CMT能量输入特点与熔滴过渡行为

为分析CMT焊接方法的工艺特点,采用高速CCD摄像机建立了电弧形态和熔滴过渡视觉传感系统并且通过电流、电压传感器建立了波形采集系统,以此分析其能量输入特点和熔滴过渡行为.结果显示,CMT焊接波形控制呈现典型的直流脉冲特征,焊接时热输入较低;在CMT短路过渡过程中,熔滴尺寸随焊接电流的增加幅度不大,将熔滴尺寸控制在一定范围内可实现稳定的短路过渡.CMT短路过渡通过焊丝回抽,避免了大的电磁力,有效地消除了飞溅.当电流增大到一定值时,其过渡形式将转变为射滴过渡和短路过渡的混合过渡.     

Effect of a post-weld heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructure properties of AA6061 joints welded by the gas metal arc welding cold metal transfer method

This work studies the effect of a post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the mechanical and microstructure properties of an AA6061 sample welded using the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) cold metal transfer (CMT) method. The CMT method was used because the method provides spatter-free welding, outstanding gap bridging properties, low heat input and a high degree of process flexibility. The welded samples were divided into as-welded and PWHT samples. The PWHTs used on the samples were solution heat treatment, water quenching and artificial aging. Both welded samples were cut according to the ASTM E8M-04 standard to obtain the tensile strength and the elongation of the joints. The failure pattern of the tensile tested specimens was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A Vickers microhardness testing machine was used to measure the hardness across the joints. From the results, the PWHTs were able to enhance the mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of the AA6061 joints welded by the GMAW CMT method.     

A study of cold metal transfer clads in nickel-base INCONEL 718 superalloy

A study of microstructural and geometrical characteristics of cold metal transfer (CMT) clads in nickel-base INCONEL 718 superalloy was carried out. The CMT process was demonstrated to be suitable for low-dilution cladding of INCONEL 718 superalloy, with the ability to produce defect-free clads, and has a great potential to be used as a repair method for the alloy. Microstructural study revealed that the clads were free from porosity and cracking, and complete bonding of the clads with the substrate was achieved in all weldments. Results from statistical analysis by using 3-level full factorial design showed the relationship between the selected welding parameters and the geometrical characteristics of the clads. Regression models were developed for predicting weld characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the adequacy of the regression models, which showed that the models are useful for optimizing the welding parameters. Also, the wire feed speed appeared to be linearly related with heat input based on the parameters used during the synergic CMT welding, which consequently influenced the shape and size of the weld beads and the extent of dilution of the weld metal with the substrate when other parameters were kept constant. Additionally, the ease of adding successive weld passes for material build-up depends significantly on the contact angle between the weld bead and the substrate. The result showed that the closer the contact angle is to 90°, the more difficult it is to add successive passes to existing clads. A contact angle greater than 115° appears to be more convenient for adding successive passes. The outcome of this work showed that the relatively new CMT process, with the choice of suitable welding parameters, is useful for repair build-up of affected areas of worn-out and service-damaged components of gas turbines and other high-temperature equipment that are manufactured from nickel-base superalloys.     

Microstructures and properties of titanium–copper lap welded joints by cold metal transfer technology

Cold metal transfer (CMT) welding has been successfully used to weld dissimilar metals widely. However, a few investigations were carried out on the lap welding of commercially pure titanium TA2 to pure copper T2 with ERCuNiAl copper wire by CMT technique. In this paper, the affected mechanism of lapped location between the two metals on the microstructure and tensile shear strength of joints was revealed. The results indicated that satisfactory lapped joints between commercially pure titanium TA2 and pure copper T2 could be achieved by CMT welding method. A layer of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), i.e. Ti₂Cu, TiCu and AlCu₂Ti presented in titanium-weld interface, and the weld metal was composed of α-Cu solid solution and Ti–Cu–Al–Ni–Fe multi-phase. The two joints had almost same tensile shear strength, 192.5–197.5 N/mm, and fractured in the heat affected zone (HAZ) of Cu with plastic fracture mode during tensile shear tests.     

CMT焊接技术在钛合金领域的研究现状

介绍了CMT焊接技术在钛合金领域的工作原理及研究现状.与普通TIG/MIG焊相比,CMT焊具有热输入小、无飞溅等突出优点,实现了熔滴到熔池的冷过渡,能够大幅度减小焊接热输入量,进而实现钛合金高精度、高质量焊接.目前CMT焊接技术研究多集中于异种金属的连接,尚未系统开展工业用钛合金CMT焊接机理、工艺和接头组织性能研究.这也成为了未来钛合金焊接技术的发展方向.     

