搅拌头机械载荷在搅拌摩擦焊接中的作用的数值分析

利用数值模拟技术分析搅拌头机械载荷在焊接过程中的作用,通过对比只考虑热载荷,考虑热载荷和搅拌头的下压力,综合考虑热载荷、搅拌头下压力和工作扭矩三种条件下的应力,应变和变形,结果发现,搅拌头下压力使焊后残余应力值大幅下降;搅拌头的工作扭矩是焊后残余应力、应变不对称分布的重要影响因素;并且搅拌头机械载荷使得薄板焊后残余变形的模式发生了完全相反的变化,由不考虑搅拌头载荷时的马鞍状变成了反马鞍状.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程热力演变的三维数值模拟

对搅拌摩擦焊过程中搅拌头速度变化进行分析,建立了考虑搅拌摩擦焊过程中焊缝产热的热源模型.对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场和应力场进行了三维有限元模拟,表明焊缝两侧温度和应力分布的不对称现象不明显,主要由于焊接速度远小于搅拌头转速所致,但随着焊接速度加快,这种不对称现象逐渐加强.焊接过程中焊缝中心温度低于搅拌头边缘温度,焊接前方和两侧均为压应力,后方为拉应力;焊接结束后与搅拌头接触区的横向和纵向残余应力为较大拉应力,远离焊缝残余应力较小;沿厚度方向上,横向和纵向残余应力均逐渐降低.有限元计算结果与短波长X射线应力测试结果进行对比,结果表明,二者趋势基本吻合.     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料流动形式

采用完全热力耦合模型对搅拌摩擦焊接过程进行模拟,并详细分析了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动形式.结果表明,模型可以成功预测搅拌摩擦焊接过程材料流动和温度分布情况.通过对搅拌头周围材料流动的研究,分析了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中飞边现象形成的主要原因.研究了搅拌摩擦焊接构件不同厚度上材料的三维流动形式,通过与二维情况的比较证实,二维情况下的材料流动数值模拟结果对应于搅拌摩擦焊接构件靠近下表面部分的材料流动情况.从等效塑性应变的分布也能证实搅拌头轴肩对靠近上表面的材料行为具有明显影响,而对下表面附近材料行为影响较弱,从而说明二维情况对应三维情况靠近下表面的部分.     

A Fully Coupled Thermomechanical Model of Friction Stir Welding(FSW) and Numerical Studies on Process Parameters of Lightweight Aluminum Alloy Joints

This paper presents a new thermomechanical model of friction stir welding which is capable of simulating the three major steps of friction stir welding(FSW) process, i.e., plunge, dwell, and travel stages. A rate-dependent Johnson–Cook constitutive model is chosen to capture elasto-plastic work deformations during FSW. Two different weld schedules(i.e., plunge rate, rotational speed, and weld speed) are validated by comparing simulated temperature profiles with experimental results. Based on this model, the influences of various welding parameters on temperatures and energy generation during the welding process are investigated. Numerical results show that maximum temperature in FSW process increases with the decrease in plunge rate, and the frictional energy increases almost linearly with respect to time for different rotational speeds. Furthermore, low rotational speeds cause inadequate temperature distribution due to low frictional and plastic dissipation energy which eventually results in weld defects. When both the weld speed and rotational speed are increased, the contribution of plastic dissipation energy increases significantly and improved weld quality can be expected.     

超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊温度场及残余应力场分析

超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊是一项在搅拌摩擦焊的搅拌头上添加轴向高频振动的新技术. 以6 mm厚7075铝合金材料为研究对象,建立了超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊与普通搅拌摩擦焊接的热源模型,通过ANSYS软件研究了轴向振动对焊接过程温度场以及焊后残余应力的影响规律. 结果表明,轴向振动的添加能够增大热输入量,提高焊接峰值温度且降低焊缝残余应力;在相同转速及焊接速度下,当振动频率一定时,焊接峰值温度和焊后残余应力随着振动幅值的增加而增大;当振动幅值一定时,随着振动频率的增大,焊接峰值温度及焊后残余应力也相应增加.     

