Fatigue properties of friction stir welded butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy

The fatigue properties of friction stir welded(FSW) butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy were investigated.The comparative fatigue tests were carried out using EHF-EM200K2-070-1A fatigue testing machine for both FSW butt joint and base metal specimens.The fatigue fractures were observed and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope of JSM-6063 LA type.The experimental results show that the fatigue performance of the FSW butt joint of MB8 magnesium alloy is sharply decreased.The conditional fatigue limit(2 × 10~6) of base metal and welded butt joint is about77.44 MPa and 49.91 MPa,respectively.The conditional fatigue limit(2 × 10~6) of the welded butt joint is 64.45%of that of base metal.The main reasons are that the welding can lead to stress concentration in the flash area,tensile welding residual stress in the welded joint(The residual stress value was 30.5 MPa),as well as the grain size is not uniform in the heat-affected zone.The cleavage steps or quasi-cleavage patterns present on the fatigue fracture surface,the fracture type of the FSW butt joint belongs to a brittle fracture.     

An analysis of through-thickness residual stresses in aluminium FSW butt joints

In the paper, the results of a wide experimental campaign on friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys are reported. The attention was focused on the through-thickness residual stresses that occur on aluminum joints, after the welding process. In detail, using the hole-drilling method the residual stresses distribution in the zone close to the tool shoulder border of the joint advancing side, has been investigated; four different aluminum alloys and three different process conditions have been considered. The experimental analysis has shown that unlike traditional welding processes, the residual stresses are negative in the surface of the examined zone, and increase with depth until values of about 100–150 MPa that occur at a depth of about 0.5–1.0 mm. As expected, the maximum value of the residual stresses induced by the FSW process influences the mechanical behavior of the joint significantly, as it has been observed for the AA6082-T6 aluminum alloy by considering its static and fatigue resistance.Such results corroborate that the hole-drilling method, widely employed in the industrial field due to its simplicity and low cost, can be used for an accurate estimation of the maximum residual stresses that occur in an aluminum butt joint obtained by friction stir welding.     

超声冲击改进地铁车辆焊接裂纹修复质量的探究

目的 针对地铁车辆车体、转向架构架疲劳裂纹频发的问题,探索超声冲击工艺增强焊接结构件疲劳强度的机理和可行性.方法 分别利用机械打磨和不同工艺参数的超声冲击处理SMA490BW钢焊接对接接头,借助应力分析仪、金相显微镜、超声疲劳机、扫描电镜等,综合分析试样的应力分布、接头形貌、晶粒组织、疲劳寿命以及断口形貌,以对比不同处理方式的强化效果.结果 超声冲击处理可有效改善对接接头的应力集中,细化表层晶粒,并调整表面应力场的分布,将焊接残余拉应力转为较大的残余压应力.在工艺参数1.5 A/10 min的冲击下,试样可获得最高平均寿命3.35×107周次,是机械打磨试样的3.8倍,是原始试样的10倍,且疲劳断裂失效模式不变.结论 超声冲击通过表面改性,显著提高焊接结构的疲劳寿命,且优于机械打磨方法.超声冲击法高度契合车辆裂纹修复的需求,但相关标准、设备、工艺不够完善,建议对超声冲击方法进一步探索,并最终将其纳入地铁车辆裂纹修复工艺.     

Numerical and experimental investigation on the fatigue life evaluation of butt-welded joints

In many applications, welded components are subjected to complicated states of stress and strain due to complex loading and welding residual stresses. Fatigue under these conditions, termed multiaxial fatigue, is an important design consideration for reliable operation of welded components. This investigation develops an effective procedure to predict fatigue life in the weldments by combining the thermo-elasto-plastic theory, multiaxial fatigue theory, and finite element methods. The proposed procedure, which followed the conventional strain-based method (maximum principal strain and von Mises effective strain) to predict the fatigue life of the butt-welded joints, was fairly sensitive to welding residual stress. Furthermore, fatigue tests of steel butt welds having tensile residual stresses were conducted to verify the proposed procedure. Comparative results demonstrate that fatigue life estimates made using the novel procedure closely approximate experimental results.     

