Phosphorus-calcium metabolism and dietetic correction of its disorders in chronic kidney diseases in children

Ninety children with varying renal diseases were under observation. The investigations conducted have shown that disorders in phosphoric-calcium metabolism depend on the type, activity of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) and etiology of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). Significant disorders in phosphoric-calcium metabolism were detected in patients with nephrotic and mixed types of CGN. Most manifest clinical and x-ray changes of the osseous system were observed in patients with CRI that developed as a result of the tubulointerstitial pathologic process. Low-phosphate diets with preset amounts of Ca and P were developed, composed of products with relatively low content of P, and of new dietetic products rich in Ca. The diets were used for correction of hyperphosphatemia in children with CGN and in those with CRI, simultaneously with drug therapy, to prevent or diminish disorders in phosphoric-calcium metabolism, and to reduce the risk of invalidism among children with chronic renal diseases.     

Application of nutritional formulare in the dietotherapy in patients with cardiovascular diseases

It was found that the including of nutritional formulae in the dietary therapy for patients with cardiovascular diseases and obesity has been evaluated, had a positive effect on the clinical presentation of disease, lipid metabolism and the dynamic of body composition of patients.     

Vitamin A and E allowance of the body in xenobiotic exposure

The results are presented of the clinico-experimental studies conducted in patients with diseases of the respiratory organs. Providing with tocopherol, lipid metabolism and peroxidation parameters were studied in these patients in the time course of combined drug therapy. Different variants of providing with vitamins A and E were simulated in rats. It was shown that both under clinical and experimental conditions, administration of xenobiotics produced the devitaminizing effect which was manifest in tocopherol and retinol deficiency, activation of lipid peroxidation in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, in the lungs and liver. The authors have recommended the control over providing with vitamins A and E during the drug therapy of such patients, as well as differential approach to the corrective dietotherapy with the rations enriched with vitamins A and E; the vitamins are especially necessary for the patients with chronic broncho-pulmonary diseases in the presence of obesity and lipid metabolism disorders.     

Metabolic Regulation of Methionine Restriction in Diabetes

Although the effects of dietary methionine restriction have been investigated in the physiology of aging and diseases related to oxidative stress, the relationship between methionine restriction (MR) and the development of metabolic disorders has not been explored extensively. This review summarizes studies of the possible involvement of dietary methionine restriction in improving insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and inflammation, with an emphasis on the fibroblast growth factor 21 and protein phosphatase 2A signals and autophagy in diabetes. Diets deficient in methionine may be a useful nutritional strategy in patients with diabetes.     

复合营养粉对2型糖尿病大鼠的辅助降血糖试验

为评估以全脂乳粉、赤藓糖醇、杏仁粉、抗性糊精、聚葡萄糖、菊粉、罗汉果甜苷等为原料制成的复合营养粉对糖尿病大鼠的辅助降血糖功能,建立了胰岛素抵抗糖/脂代谢紊乱大鼠模型,并分别评估了复合营养粉对正常大鼠和胰岛素抵抗糖/脂代谢紊乱模型大鼠的影响。结果表明:复合营养粉对正常大鼠血糖无明显影响;对胰岛素抵抗糖/脂代谢紊乱模型大鼠的糖耐量指标为阳性、降血脂指标为阴性,胰岛素抵抗性未见明显变化。复合营养粉对糖尿病大鼠的辅助降血糖功能为阳性。     

Changes in the circadian parameters of blood carbohydrate and lipid metabolism after consuming alcohol

The circadian rhythm parameters (mesores, amplitudes, acrophases) and circadian time course of carbohydrates, and lipids (glucose, glycogen, pyruvate, lactate, total lipids, total phospholipids, total and free cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids) were studied in normal male subjects aged 20-26 over 24 h in health and over three 24 h cycles after a single alcohol intake between 5 and 6 p. m in a dose inducing an average degree of poisoning. Alcohol disturbed the normal circadian organization of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Desynchronization of the rhythm structure in carbohydrate metabolism is observed for a longer period than in lipid metabolism. Metabolic changes persist even when alcohol is eliminated, and become directed contrariwise with respect to some parameters (lactate, total lipids, triglycerides, free fatty acids), that is related to disturbed 24 h periodical pattern and coordination of metabolite processes. Recovery of the initial parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism is observed in 3 days after alcohol intake.     

Effect of diet therapy on indicators of lipid metabolism in obese children

The effects of staged, readaptation dietetic management on the time course of changes in the body weight and lipid metabolism were studied in 40 children aged 10-15 years with constitutional exogenous obesity, stages II and III. It was based on a progressive metabolic readaptation of the sick body. Analysis of the data obtained indicates that dietetic management produces different effects in obese children, which attests to the gravity of metabolic disorders in overweight. This in turn may be evidence for disease heterogenicity. The conclusion is made about the necessity of exercising an individualized approach to the treatment of obesity and of taking additional measures aimed at normalization of metabolism and attainment of body weight regression.     