温度峰值影响6061铝/AZ31B镁异种材料FSW接头成形的规律

以6061-T6铝合金与AZ31B镁合金为研究对象,基于Abaqus软件进行了异种材料搅拌摩擦焊过程的温度场数值模拟,重点分析搅拌针偏置镁侧下的搅拌区温度峰值影响焊缝表面成形的规律。结果表明,当焊接温度峰值高于Al-Mg共晶温度时,搅拌针根部附近区域会出现较明显的黏着现象,其随着焊接速度的降低而加剧,这与焊接温度峰值的升高相关。随着焊接速度的增加,焊缝表面更易避免裂纹缺陷的产生。当搅拌头的转速为1200r/min且焊接速度为40mm/min时,6061铝/AZ31B镁异种材料焊接接头的表面成形良好。     

Experimental investigation of the friction stir welding dynamics of 6000 series aluminum alloys

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a resource-efficient and environmental-friendly solid state joining process that allows to combine especially aluminum alloys with superior joint quality. Therefore, FSW is perfectly suitable for light-weight applications. The interaction of material, welding tool and machine during welding results in process forces which show characteristic periodic variations. The reasons for this periodicity, however, are not completely understood yet. Since the welding force feedback data can presumably be used for online process monitoring, a deeper understanding of the processes leading to the friction stir welding dynamics is necessary. To reach this goal, an approach for a systematic investigation of the friction stir welding dynamics using postulated hypotheses is presented in this work. The hypotheses combine insights from literature as well as results from own welding experiments. In the experiments two aluminum alloys, EN AW 6016 and EN AW 6111, in tempers T4 and T6 each, were friction stir welded. The welding machine, the tool as well as the welding parameters were held constant for each material. The process forces, accelerations and spindle deflection were measured for each weld and additionally the joints were inspected visually for flaws. It was shown that the height of the process forces correlates loosely with the yield strength of the materials. The frequencies occurring during welding are identified to mainly consist of the spindle rotating speed and multiples thereof. The acceleration measurements are found to be a suitable way to identify welds with irregular surfaces, i.e. they provide a method for online process monitoring regarding the weld surface quality. Combining the findings from literature and insights from the experiments, five hypotheses are developed that allow a systematic investigation of the dynamics of the friction stir welding process. Each hypothesis covers a phenomenon that can lead to dynamic effects. The hypotheses consider not only the process but the whole system of process and machine. In addition to the hypotheses, a method to prove or disprove them, where the specific effects are triggered intentionally, is presented.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦与MIG焊接接头疲劳性能对比试验

根据疲劳S-N曲线试验结果,对5A06铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊接接头的疲劳性能进行了初步比较,分析讨论了搅拌摩擦焊过程中所产生的焊接缺陷对其疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,在焊态下由于焊接接头几何形状等的影响,FSW的疲劳强度明显高于MIG焊接接头;对FSW焊缝根部的"吻接"缺陷(kissing-bonds)是降低FSW焊接接头疲劳寿命的主要因素,旋转搅拌工具在焊缝表面形成的多余飞边将对疲劳行为产生明显影响.     

高速列车铝合金车身双热源搅拌摩擦焊仿真

高速列车采用超长铝合金型材作为车身新材料。搅拌摩擦焊以固相连接原理成为高铁车身制造新工艺。针对单热源模型不足,考虑搅拌轴肩转动摩擦生热和搅拌头塑变剪切生热,建立搅拌摩擦焊双热源有限元模型。基于传统熔焊方式,实现满足搅拌焊特征的双面挤压型材接头变形设计。通过ANSYS二次开发,完成该工艺移动瞬态热交换数值仿真,获得焊接全程三维温度场分布,仿真结果与试验数据吻合良好。结果表明,该仿真模型可行．仿真结果合理,为高铁车身国产化制造工艺吸收和工艺优化提供参考。     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中搅拌针锥角和预热对温度分布的影响

搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)被广泛应用在工业上,用来连接有色金属,尤其是铝合金。采用基于有限元分析的三维模型研究FSW过程中铜C11000的热特性。模型包含了搅拌头的机械作用和待焊接材料的热性能,以材料和搅拌针以及轴肩之间的摩擦作为热源。结果表明,温度的预测结果与实验结果具有良好的一致性。此外,数值模拟方法可以简单地应用于测量搅拌头下方工件的温度。研究了预热温度和搅拌针锥角对温度分布的影响。搅拌针锥角的增加可提高焊缝周围的温度,但预热不会影响焊缝周围的温度分布。     