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium–zinc-coated steel joints made by a modified metal inert gas welding–brazing process

The microstructure and properties of aluminium–zinc coated steel lap joints made by a modified metal inert gas CMT welding–brazing process was investigated. It was found that the nature and the thickness of the high-hardness intermetallic compound layer which formed at the interface between the steel and the weld metal during the welding process varied with the heat inputs. From the results of tensile tests, the welding process is shown to be capable of providing sound aluminium–zinc coated steel joints.     

Acquisition and pattern recognition of spectrum information of welding metal transfer

With the creation of a pattern recognition system for metal transfer mode, this article has collected five kinds of spectrum signals in gas metal arc welding (MIG, MAG and CO₂) and take them as training samples. These samples have been pretreated by computer, several key characteristic parameters of the spectrum signal have been creatively extracted, and a corresponding recognition function and a minimum-distance-classifier have been constructed. The results show that the pattern recognition of several kinds of metal transfer modes for the metal gas arc welding can be done successfully, and relative important parameters in welding process, such as the frequency of droplet transfer and the approximate diameter of each droplet, can also be obtained.     

Study on cold metal transfer welding–brazing of titanium to copper

3 mm Pure titanium TA2 was joined to 3 mm pure copper T2 by Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) welding–brazing process in the form of butt joint with a 1.2 mm diameter ERCuNiAl copper wire. The welding–brazing joint between Ti and Cu base metals is composed of Cu–Cu welding joint and Cu–Ti brazing joint. Cu–Cu welding joint can be formed between the Cu weld metal and the Cu groove surface, and the Cu–Ti brazing interface can be formed between Cu weld metal and Ti groove surface. The microstructure and the intermetallic compounds distribution were observed and analyzed in details. Interfacial reaction layers of brazing joint were composed of Ti₂Cu, TiCu and AlCu₂Ti. Furthermore, crystallization behavior of welding joint and bonding mechanism of brazing interfacial reaction were also discussed. The effects of wire feed speed and groove angle on the joint features and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated. Three different fracture modes were observed: at the Cu interface, the Ti interface, and the Cu heat affected zone (HAZ). The joints fractured at the Cu HAZ had higher tensile load than the others. The lower tensile load fractured at the Cu interface or Ti interface was attributed to the weaker bonding degree at the Cu interface or Ti interface.     

A Novel Method of Triple-Wire Gas Indirect Arc Welding

This paper proposes a novel triple-wire gas indirect arc welding process. The welding system consists of two power sources and three wires. The effects of the power source mode and the wire configuration on arc stability and behavior are studied. The metal transfer is analyzed and bead-on-plate welding is employed. Results show that two direct current power sources cannot produce a stable process, but the combination of a direct current with a pulsed direct current can produce a stable process. The reason is that the pulsed direct current can boost and stabilize the metal transfer. For the wire configuration, a smaller contact angle between the main wire and the side wire is more desirable. Compared with the traditional gas metal arc welding, this novel process has the advantages of high wire melting rate, low penetration depth, and low dilution rate. Compared with twin-wire gas indirect arc welding, it provides a broader range of applicable currents with sufficient heat input.     

Mathematical model of critical implant stress testing in the weld metal of API 5L X80 steel

In this paper the influence of heat input and preheat temperature on the critical implant stress was analyzed for the weld metal of API 5L X80. High strength steel marked as API 5L X80 is produced with a thermo – mechanical controlled process (TMCP), its chemical composition shows low carbon content due to which the steel has good weldability, but in the weld metal zone cold cracking can occure. The goal of this paper is to define optimal work conditions in form of flux cored arc welding (FCAW) welding parameters at which no cold cracks can be found. The experiment was conducted using central composite design (CCD) and design of experiments (DoE) with two independent variables (preheat temperature and heat input). Mathematical models were developed for all three different wire types that were used (two rutile, one basic flux cored wire). The samples in this paper which had cold cracks were further analyzed on the scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

