Hot dip galvanizing behavior of advanced high strength steel

This work studied the hot dip galvanizing behavior of three advanced high strength steels annealed under different protective atmospheres. The coating quality, surface oxides, and the mechanical property of steel matrix were examined. The experimental results show that annealing atmosphere can influence the galvanizability and thermodynamics calculation can predict the surface selective oxidation. It was shown for the first time in this work that annealing atmosphere may also influence the mechanical property of the steel matrix.     

先进高强度钢板的冲压成形特性及其应用

文章在研究高强度钢板成形特性、回弹特性以及拉毛特性的基础上,深入探讨了先进高强度钢板冲压过程的变形特征。研究结果表明,与传统HSLA钢板相比,DP钢和TRIP钢具有较好的应变均化能力,和较高的成形性,有利于提高零件的使用强度。钢种特性和材料参数对回弹影响显著,使先进高强度钢板尺寸精度控制难度加大。当钢板强度升高时,高强度钢板表现出更易产生拉毛的趋势。     

汽车用先进高强钢的成形性能

通过试验,对汽车用先进高强钢DP590、DP780、TRIP590的力学性能、微观金相组织、成形极限图进行研究,并与超深冲钢DC01成形极限进行对比。运用成形极限预测近似公式,对DP590、DP780、TRIP590、DC01的成形极限曲线进行预测,并与实测曲线进行对比。结果表明,DP钢和TRIP钢都具有较高的强度和良好的塑性,并具有较低的屈强比,能有效避免成形时局部颈缩和断裂。同时,DP钢和TRIP钢均具有良好的成形性能,DP590、TRIP590的成形能力甚至优于超深冲钢DC01。成形极限预测经验近似公式能很好的适用于DP590、DP780、TRIP590的成形极限预测,误差在2%以内,但对于DC01的成形极限预测误差则稍微偏大,约为4%。     

钎焊过程原位合成高强度银钎料

AgCuZnSn合金具备高强度、成分无害化的优势,在绿色制造中应用前景广阔,但Sn元素的加入导致的成形性能下降,限制了其使用. 为克服该不足,设计了一种使用AgCuZn/ZnCuAgSn/AgCuZn复合焊片在钎焊过程中原位合成AgCuZnSn高强钎料的方法,采用的复合钎焊片外层为AgCuZn低熔合金,内层为ZnCuAgSn合金,二者熔点接近且内层合金低于合成后钎料熔点,复合钎料的加工性优于同成分的AgCuZnSn钎料. 使用复合钎焊片进行了感应钎焊不锈钢试验. 结果表明,钎焊过程中两种合金几乎同时熔化,经瞬间保温后可充分熔合,获得高强度钎缝,采用该工艺获得的接头强度高于常规钎焊连接强度.     

先进高强度冷轧TWIP钢的组织和力学性能

采用真空熔炼法制备Fe-20Mn-3.0Cu-1.38C高强度高塑性合金钢,通过单向拉伸、X射线衍射（XRD）、光学显微镜（OM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）方法研究了不同冷轧变形量(12.8%~73.37%)对该合金钢微观组织、力学性能的影响,分析了冷轧变形量为32.28%该合金钢的拉伸变形微观机制。结果表明,该合金冷轧变形前后均为单相奥氏体组织,无马氏体相变发生。随着冷轧变形量的增加,合金钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度均显著提高,伸长率则减小。当冷轧变形量为32.28%,该合金钢的规定非比例延伸强度高达1383.99 MPa,抗拉强度为1619.83 MPa,达到超强钢的水平,并仍然保留41.12%的伸长率,综合性能优异。该冷轧变量下的合金拉伸变形过程中,产生TWIP效应,位错的塞积、形变孪晶的产生以及位错与孪晶间的交互作用共同提高材料的塑性和强度。     

第3代先进高强度钢AHSS汽车板的开发

为满足汽车轻量化、节能减排和抗冲撞安全对高强塑性车身结构材料的需求,各国钢铁业与汽车业合作开发应用第3代先进高强度钢AHSS汽车板取得重要进展。由于金属晶体结构的本质特征,任何提高强度的方法均会导致其塑性的降低,因此第3代AHSS钢超高强度汽车板的开发,面临着金属晶体材料强塑化机理的难题：在大幅度提高汽车板强度的同时如何获得必要的塑性延伸能力及其相应的显微组织？以抗拉强度TS 1 000~1 500 MPa级超高强度汽车板在强塑化机理研究方面取得的两次突破性进展为线索,讨论了第3代AHSS汽车板在淬火碳分配（Quenching Partitioning）QP处理钢、非均质性纳米组织钢（Heterogeneous Nanostructure Steel）和高强塑性热成形钢（Ductile Press Hardened Steel）在研究开发与生产应用方面的国际前沿进展。     

