Surface modification of resistance welding electrodes by electro-spark deposited composite coatings: Part II. Metallurgical behavior during welding

Electrodes with monolithic TiC_P/Ni coatings and multi-layer Ni/(TiC_P/Ni)/Ni coatings were used to resistance spot weld Zn-coated sheet steel to investigate metallurgical behaviour of the coatings during welding. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction were employed to characterize the microstructure of coatings, reactions of electrodes with Zn-coating and alloy layer formation. The results showed that molten Zn penetrated TiC_P/Ni coatings via the cracks that were present within as-coated TiC_P/Ni coating, starting from the first weld. Additional cracks continually formed in the coating during welding due to action of the welding force on the low toughness coating, resulting in formation of a granular loose overlay at the outer surface which were easily detached and stuck onto the work sheet. On the contrary, cracks could be rarely found within Ni/(TiC_P/Ni)/Ni coating until 100 welds or more were made, and much fewer cracks formed up to 400 welds, compared to the TiC_P/Ni coating. With Ni/(TiC_P/Ni)/Ni coating on the electrode surface, alloying between copper alloy and molten Zn as well as pitting (erosion) of the electrode tips were remarkably reduced, and hence, a slower growth rate of tip diameter was observed.     

TiB2-ZrB2涂层电极与TiB-ZrB2/Ni涂层电极失效对比分析

采用扫描电镜、能谱分析、X射线衍射仪以及显微硬度等表征手段,分析TiB2-ZrB2涂层与TiB2-ZrB2/Ni涂层电极点焊镀锌钢板时的失效过程.研究发现,无论是ZrB2-TiB2涂层还是ZrB2-TiB2/Ni涂层,在一定程度上均具有阻碍钢板镀层与点焊电极基体产生合金化反应的能力.ZrB2-TiB2、ZrB2-TiB2/Ni涂层电极失效过程存在些许不同,前者由于涂层与基体间结合力差,且涂层内塑性相相对较少,导致在点焊热和力的作用下,涂层逐渐脱落,点焊电极最终在合金化及塑性变形作用下发生失效.后者由于具有一定塑性,且涂层与基体结合力较好,点焊过程中涂层不会出现完全脱落现象.涂层作用一直持续至电极失效,电极失效形式主要表现为塑性变形.     

镀锌钢板电阻点焊涂层电极与普通电极寿命分析

为增加镀锌钢板电阻点焊电极寿命,在普通铬锆铜电极表面沉积镍和金属陶瓷涂层后,研究涂层电极与无涂层普通电极的寿命.结果表明,相同条件下,涂层电极使用寿命大约是普通电极使用寿命的2.5倍;涂层电极抗塑性变形能力明显高于普通电极;普通电极端面有明显坑蚀、裂纹、合金层、自愈合层,而电极表面涂层能有效防止镀锌钢板电阻点焊过程中由...     

Electrode degradation mechanism during resistance spot welding of zinc coated steel using Cu-TiB2 electrodes

1 INTRODUCTIONResistance spot welding(RSW) is the mostcommonly used method for joining steel sheets inthe automotive industry . In RSW, a weld isformed between two workpieces through meltingand coalescence of a small volume of the material atthe faying surfaces due to the resistance heatcaused by the passage of electric current when theworkpieces are held together under a large elec-trode force[1 ,2]. Over the past decade ,the require-ment of i mproved corrosion resistance in automo-bil…     

Microstructure and dry sliding wear resistance of laser clad TiC reinforced Ti–Ni–Si intermetallic composite coating

Wear resistant TiC reinforced Ti–Ni–Si intermetallic composite coating with a microstructure consisting of TiC uniformly distributed in Ti₂Ni₃Si–NiTi–Ti₂Ni multi-phase intermetallic matrix was fabricated on a substrate of TA15 titanium alloy by the laser cladding process using TiC/Ti–Ni–Si alloy powders as the precursor materials. Microstructure of the coating was characterized by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Dry sliding wear resistance of the laser clad TiC reinforced Ti–Ni–Si intermetallic composite coating was evaluated at room temperature. Results indicated that the TiC/(Ti₂Ni₃Si–NiTi–Ti₂Ni) intermetallic composite coating exhibited excellent abrasive and adhesive wear resistance.     

