Study of keyhole closure and analysis of microstructure and mechanical performance of weld joints for variable polarity vertical up plasma arc welding process

Abstract

Two technical approaches for keyhole closure were conducted. Workpieces of aluminium alloy 2219 were welded using variable polarity vertical up plasma arc welding technology. Effects of welding process parameters on keyhole closure were analysed. Appropriate technical criteria for keyhole closure in the welding of aluminium alloys (3 or 6 mm in thickness) via the variable polarity vertical up plasma arc welding technique were obtained. Experimental simulation of girth welding (overlap welding) was conducted using the appropriate process parameters for the keyhole closure stage of plate butt welding, and the feasibility of circumferential welding was verified. Accordingly, girth welding of the external tank of a carrier rocket was achieved using the appropriate parameters for the keyhole closure technique. In addition, the metallurgical process and mechanical performance for the single pass and overlap welds were analysed and compared.     

铝合金变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊工艺的热源模型

选用包含面高斯热源和圆柱体热源模型的组合热源模型去模拟变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊工艺的温度场．通过大量的工艺试验,分析主要工艺参数对铝合金变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊成形的影响．借助有限元分析手段,在热源模型和实际工艺参数之间建立了联系,并通过线性回归分析的方法将这种联系用数学方式表达出来．结果表明,变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊除了电流和行走速度外,离子气流量、钨极内缩量和喷嘴末端到工件表面的距离都是十分重要的工艺参数,对焊缝形貌特征影响很大．     

VPPAW工艺的变极性焊接电流受控稳定性

在铝合金的变极性等离子弧焊(variable polarity plasma arc welding,VPPAW)工艺中,变极性焊接电流的受控稳定性是确保焊接成形质量的前提. 然而,等离子电弧形态会随焊接电流极性的切变而变化,使得等离子电弧作为VPPAW电源的输出负载具有显著的非线性特性,常规比例积分微分(proportional integral derivative, PID)控制策略无法确保VPPAW电源输出电流波形畸变,而输出焊接电流波形的畸变又会进一步加剧电弧负载的非线性特性,降低变极性焊接电流的受控稳定性. 为了改善VPPAW工艺的变极性焊接电流的受控稳定性,研究了常规PID控制策略下铝合金的变极性等离子弧穿孔立向上焊接工艺的焊接电流受控稳定性以及等离子电弧的动态稳定性,引入了模糊控制理论,基于现场可编程门阵列(field programmable gate array, FPGA)的并行逻辑时序设计方法,设计出了一种具有并行运算能力的模糊PID控制器. 验证试验结果表明,具有并行运算能力的模糊PID控制器能够有效地改善VPPAW工艺的变极性焊接电流波形的受控稳定性.     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔焊过程控制

分析了铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺特点,提出了通过对焊接参数的精确控制,实现变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺的方法,并将焊接电流、离子气流量和焊接速度确定为变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊过程的被调节参数.保持穿孔熔池上"热"和"力"的动态平衡是调节焊接参数的根本依据,是实现变断面试件自动焊接的关键所在.采用单片机为核心的控制器对焊接参数进行实时调节,动态保持穿孔熔池上热和力平衡,实现了变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺.     

变极性等离子电弧力学行为研究

研究了变极性等离子孤焊接工艺参数对变极性等离子电孤力的影响规律,提出了变极性等离子电孤的力学特性,它是变极性等离子电孤的重要特性之一,试验结果对中厚板铝合金变极性等离子孤焊接工艺稳定性以及焊接过程控制有重要的指导意义。     

Effect of REM addition of wire on CO2 gas shielded arc phenomenon

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas shielded arc welding is the main arc welding method, but it generates a large amount of spatter during welding. The root cause of spatter lies in the fact that the droplet undergoes repeated irregular shaking. To solve this problem, spatter generation modes were clarified and the effects of polarity and rare earth metal (REM) addition of the wire on CO₂ gas shielded arc welding were investigated. As a result, when welding is performed with an electrode negative (DCEN) polarity using REM added wire, it was found that a conical arc plasma is formed, and the droplet which is transferred from the wire tip to the molten pool is fine and continuous, in what is termed ‘spray transfer’. Thus, spatter generation was reduced to 10% of amount of the conventional CO₂ gas shielded arc welding (from 0.058 to 0.005g/s).     

厚板铝合金变极性等离子弧焊工艺

分析铝镁合金的焊接特性和变极性等离子弧焊的焊接特点及氩-氦电弧的特性,依据8～12 mm板厚5083的焊接经验,选用变极性等离子弧焊,分别采用氩气、氩气+氦气作为保护气体,对16 mm厚的5083铝合金进行焊接试验,通过优化焊接工艺参数,获得良好的焊缝成形;按JB/T 4730《承压设备无损检测》的要求对获得的焊接接头进行射线检测和渗透检测,通过机械性能试验验证焊接接头的机械性能,各项检测及试验结果均符合NB/T 47014《承压设备焊接工艺评定》的要求,获得的焊接工艺规范参数在高压封闭电器外壳筒体的焊接中稳定应用。     

变极性等离子电弧压力的影响因素分析

利用U形压力计测试了不同工艺参数条件下的变极性等离子焊接的电弧压力,利用正交试验测试了不同正极性电流、反极性电流、正反极性时间比和等离子气流量四种参数条件下的电弧压力.结果表明,电弧压力随着这些因素的增加而增加,而四种因素对电弧压力影响的大小依次为:等离子气流量>正极性电流>正反极性时间比>反极性电流.分析原因,等离子气流量是通过冷却压缩提高电弧压力,压缩了电弧尺寸,而焊接电流则通过电磁压缩,但也提高了电弧半径.由于正反极性阶段电弧压力的差异较为明显.因此正反极性时间比对电弧压力也有显著的作用.