强制冷却搅拌摩擦焊接工艺

搅拌摩擦焊接在工业生产中应用的主要问题之一,是焊接硬化状态材料时接头强度系数较低.简要分析了焊接热对接头强度的影响,提出了在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中进行强制冷却的工艺方法.对比了强制冷却对紫铜搅拌摩擦焊接头表面状况、硬度分布和接头性能的影响,建立了强制冷却搅拌摩擦焊接过程中焊接区温度的近似表达式.结果表明,在紫铜搅拌焊接过程中进行强制冷却,可以降低焊接过程中焊缝及热力影响区变形金属的温度,减小接头软化的程度和范围,提高搅拌摩擦焊接接头的性能.采用转速1 500 r/min、移动速度0.3 mm/s的强制冷却的工艺方法,得到的紫铜搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度达269 MPa.     

Modeling of material flow in friction stir welding process

This paper presents a 3D numerical model to study the material flow in the friction stir welding process. Results indicate that the material in front of the pin moves upwards due to the extrusion of the pin, and then the upward material rotates with the pin. Behind the rotating tool, the material starts to move downwards and to deposit in the wake. This process is the real cause to make friction stir welding process continuing successfully. The tangent movement of the material takes the main contribution to the flow of the material in friction stir welding process. There exists a swirl on the advancing side and with the increase of the translational velocity the inverse flow of the material on the advancing side becomes faster. The shoulder can increase the velocity of material flow in both radial direction and tangent direction near the top surface. The variations of process parameters do have an effect on the velocity field near the pin, especially in the region in which the material flow is faster.     

工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊洋葱圆环形成的影响

搅拌摩擦焊中焊缝材料的流动对焊件性能有很大影响，洋葱圆环是搅拌摩擦焊焊焊核区中材料流动的集中体现，文中对5mm厚的1060、3003铝合金板材进行了搅拌摩擦焊连接，通过对其焊核区腐蚀后的形貌观察分析研究了不同工艺参数下材料的流动形态，结果表明，工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊焊核区洋葱圆环的形成有很大影响，采用较高的搅拌头转速和合适的焊接速度可获得稳定，质量良好的搅拌摩擦焊接头。     

Evaluation of dissimilar friction stir lap joints using digital X-ray radiography

A digital X-ray radiography methodology is proposed for quality assessment of aluminium–zinc coated steel dissimilar lap joints produced by a friction stir welding process. This methodology uses digital frame integration for acquisition of data to reduce the image noise followed by high pass filtering to sharpen the image by gradient operation and contrast adjustments to detect micro defects in FSW joints. The effect of welding parameters such as rotational and travel speed of weld tool and penetration depth on quality of the weld is studied. The new methodology has resulted in three-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with improved defect detection sensitivity. The present study clearly shows that the weld tool rotational speed, travel speed and plunger depth have a decisive role on the quality of the weld obtained by the friction stir welding process.     

2024-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接中搅拌头尺寸和搅拌针形状影响的数值模拟

采用完全热力耦合模型研究了搅拌针直径、轴肩直径以及搅拌针锥角对2024-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中热生成、材料变形和能量历史的影响。结果表明：相比搅拌针接触面,轴肩接触面对搅拌摩擦焊接的热生成起主要作用。增加轴肩直径和减小搅拌针直径均能增加焊接温度,但是轴肩尺寸变化的影响更为明显。与6061-T6铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接过程相比,2024-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接的能量输入明显增加,同时塑性耗散与摩擦耗散的能量比减小。     

搅拌摩擦焊待焊界面消失模型

提出了一种搅拌摩擦焊接过程中待焊界面消失并形成焊缝的二维模型,阐述了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中待焊界面在焊接热、焊接作用力及搅拌作用下形成焊缝的过程,并把焊缝划分成晶粒长大区、界面氧化区、待焊界面消失区、塑性金属流动区、S线等区域,同时描述了待焊界面冶金熔合后在搅拌摩擦焊缝内部的分布形态.该模型对晶粒长大区、待焊界面消失区、S线3个特定区域进行了试验验证和说明.结果表明,待焊界面在搅拌针后退侧的前方区域已经达到冶金熔合状态,并在搅拌针的搅拌作用下扭曲并进入焊缝形成S线特征.     