Residual stress engineering in friction stir welds by roller tensioning

Abstract

The authors investigate the efficacy of applying rolling pressure along the weld line in thin butt welds produced using friction stir welding (FSW) as a means of controlling the welding residual stresses. Two cases are examined and in each case, comparison is made against the as welded condition. First, for FSW of AA 2024 aluminium alloy, roller tensioning was applied during welding using two rollers placed behind and either side of the FSW tool. Very little effect was seen for the down forces applied (0, 50, 75 kN). Second, for FSW AA 2199 aluminium alloy, post-weld roller tensioning was applied using a single roller placed directly on the FS weld line. In this case, significant effects were observed with increased loading, causing a marked reduction in the longitudinal tensile residual stress. Indeed, a load of just 20 kN was sufficient to reverse the sign of the weld line residual stress. Only slight differences in Vickers hardness were observed between the different applied loads. Furthermore, unlike some methods, this method is cheap, versatile and easy to apply.     

高熔点材料的搅拌摩擦焊接技术

通过焊具设计、接头微观组织与性能、焊接温度场和残余应力、热源辅助的搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)几个方面,全面介绍了高熔点材料搅拌摩擦焊技术的研究现状.结果表明,合适的搅拌头材料为钨铼(W-Re)合金和多晶立方氮化硼(PCBN);采用合适的焊具设计和工艺参数,可以得到具有良好微观组织、高强度的FSW接头;在模拟搅拌摩擦焊温度场和接头残余应力时,应依据焊接过程实际进一步完善物理模型;引入辅助热源有利于高熔点材料焊缝成形并提高焊具使用寿命.     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON THE RESIDUAL DISTORTION OF Al ALLOY SHEET AFTER FRICTION STIR WELDING

大尺寸6056铝合金薄板经过搅拌摩擦焊接实验后出现了严重的面外变形,虽然变形程度小于熔化焊结果, 但已经影响到被焊薄 板的装配和使用.为详细研究和预测铝合金薄板在搅拌摩擦焊后的残余变形, 以焊接实验条件为基础, 建立了搅拌摩擦焊接三维有限元 热力耦合分析模型. 模型中涉及了利用搅拌头工作转矩计算热输入量、工件和卡具之间的接触热传导、随温度变化的材料模型, 以及综合 考虑搅拌头机械作用等工作.利用该模型可以得到不对称的纵向残余应力结果, 残余变形的趋势在整块板上都与实验结果相同, 而且变形量和实验测量值之间的误差在20%以内.     

About the role of residual stresses and surface work hardening on fatigue ΔKth of a nitrided and shot peened low-alloy steel

Nitriding and shot peening are surface treatments widely used to improve the fatigue strength of mechanical and structural components. Both treatments enhance the mechanical properties of the surface layer of material: nitriding mainly by means of chemical transformations and formation of a very hard case, shot peening mainly due to compressive residual stress field in the sub-surface layer of material.The combined application of nitriding and shot peening has not been adequately investigated in literature and the known data do not allow to define a general criterion to assess if and when shot peening application after nitriding can be useful. In this paper the effect of nitriding plus shot peening on fatigue strength of a low-alloy steel is investigated by means of experimental tests carried out on specimens containing a micro-hole, acting as a pre-crack. To analyse the role played by shot peening induced residual stresses, a series of specimens was heat-treated after shot peening, being the aim the partial removal of residual stresses without strongly modifying the mechanical properties of the surface layer of material. After a critical discussion of the results in terms of residual stress, micro-hardness trend and fatigue strength, an original fracture mechanics based approach is proposed to predict the threshold value of the stress intensity factor of nitrided and shot peened steels. The results are in good agreement with the experimental evidence.     

