺过程中铸坯的温度变化和热量得失,优化现场生产制度,以某钢厂的热送热装工艺为依据,利用有限元法建立了倒角坯冷却凝固、辊道运输和在炉加热的二维传热模型,并结合现场测温验证了模型的正确性。结果表明,铸坯在热送过程中会形成角部温度最低、窄面次之、芯部温度最高的类椭圆形温度分布;在炉加热过程中低温区域会由角部逐渐向芯部移动,会逐渐形成角部温度最高、芯部温度最低的类椭圆形分布。在炉加热时,铸坯在加热一段吸热量最大,约占总吸热量的52.01%,对加热影响最大;其次为加热二段,所占比例为35.26%,预热段和均热段吸热量较小。通过对热送热装工艺的数值模拟研究,发现现有工艺存在铸坯在炉加热时间过长的问题,现有工艺下铸坯进入均热段368 s即可出炉,可以通过调节生产节奏或降低炉温的方式,提高产量或降低加热炉能耗。