Finite element modeling of friction stir welding—thermal and thermomechanical analysis

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new welding process that may have significant advantages compared to the fusion processes as follow: joining of conventionally non-fusion weldable alloys, reduced distortion and improved mechanical properties of weldable alloys joints due to the pure solid-state joining of metals. In this paper, a three-dimensional model based on finite element analysis is used to study the thermal history and thermomechanical process in the butt-welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6. The model incorporates the mechanical reaction of the tool and thermomechanical process of the welded material. The heat source incorporated in the model involves the friction between the material and the probe and the shoulder. In order to provide a quantitative framework for understanding the dynamics of the FSW thermomechanical process, the thermal history and the evolution of longitudinal, lateral, and through-thickness stress in the friction stirred weld are simulated numerically. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is used to measure the residual stress of the welded plate, and the measured results are used to validate the efficiency of the proposed model. The relationship between the calculated residual stresses of the weld and the process parameters such as tool traverse speed is presented. It is anticipated that the model can be extended to optimize the FSW process in order to minimize the residual stress of the weld.     

Friction stir welding of aluminium 7136-T76511 extrusions

Abstract

This research programme evaluates the as welded properties of Al 7136-T76511 extrusions joined through friction stir welding (FSW). Microstructural characterisation and mechanical testing were performed on the baseline material and on panels friction stir welded at 250 and 350 rev min^–1 (all other weld parameters held constant). Transmission electron microscopy revealed the microstructural features in each of the unique weld regions and demonstrated that the precipitate density and morphology in these regions correlates with the temperature profile produced by the FSW process. A thermal model of FSW is developed that utilises an energy based scaling factor to account for tool slip. The slip factor is derived from an empirical relationship between the ratio of the maximum welding temperature to the solidus temperature and energy per unit length of weld. The thermal model successfully predicts the maximum welding temperatures and profiles over a range of energy levels. The mechanical behaviour after welding is correlated to the temperature distribution predicted by the model and to the observed microstructural characteristics. As welded mechanical properties of the alloy trended positively with the energy per unit length of weld, i.e. the highest joint efficiency was achieved at the highest welding temperature.     

Macrostructures and mechanical properties of ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding joint of 2024-T3 aluminium alloy

In friction stir welding of aluminum alloys, tunnel defect may occur due to insufficient plastic material flow caused by lower heat input in the weld region. The inadequacy in heat input is due to improper selection of friction stir welding tool and process parameters. Ultimately, such defects degrade the properties of weld and may pose serious concerns towards the integrity and safety of the weld component. In order to improve the properties of weld joints, an ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding device has been configured where ultrasonic energy is transferred from an ultrasonic unit directly into one of the workpieces near the tool. Using this configuration, ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding was conducted on 6 mm thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets. The macrostructure and mechanical properties of these welds were compared with the welds of this alloy prepared by conventional friction stir welding using identical process parameters. The results show that the welding speed can be increased while satisfactory weld quality is still ensured. The ultrasonic energy transferred in this configuration could enlarge the volume of weld nugget zone. Also, the influence of ultrasonic energy on the suppression or elimination of the tunnel defect is quite apparent. However, any beneficial effects of ultrasonic vibration on the tensile strength and the elongation of the joint were less obvious in this configuration.     

Modeling the Material Flow and Heat Transfer in Reverse Dual-Rotation Friction Stir Welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel modification of conventional friction stir welding (FSW) process. During the RDR-FSW process, the tool pin and the assisted shoulder are separated and rotate with opposite direction independently, so that there are two material flows with reverse direction. The material flow and heat transfer in RDR-FSW have significant effects on the microstructure and properties of the weld joint. A 3D model is developed to quantitatively analyze the effects of the separated tool pin and the assisted shoulder which rotate in reverse direction on the material flow and heat transfer during RDR-FSW process. Numerical simulation is conducted to predict the temperature profile, material flow field, streamlines, strain rate, and viscosity distributions near the tool. The calculated results show that as the rotation speed of the tool pin increases, the temperature near the tool gets higher, the zone with higher temperature expands, and approximately symmetric temperature distribution is obtained near the tool. Along the workpiece thickness direction, the calculated material flow velocity and its layer thickness near the tool get lowered because the effect of the shoulder is weakened as the distance away from the top surface increases. The model is validated by comparing the predicted values of peak temperature at some typical locations with the experimentally measured ones.