热镀锌高强钢点焊的电极磨损对焊点质量的影响

试验研究了热镀锌高强钢点焊的电极磨损规律,同非镀层低碳钢相比,热镀锌高强钢点焊的电极寿命低、点蚀磨损特征变化明显.在此基础上分析电极磨损对焊点质量影响,电极磨损初期阶段,热镀锌高强钢点焊的飞溅严重、焊点表面产生微裂纹程度大,导致焊点质量下降.最后根据电极磨损对焊点微裂纹与熔核直径影响的试验结果,以微裂纹长度不超过0.25 mm的电极端面电流密度为标准,确定电流递增工艺方案,以减小严重电极磨损对焊点质量的影响.     

Determination of corrosion potential of coated hollow spheres

Copper hollow spheres were created on porous iron particles by electro-less deposition. The consequent Ni plating was applied to improve the mechanical properties of copper hollow micro-particles. Corrosion properties of coated hollow spheres were investigated using potentiodynamic polarisation method in 1 mol dm⁻³ NaCl solution. Surface morphology and composition were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy (LM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Original iron particles, uncoated copper spheres and iron particles coated with nickel were studied as the reference materials. The effect of particle composition, particularly Ni content on the corrosion potential value was investigated. The results indicated that an increase in the amount of Ni coating layer deteriorated corrosion resistivity of coated copper spheres. Amount of Ni coating layer depended on conditions of Ni electrolysis, mainly on electrolysis time and current intensity. Corrosion behaviour of sintered particles was also explored by potentiodynamic polarisation experiments for the sake of comparison. Formation of iron rich micro-volumes on the particle surface during sintering caused the corrosion potential shift towards more negative values. A detailed study of the morphological changes between non-sintered and sintered micro-particles provided explanation of differences in corrosion potential (E_corr).     

TiB_2-ZrB_2/Ni涂层电极点焊镀锌钢板失效过程分析

目的了解TiB_2-ZrB_2/Ni涂层电极点焊镀锌钢板时的失效机理。方法通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度测试等表征方法,研究TiB_2-ZrB_2/Ni涂层点焊电极点焊镀锌钢板时表面结构、物相及性能的变化。结果 TiB_2-ZrB_2/Ni涂层电极对提高点焊电极寿命有很大帮助,点焊电极寿命可提高5倍左右。涂层使点焊电极表面的硬度得以明显提高,减缓了点焊电极端部塑性变形的进程。ZrB_2-TiB_2/Ni涂层在一定程度上减缓了钢板镀层与点焊电极产生合金化反应的进程。结论 ZrB_2-TiB_2/Ni涂层电极由于具有一定的塑性,点焊过程中涂层不会出现完全脱落现象。涂层作用一直持续至电极失效,电极失效的形式主要表现为塑性变形。     

Electrodeposition, characterization and long term stability of NiW and NiWZn coatings on copper substrate in alkaline solution

This paper describes the electrodeposition of Ni, NiW and NiWZn coatings onto copper surfaces from electrolyte solutions containing Na₃C₆H₅O₇, Na₂WO₄, NiSO₄ and ZnSO₄. The electrocatalytic effects of electrodeposited coatings were investigated for hydrogen evolution reactions in 1 M NaOH solution. Surface characterization studies were carried out by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and cross-section analysis. The effect of operating conditions on the chemical composition, microstructure and electrocatalytic properties of Ni-W coatings was studied. The Zn ions were used to improve the active surface area and catalytic activity of the electrodeposited surface. The electrocatalytic activity of NiW and NiWZn coated electrodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution was compared with that of an electrodeposited Ni electrode and copper substrate by using cathodic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques over 96 h of electrolysis. The results proved that the NiWZn coated electrode showed better electrocatalytic activity and durability than bare Cu, Ni and NiW coatings.     