薄板7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊三维有限元数值模拟

薄板7075高强度铝合金在经过搅拌摩擦焊接后,存在不同程度的焊后残余变形,对精度要求较高的航空结构件的制造和装配带来了困难.本文通过建立4mm薄板7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊热源模型,利用ANSYS对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的温度场和应力应变场进行热机耦合数值分析,解释了薄板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的温度场和表面残余应力的分布.采用古典摩擦理论建立合适的热源模型,将搅拌头的机械载荷和压板的压力考虑到模型当中.分析结果表明,此数值模拟对研究薄板高强度铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊具有一定的借鉴意义.     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程的试验测量及分析

通过设计一系列搅拌摩擦焊接试验,详细测量和分析焊接温度场分布、搅拌头机械载荷、残余应力和残余变形.试验发现,搅拌摩擦焊的温度测量结果的准确性取决于采样频率和热电偶的定位方法;搅拌头的机械载荷主要表现为下压力和扭矩,它们在准稳态焊接的条件下会保持稳定,但取值随焊接参数的变化而发生相应变化;焊接残余应力的主要成分是纵向应力,焊缝区域内呈现较高水平的拉应力,分布呈不对称的双峰特征;薄板的焊接变形具有马鞍形和反马鞍形两种形态,且变形程度受到薄板尺寸、旋转频率和焊接速度的影响.     

基于SWRXD的5083/6082异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的残余应力分布规律

以5083铝与6082铝为研究对象,利用搅拌摩擦焊（friction stir welding,FSW）制备了异种材料对接接头.利用短波长X射线衍射（short-wavelength X-ray diffraction,SWRXD）技术,以{311}与{111}为衍射晶面,基于极图最外圈织构参量确定了残余应力测试方向,采用d₀法研究了FSW焊件中心层的残余应力.结果表明,{111}和{311}晶面测试的纵向残余应力分布趋势相近,焊核区为拉应力并出现两个应力峰值;{111}晶面的测试结果更为离散,应力的峰值向前进侧偏移;采用{111}晶面测试的横向的残余应力分布趋势与{311}晶面测试的结果偏差较大.     

搅拌摩擦对接焊6061铝合金的高周疲劳行为

对6061铝合金进行搅拌摩擦对接焊,其焊接工艺参数为：旋转速度600、800、1000、1200 r/min,前进速度80、100 mm/min,探针插入深度1.85 mm。基于搅拌摩擦焊参数计算得到的能量输入结果表明,在输入能量为196～405 kJ的情况下,接头在297～354 kJ的输入能量范围内有最大的抗拉强度。在不同的应力比（R=0.5,0.3,0.1,-0.3,-0.5）下,将高强度、低强度2种焊接头进行疲劳测试。结果表明,对于这2种焊接头,显微组织特征明显影响其疲劳性能,比如搅拌区、热力影响区（TMAZ）和热影响区。从接头的显微组织、裂纹扩展路径和断裂表面观察等方面对其疲劳强度进行讨论。     

超声表面机械研磨处理对6061铝合金FSW接头疲劳行为的影响

利用超声表面机械研磨处理(USMGT)方法对6061-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头进行了表面晶粒细化处理,采用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪、扫描电镜等测试手段,对接头组织、力学性能及疲劳性能进行了分析。结果表明,USMGT处理后焊接接头表面形成了包含大量细化晶粒的梯度细晶层,表面细晶层的形成使接头表面硬度得到提高;接头的宏观断裂位置在热机影响区(TMAZ)和热影响区(HAZ)之间,滚压处理强化试样表层,FSW接头内部TMAZ和HAZ之间出现的软化现象无法消除,相比其他区域,该部分依然是疲劳薄弱区,承受载荷时微观裂纹源萌生位置由表面向内部迁移;滚压处理会使表层引入残余压应力,从而使得接头的疲劳性能得到提高,当应力幅值为150 MPa时,USMGT后的接头疲劳寿命达到未处理的3．5倍。     