先进高强钢尾部翘曲行为的工艺优化

DP780及以上级别先进高强钢经热轧平整后,存在带钢尾部向上翘曲行为,导致酸连轧生产时无法顺利穿带。针对该问题,从平整机组设备状态、工艺控制、技术操作等方面进行了分析。结果表明,不同的控制工艺对先进高强钢尾部翘曲行为的改善效果存在明显差异。通过采取平整机组定尾后投入出口张力辊对尾部进行压紧,并适当提高张力辊压力的措施,有效解决了先进高强钢平整后的尾部翘曲问题,提高了高强钢板形质量,为下游工序生产顺行提供了有力保障。     

Hardening characteristics of CO2 laser welds in advanced high strength steel

When the CO₂ laser welder with 6 kW output was used to weld 4 TRIP steels, 2 DP steels and a precipitation-hardened steel, which have the tensile strength in the range of 600?C1000 MPa, the effect of welding speed on hardening characteristics was investigated. In the weld of TRIP steels and DP steels, the maximum hardness was shown in the fusion zone and the HAZ near the bond line, and the hardness was decreased from the HAZ to the base metal. Only in the PH600 steel, the maximum hardness was shown in the fusion zone and the hardness was decreased from bond line to the base metal. The maximum hardness value was not changed due to the variation of the welding speed within a given range of the welding speed. When the correlation with maximum hardness value using 6 known carbon equivalents was examined, those of CE_L (=C+Si/50+Mn/25+P/2+Cr/25) and P_L (=C+Mn/22+14B) were 0.96 and 0.95 respectively, and CEL was better because it could reflect the contribution of Si and Cr added to AHSS. The maximum hardness value could be calculated by the equation ??H_max=701CE_L+281??. The phase transformation analysis indicated that only martensitic transformation was expected in the given range of the welding conditions. Therefore, the maximum hardness of the weld was the same as that of water cooled steel and not changed with the variation of the welding speed     

Welding deformation control of medium-thickness structures made by advanced high strength steel

In order to investigate the residual angular deformation in fillet welding of T-joint of HG785 high strength steel with a medium thickness plate, both detailed thermo-mechanical finite element simulation and conventional gas metal arc welding experiment were carried out in the present study. In-process deformation control method using backheating method to reduce the residual deformation was discussed.     

Microstructural characterisation of double pulse resistance spot welded advanced high strength steel

The effects of single and double pulse resistance spot welding on the microstructures of an advanced high strength automotive steel are presented in this work. The double pulse welding schemes partially remelt the primary weld nugget and anneal the area at the fusion boundary of the nugget. The effects of the annealing treatment on the segregation and the microstructure have been studied by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) in combination with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Results show that phosphorus has been redistributed at the primary weld nugget edge of the double pulse welds, while the mean block width and ellipticity of the prior austenite grains were smaller in welds subjected to double pulsing compared with single pulse weld. A favourable failure mode was obtained for the double pulse welds although behaviour did not correlate with the measured grain size.     

Pulsed electrohydraulic springback calibration of parts stamped from advanced high strength steel

Electrohydraulic calibration (EHC) of springback is a novel method of removing springback from stamped sheet metal panels and is based upon the electro-hydraulic effect: a complex phenomenon related to the discharge of high voltage electrical current through a liquid. The EHC process involves clamping a stamped panel against a female die with the desired part shape and then applying several pulses of pressure onto and through the thickness of the sheet, in a process somewhat similar to conventional coining operations. However, in EHC the pressure is applied by a fluid and through the use of the electrohydraulic effect, and not with a matching hard tool as done in coining. In EHC, electrical energy is stored in a bank of capacitors and is converted into kinetic energy within the liquid by rapidly discharging the stored energy across a pair of electrodes submerged in a fluid. The objective of this paper is to describe the newly developed EHC process, to report the results of early proof-of-concept experiments, to present the results of more advanced experiments using a more industrial tool and actual part geometry, and to describe how numerical modeling techniques were used to optimize the design of the larger and more industrial tool. The developed concept of electrohydraulic stress relieving calibration is based upon clamping a stamped panel to the calibration die surface with the target shape and then applying pulses of pressure to eliminate internal stresses in the stamped panel. When a stamped blank is removed from a forming die, allowed to springback, and then clamped to a calibration die, the internal elastic stresses within the panel in such a configuration serve as a memory of the shape of the blank after springback, and it is these residual stresses that EH calibration is intended to remove from the panel. The developed concept of stress relieving calibration was initially validated by a simple experiment consisting of submerging a bent strip of aluminum into the fluid within an EH chamber, so that both the outer and inner surfaces of the strip (where the internal stresses from bending are located) were exposed to the fluid and the pressure pulse. This experiment served as an initial confirmation that impact with the tool is not necessary to achieve the calibration effect. The sheet metal materials used in this study, and for which springback was eliminated after forming, include DP 980 at 1.0 mm and 1.4 mm thick, and also DP600 at 1.0 mm thick.     