Contact conditions on nugget development during resistance spot welding of Zn coated steel sheets using rounded tip electrodes

This paper investigates the influence of coating on the nugget development during resistance spot welding of Zn coated steel sheets using rounded tip electrodes. The study relies on an experimental observation of zinc behaviour coupled with a numerical Electro-Thermo-Metallurgical–Mechanical analysis. The electro-thermal contact surface enlargement due to zinc ejection at sheet/sheet and electrode/sheet interfaces is found to have a negligible effect on the nugget development. The numerical analysis shows that the dispersion on the efficient weld size, attributable to the zinc effect, is below 10%.     

稀土掺杂Gd2 O3对YSZ/（Ni，Al）热障涂层组织与性能的影响

目的提高YSZ/(Ni,Al)复合涂层与基体的结合强度和抗高温氧化性。方法采用电泳沉积的方法,在Inconel 600高温合金表面上沉积YSZ/(Ni,Al)复合涂层和掺杂稀土Gd2O3-YSZ/(Ni,Al)(简称G-YSZ/(Al,Ni))复合涂层,后进行真空烧结,然后对制备好的热障复合涂层进行划痕实验和等温循环氧化实验。通过对样品进行等温循环氧化实验,获取不同氧化时间段的复合涂层样品,并采用SEM和XRD对复合涂层组织和形貌进行分析。结果在1100℃等温氧化过程中,未掺杂稀土元素的氧化增重速率为0.0057 mg/mm2,而掺杂钆元素的氧化速率为0.0049 mg/mm2,氧化增重速率比未掺杂稀土YSZ/(Ni,Al)复合涂层的低。G-YSZ/(Ni,Al)热障复合涂层在等温氧化过程中颗粒长大较小、裂纹少、表面更加致密。真空烧结后的YSZ/(Al,Ni)复合涂层和G-YSZ/(Al,Ni)复合涂层与基体的结合强度约为4.0 N,氧化100 h后,掺杂稀土的G-YSZ/(Al,Ni)复合涂层结合强度为3.5 N,未掺杂稀土的YSZ/(Al,Ni)复合涂层与基体的结合强度为2.6 N。G-YSZ/(Ni,Al)热障复合涂层中存在Gd2Zr2O7相和稳定的Ni Al2O4相,Gd2Zr2O7相具有良好的稳定性以及耐高温氧化。结论掺杂稀土氧化钆的G-YSZ/(Al,Ni)涂层的抗高温氧化性能显著提高。在等温氧化过程中,掺杂稀土元素的G-YSZ/(Al,Ni)复合涂层,其颗粒趋向于均匀化,裂纹明显变少,使得涂层更加致密,表面更加平整。等温氧化100 h后,掺杂了稀土氧化钆的G-YSZ/(Al,Ni)复合涂层基体之间具有更好的结合力,抗剥落性和服役寿命较好。     

7A52铝合金-钢异种结构CMT熔钎焊接头组织及镀镍层的行为与影响

以ER4043铝硅焊丝为填充金属,研究了Q235钢螺柱与7A52铝合金板CMT焊接工艺,在焊接电流115~135 A,电弧电压14.5~16.5 V,焊接速度0.3 m/min条件下,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形连续美观.结果表明,7A52铝合金侧熔合区界面为熔焊特征,铝母材发生熔合,熔合良好;钢螺柱侧熔合区为钎焊特征,界面存在反应层,由靠近钢螺柱的Fe₂Al₅层和靠近焊缝侧的FeAl₃层组成,整体反应层厚度由根趾向焊趾方向逐渐减小.焊趾部位出现富镍区,主要由Al₃Ni的共晶组织及少量Al₃Ni₂组成.与无镀镍层焊缝比较表明,镀镍层在焊接过程的行为降低了界面反应层厚度,且通过形成富镍区,降低了接头的脆性,使接头抗剪切强度提高了15%~19%,最高达到146.9 MPa,满足了高强铝合金螺柱焊接的质量要求.     

