Properties of magnesium alloy joints welded by a CO2 laser beam

Because of their specific gravity, magnesium alloys find increasing applications in the automotive industry.¹ Safety and travelling comfort requirements, satisfied by the use of steel or aluminium parts, are responsible for the increase in the car weight and, therefore, in increased fuel consumption and consequent environmental pollution.² Replacement of these materials by magnesium alloys satisfies the two requirements while not changing the car mass. The factor which is responsible for the delay in the acceptance of magnesium alloys in the automotive industry is the lack of investigative work into the development of the methods of the manufacture of alloys which would possess the required microstructure, i.e. free of pores and homogeneous structure. The newly developed manufacturing methods indicated, however, that a significant increase in the use of magnesium alloys by the industry can be expected.³ Consequently, a rather limited usage of these alloys in the 1970s for the manufacture of parts, had been extended in the 1990s to whole systems of, mainly, pressure die-cast components (covers, oil sumps, etc) being produced for a number of car makers.⁴     

Structure of butt joint of as-cast magnesium alloys

The article presents a structural analysis of joints of as-cast magnesium alloys created using three joining methods: friction stir welding, CO₂ laser welding and electric arc welding in inert gas shielding using tungsten electrode (TIG). The macro- and microstructures of the butt joints have been evaluated using an optical microscope with a digital image recording system. Two types of magnesium alloys were used in the research: AZ91 and AM-Lite, the main alloying elements of which are zinc and aluminium. The starting material consisted of cast ingots milled to a specific dimension and then cut into plate samples with a thickness of 3 mm. The subsequent analysis showed that it is possible to achieve high-quality joints of magnesium alloys. However, trace quantities of pores have also been found.     

Special features of the structure of laser-welded joints of high-temperature alloys

The main difficulties in conventional argon-arc welding methods of high-temperature nickel-base alloys are caused by their elevated capacity for crack formation and the-impossibility in some cases of obtaining joints with a strength equal to me strength of me base metal. Welding such materials by beam methods (laser and electron-beam) presents special interest. This paper presents the results of an investigation of welded joints of high-temperature alloys obtained by laser welding.     

镁合金焊接接头的力学性能

随着镬合金应用的日益广泛，其焊接接头的力学性能也受到人们的重视。介绍和分析了采用不同焊接方法时焊接接头的力学性能。并提出一些看法，对镬合金焊接接头力学性能的研究有一定促进作用。     

镁铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊综述

铝镁合金搅拌摩擦焊中峰值温度超过Al12Mg17和Al3Mg2形成的共晶温度,两种金属间化合物的形成不可避免。通过将镁合金置于前进侧、搅拌针偏向镁合金,采用液氮或水下搅拌摩擦焊,加入中间层过渡金属等方法可降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中的热输入,有效减少焊核区金属间化合物的数量。采用锥形螺纹搅拌针对接、配合直径约为3.5倍板厚的内凹型轴肩可提供适当的热输入,促进材料塑性流动,增加两种材料相互交融的程度,提高接头抗拉强度;超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术可破坏脆性界面层进而提高接头强度。     

Material properties of friction stir spot welded joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys

Mechanical properties and material mixing patterns of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys were investigated.Two aluminum alloys typically used in automotive applications,5052-H32 and 6061-T6,were selected.During the experiment,the process parameters including the z-axis force and torque histories were measured as a function of the tool displacement.The mechanical properties were investigated by microhardness measurements of the joint,and the material mixing in the stir zone was investigated by EPMA.The experimental results illustrate different process parameter histories,material mixing in the stir zone and material properties including microhardness distributions for FSSW joints of dissimilar aluminum alloys,likely due to different mechanical behaviors of the selected aluminum alloys in the FSSW process temperature range.     