镁合金冷金属过渡熔池动态行为数值模拟

为研究冷金属过渡焊(CMT)的周期性能量输入及焊丝抽送行为对镁合金熔池动态行为的影响,在FLUENT软件中建立了焊丝-熔滴-熔池多相流数值分析模型。提出一种在流体体积法(VOF)多相流计算域中划分熔滴与熔池区域并判断其接触状态的方法,结合动网格技术实现自动响应的焊丝抽送,在熔池区域加载间歇性的热源、电弧力,采用镁合金CMT堆焊实验所得参数进行数值模拟。结果表明,在CMT能量输入周期的短路阶段,由于焊丝的回抽,熔池被向上提拉并在焊丝端部形成了液桥,内部液态金属在马兰戈尼力的作用下,由边缘流向中间,由下方流向上方,焊丝持续回抽至脱离熔池后,熔池受到液桥断裂的反作用力,液态金属快速向后方流动使熔池形状发生改变,可知焊丝回抽与马兰戈尼力是熔池动态行为的主导作用力,此外,焊缝熔深的模拟结果为0.53 mm,与实际成形焊缝的熔深存在3.47 %的误差,验证了模型的有效性。     

船用高强钢薄板焊接成形研究

探究了不同焊接工艺对3 mm船用高强钢薄板焊接成形质量的影响.结果表明:3 mm对接试板经不同方法焊接后均呈马鞍形变化.焊条电弧焊和手工气保焊焊接的试板变形严重,且两者变形量和残余应力基本相当,药芯焊丝CMT(cold metal transfer)自动焊接试板的焊缝内部存在夹渣缺陷.利用实心焊丝CMT自动焊接试板的焊缝均匀、内部无缺陷,焊缝中心残余应力明显降低,其变形量平均值比焊条电弧焊减小37.8%,且线能量仅为焊条电弧焊的22.4%.焊接试板变形量与其线能量大小的变化趋势一致.     

Continuous resistance welding of thermoplastic composites: Modelling of heat generation and heat transfer

A process model composed of electrical and heat transfer models was developed to simulate continuous resistance welding of thermoplastic composites. Glass fabric reinforced polyphenylenesulfide welded in a lap-shear configuration with a stainless steel mesh as the heating element was considered for modelling and experimental validation of the numerical results. The welding temperatures predicted by the model showed good agreement with the experimental results. Welding input power and welding speed were found to be the two most important parameters influencing the welding temperature. The contact quality between the electrical connectors and the heating element was found to influence the distribution of the welding temperature transverse to the welding direction. Moreover, the size of the electrical connectors was found to influence the achievable welding speed and required power input for a certain welding temperature.     

Microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of cold metal transfer welding Mg/Al dissimilar metals

AZ31B Mg alloy and 6061 Al alloy were joined by using cold metal transfer (CMT) welding with pure copper (HS201) as the filler metal. The microstructure of Mg/Al CMT weld joint was studied by means of Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Results showed that dissimilar metals of Mg/Al could be successfully joined by CMT under proper processing parameters. The bonding strength of the joint was 34.7 MPa. A variety of Al–Cu intermetallic compounds, i.e. AlCu, CuAl₂, Cu₉Al₄, presented in the fusion zone of Al side, and Cu based solid solution was generated in weld zone, while Cu₂Mg and Al–Cu–Mg ternary eutectic structure was formed in the fusion zone of Mg side. The micro-hardness in the both sides of fusion zones increased sharply, which were 362 HV in Mg side and 260 HV in Al side. The joint was brittle fractured in the intermetallic compound layer of the fusion zone of Mg side, where plenty of Cu₂Mg intermetallic compounds were distributed continuously.     

Welding of aluminum alloy to zinc coated steel by cold metal transfer

Introducing the aluminum alloy into the steel body structure allows the reduction in the vehicle weight and improves the fuel efficiency. However, it is a still great challenge to weld aluminum alloy to steel due to their differences in the physical, mechanical and metallurgical properties. In this study, aluminum alloy 6061-T6 was welded with zinc coated low carbon steel by cold metal transfer (CMT). Effects of the pre-setting gap at the interface of aluminum alloy sheet and steel sheet as well as the offset distance of the electrode torch from the aluminum alloy sheet edge on the weld qualities were investigated. The tensile shear tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical property of the welds. In addition, optical micrograph, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) were used to analyze the weld microstructure. Experimental results indicated that the intermetallic layer thickness in the CMT welds was well controlled below the 10 μm, which facilitates the achievement of relatively high weld strength. Furthermore, a pre-setting gap and an appropriate post-weld heat treatment can improve the weld strength. However, the weld strength was decreased by increasing the offset distance of arc torch. In addition, the pre-setting gap also affects the intermetallic layer morphology. The formation of brittle Al_xFe_y could be suppressed by the presence of the remained zinc in the steel side.     