先进超高强马氏体钢的成形回弹控制

先进超高强马氏体钢是汽车轻量化极具潜力的钢种,但其强度高、塑性低、成形回弹量大,成形精度难以保证。文章以有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,针对1500MPa级别马氏体钢开展回弹控制方法研究,并进行实验验证。研究表明,采用变压边力和成形拉伸(form drawing)均可有效抑制回弹,而后者表现了更好的回弹抑制效果,成形拉伸中的压边力加载时刻与压边力对回弹抑制效果影响较大。     

Uni- and bi-axial deformation behavior of laser welded advanced high strength steel sheets

Bead-on-plate butt joints of 2.5 mm hot rolled DP600/DP600 and 1.2 mm cold rolled TRIP700/TRIP700 steel sheets were performed using 6 kW CO₂ laser beam welding. The welding speed ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 and from 2.1 to 3.9 m/min in DP/DP and TRIP/TRIP steel weldments respectively. A top surface helium gas was used as a shielding gas at a flow rate of 20 l/min. Metallographic examinations and transverse tensile testing (DIN EN 895: 1995) were carried out to characterize the weldments. The formability of base metals and weldments were investigated by standard Erichsen test (DIN EN ISO 20482). It was found that the uniaxial plastic behavior of both DP600 and TRIP700 base metals was in agreement with Swift and modified Mecking–Kocks models respectively. In a perpendicular tensile test to the weld line, all specimens were fractured at the base metal however the strengths were somewhat higher than those of base metal. There was a significant reduction in formability caused by welding of both DP/DP and TRIP/TRIP steel weldments and the formability has been improved with the increase of the welding speed.     

基于Yoshida-Uemori硬化模型的高强钢冲压件回弹预测研究

基于LS-DYNA软件对高强钢薄板零件的冲压成形进行仿真分析与回弹预测,研究了不同材料硬化模型对回弹预测精度的影响。在仿真分析中应用各向同性硬化模型和考虑包申格效应的Yoshida-Uemori随动硬化模型,将模拟回弹值同试验回弹量进行比较,验证了Yoshida-Uemori材料模型在高强钢回弹预测中的可靠性,为实际生产中模具设计及修正提供理论指导。     

高强度U型槽钢链模成形有限元仿真分析

链模成形工艺稳定,适用于性能波动较大的高强钢材料在复杂工况下成形。基于ABAQUS软件平台,建立了高强度钢U型槽链模成形的有限元仿真模型,采用各向同性硬化模型和随动硬化模型分别进行仿真。以高强度U型槽钢链模成形过程的板料中间翼缘边部的纵向应变为研究对象,将仿真结果与试验数据进行对比,比较了两种硬化模型对仿真结果的影响,进一步分析了板料的成形过程,验证了仿真模型的准确性。基于已验证的仿真模型,通过数值试验的方法进一步探究了屈服强度和摩擦系数对纵向峰值应变的影响。结果表明,板料屈服强度对翼板边部纵向峰值应变的影响不大,板料与模具间的摩擦系数对纵向峰值应变的影响也不显著。     

DP780高强钢板动态变形力学行为研究

通过准静态拉伸实验和0.1m/s,2m/s,10m/s和15m/s等4种拉伸速度下的动态冲击拉伸实验,对DP780高强钢板的动态变形行为进行了研究,得到了不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线,基于Johnson-Cook模型建立了可描述DP780高强钢变形应变率相关性的应力-应变关系模型。为更好地预测材料动态冲击条件下的应变率以及应力的变化,提出了一个基于宏观变量速度v的本构关系方程,数值拟合结果与实验结果十分吻合。     

先进高强钢电阻点焊接头的断裂模式分析与预测

研究了先进高强钢(advanced high strength steel, AHSS)两层板电阻点焊接头的断裂模式,不同的断裂模式会影响点焊接头断裂时的机理、力学性能及断裂位置,基于不同组合下的临界熔核尺寸、最大载荷、断口宏观形貌、初始断裂位置、宏观金相组织以及微观硬度曲线等试验结果,阐明了板材厚度和板材强度两类因素对于断裂模式的影响规律. 结果表明,板材强度因素会直接影响断裂模式、初始断裂位置以及最大载荷;板材厚度因素影响断裂模式但不改变初始断裂位置及最大载荷. 临界熔核尺寸的影响因素有板材厚度、板材强度、熔核中缺陷以及拔出断裂位置距熔合线的距离. 在此基础上,文中提出了临界熔核尺寸(D_CR)的预测模型及预测方法,该方法与试验值符合较好,为实际工业应用中的临界熔核尺寸判定提供了理论依据.     

保温时间对钎焊Al_2O_3/碳钢界面结构及结合强度的影响

用Cu-Ti活性钎料对Al2O3陶瓷/碳钢实施钎焊,用透射电镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪对界面微观结构进行表征,研究了钎焊温度1050℃、不同保温时间(10~40 min)对接头界面微观结构和剪切强度的影响。结果表明,保温30 min得到的钎焊接头具有较好的界面组织形态和较高的剪切强度。在此工艺条件下界面结合区有3层组成,即近陶瓷侧以Ti4Fe2O为主的反应层,近钢侧以Ti Fe2为主要析出相的扩散层,在反应层和扩散层之间为Cu固溶体+Ti4Fe2O相,各层组织比较致密,微孔缺陷较少,接头剪切强度达到99 MPa。