铝-铜异种材料对接搅拌摩擦焊温度场数值模拟

根据铝-铜异种材料对接搅拌头偏置搅拌摩擦焊接特点,利用ANSYS软件,模拟焊接过程中的瞬态变化温度场以及焊缝区域各点的热循环曲线. 通过对比分析了移动焊接稳定阶段焊缝横向、纵向及厚度方向各点的最高温度变化;对比不同焊接参数的变化对焊接温度变化的影响,确定主要影响因素为搅拌头转速. 通过试验采集特征点热循环曲线与模拟比较的结果吻合度良好,验证了热源模型与散热模型的准确性. 温度场模拟结果表明,异种材料偏置搅拌摩擦焊过程中温度最高值出现在焊缝中心偏铝合金侧位置.     

Microstructural investigation and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded magnesium alloys

Abstract

Dissimilar joints of magnesium alloys were obtained by friction stir welding. Detailed microstructure and texture examinations were performed on the joints. Significant difference in microtexture distribution and microstructural features is observed between crown and stir zones in the dissimilar joints. However, an overall effect of these factors on mechanical properties of layered joints is not obvious as both the up and middle samples present quite similar yield strength and strain hardening behaviour. Moreover, both samples fracture in the Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy side. The fracture of the middle sample starts at the boundary of transition and stir zones, while the up sample starts in the crown zone side.     

TC2钛合金薄板CO2激光焊对接接头组织与性能

采用大功率CO2激光焊接设备,研究了TC2钛合金薄板的焊接工艺.针对4 mm厚TC2钛合金对接接头,分析焊缝和热影响区的显微组织结构,检测焊接接头的显微硬度分布规律,并综合试验结果分析焊接接头不同区域的性能.结果表明,焊缝的微组织较母材粗大,具有较强的沿焊接热影响区经焊缝界面向焊缝中心生长的方向性;焊接接头在焊缝区的硬度最高,热影响区硬度较低且硬度变化幅度较大,靠近母材处硬度值最低,是接头强度的薄弱区.     

Nd:YAG laser weldability and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy butt joints

Laser welding process using a Nd:YAG laser of maximum power of 2 kW was investigated and reported. Magnesium alloy AZ31 sheets with thickness of 3.3 mm have been butt welded with Helium and Argon used as shielding gases. The effect of processing parameters including laser power, welding speed, focal point position, nozzle configuration and protection gas flow was researched. Microstructure and mechanical properties of butt joints welded without filler were studied using optical microscopy, morphological analysis and mechanical tests (tensile, hardness). The first phase of experimental tests consisted in penetration tests (bead on plate) with the aim of identify the range of input parameters. In the second phase butt welding tests were performed in order to determine the optimal conditions. Tensile tests were realized using extensometers and an optical system based on digital image correlation techniques for acquisition and analysis of local deformation. Static tensile tests revealed an increase in the yield strength of all welded specimen in relation to the not welded material. Morphological analysis and mechanical characterization showed a threshold of heat input value below which, even when there is sufficient irradiance, the ultimate tensile strength and the elongation to fracture of the joint decade heavily. The local strain analysis revealed that the fracture occurs due to localization of deformation on weld bead as a result of defects on the surface of the bead. Metallographic analysis of cross-sections did not show defects like porosity, inclusions and cracks, within the weld bead.     

Material flow and microstructure in the friction stir butt welds of the same and dissimilar aluminum alloys

The material flow and microstructural evolution in the friction stir welds of a 6061-Al alloy to itself and of a 6061-Al alloy to 2024-Al alloy plates of 12.7 mm in thickness were studied under different welding conditions. The results showed that plastic deformation, flow, and mechanical mixing of the material exhibit distinct asymmetry characteristics at both sides of the same and dissimilar welds. The microstructure in dissimilar 6061-Al/2024-Al welds is significantly different from that in the welds of a 6061-Al alloy to itself. Vortex-like structures featured by the concentric flow lines for a weld of 6061-Al alloy to itself, and alternative lamellae with different alloy constituents for a weld of 6061-Al to 2024-Al alloy, are attributed to the stirring action of the threaded tool, in situ extrusion, and traverse motion along the welding direction. The mutual mixing in the dissimilar metal welds is intimate and far from complete. However, the bonding between the two Al-alloys is clearly complete. Three different regions in the nugget zone of dissimilar 6061-Al/2024-Al welds are classified by the mechanically mixed region (MMR) characterized by the relatively dispersed particles of different alloy constituents, the stirring-induced plastic flow region (SPFR) consisting of alternative vortex-like lamellae of the two Al-alloys, and the unmixed region (UMR) consisting of fine equiaxed grains of the 6061-Al alloy. Within all of these three regions, the material is able to withstand a very high degree of plastic deformation due to the presence of dynamic recovery or recrystallization of the microstructure. The degree of material mixing, the thickness of the deformed Al-alloy lamellae, and the material flow patterns depend on the related positions in the nugget zone and the processing parameters. Distinct fluctuations of hardness are found to correspond to the microstructural changes throughout the nugget zone of dissimilar welds.     