Effect of iodine deficiency on the growth and formation of the bone tissue

The authors studied several groups of children in terms of the height in endemic goiter regions and in the regions with no goiter incidence. Subject to study were also processes of osteogenesis and phosphocalcium metabolism in animals with iodine deficiency in the diet. It was established that in goiter endemic regions, the number of children under medium and of low height was increased while that of medium and over medium height, and the number of tall children were reduced. It was also found that iodine deficiency in the diet of animals entailed abnormalities in the growth patterns, destructive alterations in the bones and bone marrow, a decrease in the content of hydroxyproline, hexosamines, and in the activity of phosphomonoesterase-I in animal bones, as well as disorders of phosphocalcium metabolism.     

Relation of the lipid level of the blood plasma to the nature of the nutrition of the population

The incidence of disorders in the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and the character of nutrition were studied in a non-organized population of males aged 20-59 (n-2888). Strictly standardized methods applicable in epidemiologic investigations were used. A reliable relationship has been revealed between the excessive consumption of fats, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, saccharose, the insufficient content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, starch, ascorbic acid, retinol, and magnesium in the diets and the incidence of disorders in the lipid metabolism.     

亚麻籽营养成分提取及其功能和应用研究进展

综述了亚麻籽中亚麻籽油、亚麻籽蛋白、亚麻籽多糖、亚麻籽胶、木脂素等主要营养成分的提取方法及其原理和优缺点,并对其调节脂质代谢、降低血糖血脂水平、改善心脑血管疾病、预防癌症等营养功能及在食品加工等领域的应用进行分析和讨论,以期为亚麻籽营养成分的提取和相关产品的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

Evaluation of the effect of extremely low-calorie diets on obese patients

The authors summarize the data on many years of study of the effect of the diet with an extremely reduced caloricity (2500 kj or 600 kcal) on the clinical, biochemical and morphometry parameters in patients with different degrees of obesity. A total of 148 patients aged 17 to 52 years were placed under observation. The investigations confirm that the nutrition regimens under consideration are well tolerated by patients, favouring the improvement of lipid metabolism, reduction in the level of glycemia and insulinemia and making cortisol and glucagon secretion return to normal. At the same time the low protein quota in the diet, noticeable disorders in protein metabolism (negative nitrogenous balance, an increase in the uric acid content in blood serum) attest to the necessity of being cautious in prescribing the diets with an extremely reduced caloricity. It is not advisable that the diets under consideration should be employed under inpatient conditions for more than 1-1.5 month.     

Nutritional aspects of gluten‐free products

In recent years, gluten‐free (GF) goods have become popular, fuelling a growing market, as they not only cater to individuals with medical needs but also to consumers who seek a GF diet. In their development, it is pivotal to pay attention to nutritional quality. This review aims to provide some insights on the nutritional quality of GF products, focusing on major concerns and the strategies to overcome them. In order to mimic the viscoelastic properties of gluten, a large number of flours and starches and other ingredients have been used. Therefore the different mixtures of these ingredients bring a wide difference in the nutritional composition of GF foods with respect to gluten‐containing counterparts. Several GF foodstuffs contain more fat, including saturated, and salt but fewer minerals and vitamins than their equivalents with gluten. The increased fibre content and improved technological processes have positively affected the glycaemic responses from these goods. However, in order to improve their nutritional quality, wholemeal GF cereals and pseudocereals with high nutritive value should replace the low‐nutritional GF flours and consequently the technological processes would be optimized. The improvement of the nutritional quality of GF products, and in turn that of the GF diet, should also be aimed at lowering the risk of later chronic degenerative disorders, especially for infants and young children. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cholesterol metabolism and lipid peroxidation processes in hypodynamia. Effect of using ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol

Study status of cholesterol metabolism, processes of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in blood plasma, erythrocytes and homogenates of the, heart, liver, muscle femors of rats attached to movement active. Establishment effects application of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol. Ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol were infused daily. The daily dosage was 2 and 1 mg respectively. Characteristic shift changes of cholesterol metabolism in conditions of limited muscular activity were revealed. It was shown that vitamin antioxidants play a role in correction of metabolic disorders in case of immobile distress syndrome.     

Effect of different types of feeding on the lipid metabolism of infants in the 1st months of life with acute digestive disorders

A total of 147 sick children from 2 weeks to 6 months of age and 40 healthy children were examined. The children suffering from acute digestive disorders showed, in the presence of formula feeding, deep changes on the lipidogram at the height of the disease. The lipidogram does not return to normal even by the time of clinical recovery. With natural and mixed feeding the metabolic changes are less pronounced, all test parameters reaching normal by the time of convalescence. Intensive therapy does not exert any material effect on the body weight recovery in children with a low lipid level in the blood serum. Parenteral and enteral applications of fat emulsions favoured rapid recovery of these children.     