Abstract：

VPPA pressure was measured at different welding parameters by U-tube barometer method. The effects of different welding conditions on arc force, including straight polarity current, reverse polarity current, time ratio, plasma gas flow rate were analyzed by the orthogonal experiment. The results indicates that VPPA pressure increased with these four parameters, and the influences of the welding parameters are in order of plasma gas flow rate, straight polarity current, time ratio, and reverse polarity current. Then the mechanisms were discussed. The plasma gas can cool and compress the arc column and compress the arc radius, which increases the VPPA pressure; while the welding current increases the arc radius by electromagnetic compression, which enhances the VPPA pressure. Moreover, due to the great difference of VPPA pressure between straight polarity phase and reverse polarity phase, time ratio is also one of key factors to VPPA pressure.     

铝合金LB-VPPA复合焊接热源特性

以Al-Mn系铝合金LB-VPPA(laser beam-variable polarity plasma arc)复合焊接热源特性为研究对象,采用Y4-S2型高速摄像仪和汉诺威焊接质量分析仪分别研究了LB-VPPA复合热源焊接过程中的电弧形态的变化、焊接电流、电压的特征信息. 结果表明,激光对VPPA焊接电弧有吸引作用,并且与VPPA正、反极性作用机理不同. 正极性阶段发现激光被压缩于VPPA电弧内部且作用于电弧根部,而反极性阶段在VPPA电弧上方会出现一个等离子体柱. VPPA焊电弧根部等离子体对激光的逆轫致辐射吸收,电弧因温度升高而膨胀导致其横截面积变大;同时引入激光为VPPA焊接电弧提供了大量自由电子,电流密度增加、导电性增强、电导率提高、电阻减小,导致电弧电压下降了约3~4 V. 随着激光功率的增加,激光对VPPA电弧作用效果明显增强.     

变极性等离子电弧形态对电弧力的影响

研究了变极性等离子弧焊接工艺中,电弧形态及力学行为随焊接过程变化的现象,提出了变极性等离子电弧力学行为随电弧形态的改变而变化的规律。通过高速摄像以及对电弧力和电流的同步检测,证实了联合型等离子弧在反极性时间内易形成双弧的事实。     

交直流混合VPPA特性及铝合金立焊工艺

厚板铝合金变极性等离子弧(VPPA)穿孔立焊工艺中,由于焊接电流大,长时间焊接时钨极的烧损量大,严重影响厚板大结构自动焊接质量.为此提出了通过交直流混合输出减少钨极烧损,同时提高焊接质量的新型铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔焊接方法.该方法在保证氧化膜清理的前提下,减小了因反极性时间过短电弧在极短时间内两次过零造成的等离子弧力下降和过大的感应电动势对开关器件的损害.其次交直流混合输出电弧具有低频调制效果,起到熔池振荡、细化晶粒的作用.在实现交直流混合VPPA软硬件功能基础上研究了交直流混合VPPA等离子弧力学特性、焊接过程稳定性及焊缝成形机理.通过对焊缝显微组织及焊缝成形检验发现,交直流混合输出时焊缝晶粒细化,焊缝成形美观,实现了减少钨极烧损和提高焊缝质量双重目标.     

同步方波交流电源负半波时间随总电流增加而增加的原因

对同步方波交流电源（ＳＹＮＣＲＯＷＡＶＥ－３００（Ｓ）方波交流电源）的负半波时间随总电流增加而增加的原因进行了详细的试验研究和理论分析。结果表明：这种陡降特性的可控硅－电抗器式的交流电源的总电流的增加必须通过增加负半波的时间才能实现。这将会造成铝合金交流ＴＩＧ焊和等离子弧焊在大电流焊接时钨极严重烧损，降低电弧和焊缝成型的稳定性。该结论不但对更好地理解可控制硅－电抗器式方波交流电源的工作原理有重要的     

Novel soft variable polarity plasma arc and its influence on keyhole in horizontal welding of aluminium alloys

A novel soft variable polarity plasma arc has been proposed to solve the problems in horizontal welding of aluminium alloys (in 2G position). It is defined as an arc with reduced arc pressure while retaining the ability to maintain a stable keyhole. In this paper, its characteristics were studied and its influence on the stability of keyhole was investigated. The results indicate that it has been changed in the energy and pressure distribution compared with ordinary variable polarity plasma arc. It is beneficial for the stability of keyhole especially for the stability of keyhole shrinking process. The keyhole can be established easily. It can also improve the wetting and spreading of molten metal in weld pool. The reason for a stable keyhole is that the soft variable polarity plasma can provide a suitable heat input and a suitable arc pressure.     