Laser welding of dissimilar metal combinations

The ability to manufacture a product using a number of different metals and alloys greatly increases flexibility in design and production. Properties such as heat, wear and corrosion resistance can be optimized, and benefits in terms of production economics are often gained. Joining of dissimilar metal combinations is, however, a challenging task owing to the large differences in physical and chemical properties which may be present. Laser welding, a high power density but low energy-input process, provides solutions to a number of problems commonly encountered with conventional joining techniques. Accurate positioning of the weld bead, rapid heating and cooling, low distortion, process flexibility, and opportunities for product redesign are its principal characteristics. The review describes the principles underlying laser welding of dissimilar metal combinations and highlights the above benefits in a number of practical applications. It is concluded that there is potential for its application in many industrial sectors.     

基于CMT技术的铝合金电弧增材制造研究现状

由于铝合金的应用领域较为广泛,使其增材制造技术成为了研究热点。CMT技术作为一种新型焊接工艺,焊接过程中弧长控制较为精确,其热输入量小、飞溅少等工艺特点非常适合铝合金等低熔点金属的增材制造,因此,铝合金CMT增材制造技术成为了近年来国内外各研究机构的研究热点。从控形控性的角度分析了国内外相关研究机构的研究方向,重点综述了焊接速度、送丝速度、CMT工艺等工艺参数和热处理对成形件形貌及性能的影响,同时概述了铝合金CMT电弧增材制造中尺寸控制、组织性能、气孔缺陷等方向的研究工作。借此指出,基于CMT技术的铝合金电弧增材制造技术的相关研究工作仍主要聚焦于试验研究阶段,并未深入到成形机理的探究。该领域的研究工作应更深入、系统地从成形尺寸精度控制、控制气孔缺陷、组织演变规律及性能优化等角度展开,力求加速推进该技术在现代制造业的应用。     

Microstructure,hardness and petroleum corrosion evaluation of 316L/AWS E309MoL-16 weld metal

The current work presents some observations about the effect of welding heat input on the microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of AWS E309MoL-16 weld metal, diluted with AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel plates. Such welds are widely used during overlay of equipment in the petroleum and gas industries. Results show that the welds contained δ-ferrite varying between vermicular to lathy morphology, typically encountered in welds which solidify in ferrite–austenite mode (FA). Conversely, contents and morphology of δ-ferrite in the weld metals were altered, showing an increase of welding heat input. The corrosion rate of the weld metal indicated that when higher levels of welding heat input are used the corrosion rate is reduced. This may be attributed to metallurgical changes, especially variations in the proportion of δ-ferrite, caused by changes in cooling rate.     

热输入对高强度气体保护焊丝焊缝金属强韧性的影响

采用拉伸、冲击试验和显微组织观察,研究了热输入在10~27 kJ/cm时对超低碳气体保护焊丝焊缝金属强度、韧性及显微组织的影响。结果表明,随着焊接热输入的增加,焊缝金属的强度和韧性呈下降趋势,其原因在于,随热输入的提高,合金元素烧损增多,焊缝冷却时间延长,焊缝金属高温再热区中强度较低、韧性较差的铁素体含量增加。     

A study on mechanical and microstructure characteristics of the STS304L butt joints using hybrid CO2 laser-gas metal arc welding

In order to examine mechanical characteristics of the stainless steel (STS304L) hybrid welded butt joints, two-dimensional thermal elasto-plastic analysis has been carried out. To this end, a 2D simulation model has been developed considering hybrid welding features. Based on thermal history data obtained from this heat source model, the residual stress distribution in weld metal (WM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM) characteristics have been calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experimentally measured values. In order to investigate the effect of welding process, thermal elasto-plastic behaviour of the hybrid welded joints was compared with a welded joints obtained by conventional submerged arc welding (SAW) process. The results show that the longitudinal residual stress in the hybrid welded joints is less (13–15%) than that of the SA welded joints. Weld metal formed in both welding processes shows very fine dendritic structure. Due to higher heat input in SAW, the HAZ size of the SA welded joints is more than twice that of the hybrid welded joints. Therefore, from mechanical and metallurgical point of view, it could be confirmed that it makes a good sense to use SAW instead of hybrid CO₂ laser-gas metal arc welding (GMAW) for butt joint of the STS304L thick steel.