纳米大理石对D600R堆焊焊条性能的影响

用粒径70～90nm大理石取代堆焊焊条D600R药皮中的微米大理石,制成纳米大理石焊条.利用汉诺威电弧质量分析仪对焊接过程中的电流电压和短路时间进行测试,获得微米大理石焊条和纳米大理石焊条的燃弧特征;通过焊接工艺试验、测氢试验、熔化温度测试、硬度试验、耐磨试验和微观分析,分别对两种焊条的工艺性能和力学性能进行分析.结果表明,用纳米大理石替代微米大理石可降低焊条药皮的熔化温度和堆焊层金属中的扩散氢含量;提高焊条的熔敷效率;降低焊条短路电压、短路电流概率密度和,在短路时间t12.05ms时间段内缩短累计短路时间;改善焊条操作性能;提高堆焊层金属硬度和耐磨性.     

表面覆层焊丝用于纯氩MIG焊接

研究了表面覆层焊丝用于纯氩MIG焊接的特点和可行性，初步研制成功了一种纳米复合体系表面覆层，并对带有该覆层的高强钢气体保护焊丝进行了焊接试验。试验结果表明，表面覆层焊丝用于纯氩MIG焊接，焊缝金属具有和TIG焊相近的纯净度，其力学性能和抗裂性能优良，是潜在的高强度钢材高质高效焊接的首选焊接方法。     

X80管线钢焊条电弧焊接头组织与耐蚀性分析

利用双熔敷极焊条电弧焊技术对X80管线钢进行了焊接,并在焊接接头成分、组织及耐蚀性方面与传统焊条电弧焊进行了对比分析.结果表明,双熔敷极焊条电弧焊技术熔敷效率高,但受其结构及药皮重量系数的影响焊缝中合金元素的含量比普通焊接焊缝的低,且焊缝中多边形铁素体含量较高,另一方面由于对母材的热输入较低,使得其粗晶区组织较为细小,这有利于其性能的提高;对0.5 M Na₂CO₃-1 M NaHCO₃溶液及通饱和CO₂的NACE A溶液中的耐蚀性研究发现,焊缝及粗晶区耐蚀性均差于母材,且采用双熔敷极焊条电弧焊技术有利于提高焊缝及粗晶区的耐蚀性.     

Oxidation,Mechanical and Tribological Behaviors of the Ni/cBN Abrasive Coating-Coated Titanium Alloys

In order to improve the oxidation and wear resistance of blades tip of titanium alloys as well as the sealing performance of the gas turbine engine,a Ni/cBN abrasive coating was prepared on titanium alloys through composite electroplating.Oxidation,mechanical and tribological properties of the abrasive coating were investigated.Furthermore,the effect of the oxidation on the mechanical and tribological properties was also evaluated.Oxidation results revealed that the abrasive coating underwent slight oxidation within 700 ℃.Meanwhile,some intermetallic compounds,Ni_3Ti,NiTi and NiTi_2,were formed at the coating/substrate interface during oxidation.Due to the pinning effect of cBN particles and the different thermal expansion coefficients of the coating and substrate,the coating/substrate interface was cracked after oxidation at 700℃.Tensile results showed that the presence of coating reduced the strength of the alloy significantly at room temperature,while only marginal variations of the strength of the coated and uncoated specimens at elevated temperatures.Besides,the wear tests indicated that the coating had the excellent cutting ability and wear resistance,which can effectively protect the blades tip of titanium alloys.As the temperature increased,the wear resistance decreased due to the decrease in the mechanical properties of the Ni/cBN coating.     