高频脉冲变极性焊接电源及电弧压力分析

采用变极性和高频脉冲电路叠加,设计了一套变极性和高频脉冲复合电流输出特性的焊接电源,将高频脉冲电弧特性引入变极性焊接过程.建立电弧压力数学模型,结合具体工艺试验,分析了高频脉冲电流对于变极性焊接电弧特性的改善.结果表明,在相等电流有效值的情况下,电弧压力随脉冲频率的提高而增加,高频脉冲电流频率达到5kHz附近时,弧柱区电弧压力较常规直流电弧提高2倍左右,电弧的挺度和能量密度都有所增加,为进一步研究高频脉冲变极性焊接方法在铝合金焊接中的应用提供了理论依据.     

特高压开关铝罐体的变极性等离子弧焊接工艺方法

通过对16 mm厚5083铝合金罐体进行变极性等离子弧焊接工艺试验,分析了工艺参数变化对焊缝成形的影响,研究该铝合金罐体在不开坡口情况下分别采用氩气(需要焊前预热)和氦氩混合气作为保护气的变极性等离子弧焊接工艺,并制定出具体焊接工艺规范参数。试验结果表明,采用氦氩混合气作为保护气条件下焊接的工件,可以有效避免长焊缝预热不均、焊缝背面局部咬边等问题,同时可以降低热输入、提高焊接效率,焊缝质量达到正背面外观无缺陷、射线探伤Ⅰ级,能够满足高压开关罐体的设计要求。     

穿孔法变极性等离子立焊的收弧过程

研究了穿孔法等离子弧焊的收弧规律。发现焊接电流、离子气流量和焊接速度对收弧过程影响较大。在收弧阶段采用适当焊接电流，增大送丝速度，减小离子气流量和焊接速度，以增加焊接热输入，可以实现收弧弧坑的填充。对于不同厚度的铝合金，收弧阶段的规范参数有一最佳区间。研究了收弧坑的接头性能，其抗拉强度和伸长率均不低于中间焊缝。     

铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接工艺中的双弧现象

在铝合金变极性穿孔型等离子弧焊接工艺中，维弧电源对变极性电弧的稳定和工件受力状态有显著影响。在反极性时间内，部分主电流会通过维弧电源在喷嘴和工件之间形成自由电弧，产生双弧现象，增大喷嘴的烧损，同时，双弧的产生减小了反极性期间的等离子电弧力，使得电弧的穿透能力减小。     

Twin-wire indirect arc welding by modeling and experiment

Argon-shielded twin-wire indirect arc (TWIA) welding is a method with a high melting rate, high welding efficiency, low welding deformation and low penetration depth of the weld joint. In this paper, the arc behavior of the twin-wire indirect arc (TWIA) for current values of 100 A, 150 A and 200 A and their influence on the welding process were discussed, and the reasons of the previously mentioned advantages of this welding method were analyzed. The plasma temperature was measured to verify the correctness of the simulation. The results indicate that the arc behavior is mainly controlled by the welding current. With the increasing current, the arc parameters in the anode and cathode regions significantly increase, whereas those in the arc column region vary by a smaller degree. The rate of increase of the arc parameters in the entire arc region is smaller than that of the welding current. The isotherm shifts toward the anode side and the shift of the isotherm increases when the welding current increases. The advantaged of TWIA welding was discussed according to the calculated result.     

极性对全位置自保护耐磨堆焊药芯焊丝工艺性能的影响

通过采集的焊接电流波形图、焊接电流概率密度分布曲线图和焊接电流变异系数评判了不同极性焊接时的电弧稳定性,结果表明, AP-55焊丝直流正接的电弧稳定性优于直流反接;通过飞溅率测试试验对比了不同极性焊接时的飞溅情况,结果表明,AP-55焊丝直流正接的飞溅小于直流反接,且直流正接的飞溅颗粒较小,容易清理。     

等离子喷涂AlSi-ployester封严涂层工艺优化研究

采用AlSi-ployester粉末和PARXAIR-3710等离子喷涂系统制备封严涂层.为使AlSi-ployester等离子喷涂涂层获得优良的涂层性能,选择涂层结合强度为判据,通过正交试验对AlSi-ployester等离子喷涂工艺进行了优化.利用扫描电镜,Axio lmager.A lm金相图像分析系统等手段对涂层形貌和孔隙率进行分析,同时对涂层的硬度、抗热震性能进行了测试.确定优化后的工艺参数为:电弧电流790A.主气流量62.7 L/min,辅气流量5 L/min,喷涂距离100mm.结果表明,电弧电流、主气流量、辅气流量、喷涂距离对AlSi-ployester涂层结合强度具有不同的影响,在优化的喷涂工艺参数条件下,AlSi-ployester涂层结合强度可达6.9MPa,具有较好的硬度和热震性能,可为今后等离子喷涂系统工艺参数的选定提供参考.