Ti2AlNb金属间化合物喷丸强化残余应力模拟分析与疲劳寿命预测

目的 研究经喷丸强化处理后Ti2AlNb材料表层残余应力的分布特征,并预测残余应力对材料疲劳性能的影响规律。方法 通过贴应变片逐层钻孔法,对使用喷丸强化处理后的Ti2AlNb试样进行残余应力测试分析,得到引入残余应力场各方面的测试数据,结合ABAQUS数值模拟方式,对比分析试验与模拟残余应力场结果,获取材料的最终残余应力梯度。利用FE-SAFE软件,通过叠加残余应力场的方式,预测喷丸强化前后试样的疲劳寿命。结果 在文中加工参数下,实验测试和软件模拟结果的重合度良好。喷丸强化可在Ti2AlNb金属间化合物靶材内引入300 MPa左右的最大残余压应力,深度达到了0.12 mm左右。材料表面塑性应变分布不均匀,且造成的塑性应变距表面深度可达0.1 mm。通过喷丸强化引入残余压应力,预测的Ti2AlNb材料疲劳极限可提高12%,高低周疲劳寿命均有明显的延寿效果。结论 验证了有限元数值模拟此材料喷丸强化的准确性和可靠性,得到了Ti2AlNb材料喷丸强化的残余应力场。由于塑性变形诱发机制的限制,喷丸造成塑性应变分布不均匀,塑性应变层深小于残余压应力层深。此外,强化后材料的疲劳性能显著提高,疲劳极限有可观的提升,且高低周疲劳均有较好的延寿效果。     

超声冲击对含根部缺陷铝合金FSW接头疲劳性能的影响

针对含有根部"弱连接"缺陷的铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头,采用4点弯曲疲劳试验方法,对比了超声冲击、超声喷丸及超声冲击+超声喷丸处理对疲劳性能的影响.对比分析了试样处理前后根部"弱连接"形貌、显微硬度数值和残余应力分布,探究了其提升焊接接头疲劳性能的机制.结果表明,相较于超声冲击仅对2×106周次以下疲劳强度的提高,超声喷丸、...     

喷丸残余应力对裂纹闭合效应影响的数值仿真

基于裂纹闭合效应,利用ABAQUS软件建立用于预测残余应力场中疲劳裂纹扩展特性的弹塑性有限元模型。考虑塑性和残余应力场对裂纹闭合的作用,分析残余应力、应力比和裂尖单元尺寸对裂纹闭合效应的影响。研究结果表明:未喷丸试样的裂纹闭合类型为塑性诱导裂纹闭合,喷丸残余应力场中的裂纹闭合为塑性和残余压应力共同作用,且裂纹张开力的大小与残余应力的分布相对应;正应力比越大,裂纹闭合效应越不明显,疲劳裂纹扩展速率越快;裂尖单元尺寸小于塑性区范围时可以真实反映裂尖的闭合状态;喷丸残余压应力通过提高裂纹闭合力,增强裂纹闭合效应,抑制疲劳裂纹扩展。     

Major factor causing improvement in fatigue strength of butt welded steel joints after laser peening without coating

Abstract

Laser peening without coating (LPwC) can introduce compressive residual stress to the surface and, therefore, is effective in enhancing the fatigue strength. This study used butt welded structural steel joints to investigate changes in the residual stress and the hardness near the toe of the welded zone and to examine the major factor causing the improved fatigue strength due to LPwC. It is concluded that the generation of compressive residual stress by LPwC is the major factor improving the fatigue strength, because the reduction in compressive residual stress due to stress relief annealing decreased the fatigue strength to the same level as that of butt welded joints without LPwC.     

10CrNi3MoV钢低匹配对接接头的拉伸疲劳性能

通过余高削平的10CrNi3MoV钢低匹配对接接头的拉伸和脉动拉伸疲劳试验,研究了匹配比对高强钢对接接头力学性能的影响,给出了匹配比与削平对接接头疲劳强度及寿命的关系方程.结果表明,随匹配比降低,削平对接接头抗拉强度、断后伸长率和疲劳强度降低,但匹配比对接头抗拉强度影响较小,对断后伸长率和疲劳强度影响较大;由于焊缝冶金强化和力学强化效应的作用,接头抗拉强度和疲劳强度远高于焊缝熔敷金属本身.匹配比过低的焊接结构缺少满足需要的塑性储备,以接头断裂模式为标准,进行了匹配比下限值的初步界定.