异种高温钛合金电子束焊接接头组织与性能

采用真空电子束焊机对高温钛合金Ti60板材和Ti700sr铸件进行焊接,并对接头显微组织和力学性能进行了研究. 结果表明,高温钛合金Ti60板材和Ti700sr铸件电子束焊接性良好,可以获得优质的接头. 获得的接头中焊缝为细小针状马氏体组织,Ti700sr侧熔合区马氏体内部存在层错和孪晶. Ti700sr侧热影响区相比于母材网篮状的α相长大. Ti60侧熔合区和热影响区均发现富Nd稀土弥散相析出. 焊缝区显微硬度与Ti60和Ti700sr母材相当,基本在360 HV左右.硬度最高点出现在Ti60侧热影响区,硬度最大值达到418 HV.接头室温抗拉强度达到1 100 MPa以上,断裂于Ti60热影响区. 接头600 和650 ℃高温抗拉测试均失效断裂在Ti60母材. 其中接头600 ℃高温拉伸性能均值为695 MPa,650 ℃高温拉伸性能均值为587 MPa.     

纯铜/1350铝合金异种板材搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与性能(英文)

研究3mm厚的纯铜/1350铝合金异种合金板材的搅拌摩擦焊工艺。通过搅拌头偏置技术,将搅拌头的大部分插入铝合金一侧,在旋转速度和焊接速度分别为1000r/min和80mm/min的条件下,获得无缺陷的接头。在焊核区形成复杂的微观组织中,可以观察到旋涡状花样和层状组织。焊核区没有金属间化合物生成。硬度分布曲线表明,焊核区纯铜一侧的硬度高于1350铝合金一侧的硬度,且焊核区底部的硬度高于其它部分的。接头的抗拉强度和伸长率分别为152MPa和6.3%。断口观察表明,接头断口既存在韧性断裂区域,也存在脆性断裂区域,为混合型断裂。     

Ti/Al异种合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头的界面特性(英文)

采用搅拌摩擦焊实现TC1钛合金和LF6铝合金异种材料的搭接连接,并对界面特性进行研究。采用所选取的工艺参数均能获得良好的表面成形,但每一种工艺参数下的界面形貌不同。随着焊接速度的增加或搅拌头转速的降低,被搅拌针搅入焊核区的钛合金粒子的数量减少,而且搭接接头的抗拉载荷也随着焊接速度的提高而降低。当焊接速度为60mm/min、搅拌头旋转速度为1500r/min时,接头的抗拉载荷达到最大值,此时的界面区可以分成三层。搭接接头的显微硬度分布不均匀,焊核中心区的显微硬度值最大,高达HV502。     

异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头微观组织与显微硬度分析

选用优化的工艺参数对TC4/TC17异质钛合金进行线性摩擦焊及测温试验.焊后利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及显微硬度仪等对接头微观组织及显微硬度进行分析.结果表明,线性摩擦焊接过程中界面温度超过1 200℃、超过β相变温度,在焊后冷却过程中发生再结晶,产生细小针状组织.界面混合区再结晶组织有等轴化甚至球化现象.TC4侧热力影响区由被拉长的α相及破碎的β相组成,TC17侧热力影响区的α相和β相被拉长细化.TC4侧热力影响区组织发生应变强化,TC17侧热力影响区靠近焊缝侧发生一定的软化现象,靠近母材侧强化现象明显.