The production of a multi-walled carbon nanotube/hexamethylene diisocyanate nanocomposite coating on copper by electrophoretic deposition

A multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) composite coating with excellent microstructural homogeneity was produced on copper substrate from aqueous suspensions using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The concentrations of different additives were optimized to obtain stable suspensions of MWCNT. At the optimum EPD condition, a coating of thickness 170 μm was obtained at voltage of 30 V and deposition time of 3 min with well dispersed MWCNT in the polymer matrix. The deposit yield increased linearly with deposition time. The adhesive strength of the MWCNT/HDI composite coating was assessed qualitatively by peel test. The composite coated specimen showed greater resistance to corrosion in the chloride containing environment with inhibiting efficiency 96.65%. The mechanism for adhered coating is due to better wetting of HDI on copper substrate followed by acid-base reaction between metal hydroxide and polymeric resin. The potential application of the nanocomposite coatings could be protecting copper based metallic structure in marine environment.     

基于微弧氧化和电化学沉积在纯Ti基体表面制备FHAP/MAO复合涂层的腐蚀行为和机械性能研究

本论文采用微弧氧化和电化学沉积（ED）技术在工业纯钛（CPTi）表面沉积氟掺杂羟基磷灰石（FHAP）/微弧氧化（MAO）复合涂层。并在Hsnk"s溶液中对未涂覆的CPTi基材和涂覆的样品进行电化学耐腐蚀性测试。本文研究了MAO界面层对涂层微观结构，力学性能和电化学性能的影响。结果表明，HAP / Ti，FHAP / Ti和FHAP / MAO / Ti复合涂层样品在模拟Hank"s溶液中显着提高了CPTi基体的耐腐蚀性能。然而，力学性能测试表明，与具有MAO界面层的FHAP / Ti涂层的结合强度（18.1MPa）相比，FHAP / Ti涂层的结合强度较差（10.7MPa）。此外，FHAP / MAO / Ti涂层与去离子水的接触角约为35.8°，这更有利于促进细胞附着和增殖。     

氧乙炔火焰喷焊镍基复合涂层的显微组织和腐蚀性能研究

目的 研究Ni60和Ni60WC喷焊涂层的显微组织、防腐和耐磨性能及其腐蚀机理,为恶劣工况下服役的零件选择合适的喷焊涂层提供参考.方法 采用氧乙炔火焰喷焊工艺在16Mn钢基体上制备Ni60和Ni60WC涂层,用X射线衍射仪、金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析了喷焊涂层的相结构和显微组织,并采用电化学工作站、盐雾腐蚀试验机、磨粒磨损试验机测试了两种喷焊涂层的防腐和耐磨性能.结果 喷焊层与基体间都存在冶金结合层和热影响区,Ni60涂层的显微组织为NiCr固溶体基体上弥散分布着大量细小粒状和杆状碳化物和硼化物.Ni60WC喷焊涂层组织中,除了具有与Ni60涂层类似的基体相和细颗粒硬质相外,还较均匀地分布着不同尺寸的WC颗粒.Ni60和Ni60WC涂层的磨损率分别为16Mn钢的8.3％和2.3％,自腐蚀电流密度分别为16Mn钢的1.0％和7.6％.另外,基体相和硬质相之间的电偶腐蚀是两种镍基喷焊涂层的主要腐蚀机理.结论 这两种镍基喷焊涂层均能显著提高16Mn钢的抗磨和防腐性能,其中,Ni60喷焊涂层耐腐蚀性更好,Ni60WC喷焊涂层耐磨损性能更好.     

Surface breaking cracks in resistance spot welds of dual phase steels with electrogalvanised and hot dip zinc coating

Abstract

In normal production of resistance spot welded galvanised structures, it is difficult to completely avoid surface breaking cracks. Known key factors to cause cracking are zinc coating, electrode wear during subsequent welding and insufficient electrode cooling. In this report, an embrittlement mechanism was investigated that could be coupled to the galvanisation method for dual phase steels. With identical bulk material and weld parameters, the first 50 spot welds were crack free with electrogalvanised coating, while only 10 out of 50 were crack free with hot dip galvanised coating. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the worn electrode surfaces used for welding of the hot dip galvanised coating revealed areas of aluminium oxide. Since aluminium oxide is a very strong isolator, the electrical resistance will increase, which in turn is suggested to increase the surface temperature of the spot weld and thereby increase the probability for liquid metal embrittlement and surface cracks.