Nutrigenetics of the lipoprotein metabolism

It is well known that lipid metabolism is a cornerstone in the development of the commonest important chronic diseases worldwide, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, or metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the area of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is one of the areas in which the understanding of the development and progression of those metabolic disorders has been studied in greater depth. Thus, growing evidence has demonstrated that while universal recommendations might be appropriate for the general population, in this area there is great variability among individuals, related to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Moreover, the interaction between genetic and dietary components has helped in understanding this variability. Therefore, with further study into the interaction between the most important genetic markers or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diet, it may be possible to understand the variability in lipid metabolism, which could lead to an increase in the use of personalized nutrition as the best support to combat metabolic disorders. This review discusses some of the evidence in which candidate SNPs can affect the key players of lipid metabolism and how their phenotypic manifestations can be modified by dietary intake.     

Effect of xylitol and sorbitol on metabolic indices in diabetic children

The influence of readily available carbohydrates (sugar, xylitol and sorbitol) on the metabolic processes was studied in 80 children with diabetes mellitus. It was found that even low doses (20 g) of sorbitol and xylitol produced an unfavourable effect on the lipid metabolism and liver function. It is recommended that low doses (20 g) of sugar be included into the diet for children with diabetes mellitus.     

苦荞对高脂膳食诱导小鼠血脂代谢及组织氧化还原的影响

随着人民生活水平的提高,膳食结构发生了巨大的变化,膳食中油脂的比例不断增多,可诱发血脂代谢紊 乱与氧化应激,影响肠道菌群平衡,危害人体健康。本研究通过建立高脂膳食诱发血脂代谢紊乱小鼠模型,探究苦 荞主要营养成分（蛋白质、淀粉、黄酮类化合物）对高脂膳食诱导的脂代谢紊乱小鼠的血脂、肝脂和氧化还原能力 的影响及其相互关系。实验结果表明：与高脂组相比,苦荞主要营养成分（蛋白质、淀粉、黄酮类化合物）能够降 低小鼠空腹血糖水平,提高胰岛素敏感指数;使脂代谢紊乱小鼠的血浆总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 浓度以及动脉硬化指数显著下降（P＜0.05）,同时能够提高血浆总抗氧化能力以及过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶 活力,降低肝脏中脂质过氧化反应产物丙二醛含量。总之,苦荞主要营养成分具有调节血脂、减轻肝肿大、提高抗 氧化能力的生物活性,可以预防脂代谢紊乱,从而一定程度上抑制血脂的紊乱及组织的氧化应激。     

The use of nutritional antioxidants for the correction of metabolic disorders of cardiovascular patients

The effectiveness of complex dietary therapy, comprising the use of nutritional antioxidants, for patients with degree I-II essential hypertension and CHD has been evaluated. It is found that the including of soy isoflavones and selenium into the nutrition had a positive effect on the clinical presentation of disease, lipid metabolism, organism antioxidant status, indices of blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems.     

The effect of a hypocaloric diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids on various indicators of cellular immunity in obese children

A total of 157 children aged from 3 to 14 years with varying clinico-pathogenetic types of obesity have been investigated. The main method used for pathogenetic correction was a hypocaloric diet. Twenty-five children in addition to the hypocaloric diet received polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUSFA), nonpurified oil, 0.5-1 g/kg, as an additive to vegetable and meat salads, two times a week, in relief days. Immunological parameters, cholesterol, total lipids, lipoprotein spectrum of the blood were studied. Statistically significant increase of the relative content of T-lymphocytes and theophylline-resistant lymphocytes, with simultaneous diminution of null cell number in children, who received additional PUSFA, was, possibly, associated with the stimulating effect of PUSFA on the differentiation of young precursor-lymphocytes, or with the release of T-lymphocyte receptors due to normalization of lipid metabolism. The investigations conducted have shown a positive effect of the hypocaloric diet enriched with oil on the general condition, regression of body mass in the children under study. The favourable effect of oil on the immunologic processes has evidenced the merit of its use as an immunostimulant, and the necessity of the further study of immunocorrective properties of PUSFA.     

大米蛋白调控胆固醇代谢的研究进展

由于胆固醇代谢紊乱已成为威胁人类健康的第一杀手,胆固醇与许多疾病如冠心病及动脉粥样硬化等疾病密切相关,所以开发一种降低胆固醇的保健食品已经成为世界范围研究的热点。大米蛋白具有高营养价值,是一种优质的植物蛋白。介绍了大米蛋白的营养价值和大米蛋白的结构组成,并对国内外大米蛋白的降低胆固醇水平及调控胆固醇代谢机制进行了综述。研究表明,大米蛋白能够降低血液和肝脏的胆固醇水平,促进粪便和类固醇的排泄,降低LDL的水平。