从单向传达到交互参与的设计思维转换

以参与性设计为启示,分析了单向传达与交互参与2种设计的优缺点,论述了交互参与性设计的研究价值与意义,在此基础上,提出了交互参与性设计的设计思路使设计更好的满足消费需求,从而达到产消一体化的目的。     

Public involvement in environmental impact assessment: a case study of hydro development in Kullu District,Himachal Pradesh,India

The Governments of India and the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh (HP) recently adopted policy changes intended to expedite development approvals for power projects. This paper focuses on the 1997 changes to the Environmental Protection Act that establish procedures for public hearings as a component of EIA. Three hydro project public hearings in the Kullu District (HP) in 1998 show that public involvement andpublic hearing processes are in their nascent stages despite the rapid pace of development. Many constraints, such as inaccessibility of information, lack of familiarity with EIA, and lack of institutional capacity, hinder serious public involvement. Public concerns focused on safety issues (blasting), new road construction and jobs, with little consideration of environmental impact.     

Student Perceptions of High Course Workloads are Not Associated with Poor Student Evaluations of Instructor Performance

Many engineering faculty believe that when students perceive a course to have a high workload, students will rate the course and the performance of the course instructor poorly. This belief can be particularly worrying to engineering faculty since engineering courses are often perceived as uniquely demanding. The present investigation demonstrated that student ratings of workload and of overall instructor performance in engineering courses were not correlated (e.g., Spearman's rho = 0.068) in data sets from either of two institutions. In contrast, a number of evaluation items were strongly correlated (Spearman's rho = 0.7 to 0.899) with ratings of overall instructor performance across engineering, mathematics and science, and humanities courses. The results of the present study provide motivation for faculty seeking to improve their teaching and course evaluations to focus on teaching methods, organization/preparation, and interactions with students, rather than course workload.     

Exposure survey of motorcyclists in New South Wales

This paper reports the results of an exposure survey of 794 registered motorcycle riders, with an average of 18.1 years of riding experience, in the State of New South Wales, Australia. Respondents completed two postal surveys, separated by about 6 months, that included items relating to their crash history, riding patterns, characteristics of their motorcycle, and its odometer reading. Odometer readings indicated that respondents rode a mean of 5208 km each year, and that annual exposure was related to gender, motorcycle type, and dominant riding location, time of week, and purpose. The amount of riding reported for different purposes changed with age, with older riders more likely than younger riders to ride for recreational reasons and on weekends. The mean crash rate (based on self-reported crash involvement) was 0.96 crashes/100,000 km. The crash rate declined with age, was highest in the Sydney metropolitan area, was lowest for motorcycles with large engines, and was highest for trail and dual-use motorcycles. There was a relationship between annual exposure and crash risk such that riders who rode relatively little had higher crash risks (per 100,000 km travelled) than riders who rode more often. A cluster analysis identified three groups of riders with higher-than-average risks of crash involvement.     

The place of social impacts in the iterative assessment process: a case study of a highway project in the US State of Georgia

Social impact assessments (SIAs) were conducted in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process along the US 441 corridor in Clinch and Atkinson Counties, Georgia. The SIA approach consisted of both quantitative and participatory (public involvement) components. Successes in using this approach included: aligning the roadway with access and optimal benefits for the adjacent communities; support for the project despite the change it will bring to the region; improved relationships with the community, which previously had little trust in government; and, most important of all, education of the design engineers about community impacts.     

论高校学生非正式群体的管理

文章借鉴社会心理学和管理学关于非正式群体的概念，通过对高校非正式群体的性质和作用进行研究分析，从高校学生管理的创新和发展的角度提出了具有可操作性和现实意义的高校学生非正式群体的管理途径。     

An empirical study of firm’s absorptive capacity dimensions,supplier involvement and new product development performance

Firms’ performance in their new product development (NPD) is believed to be positively related with involving suppliers in the process of new product development, and also with the organisation’s capacity and capability to absorb external and internal knowledge, namely absorptive capacity (AC). Addressing a gap in the literature, this study adopts the definition and structure for AC suggested by Tu et al. (2006) to examine relationships between AC’s sub-dimensions with NPD performance, and also their moderating effects on the relationship between supplier involvement and new product development performance, on both financial and nonfinancial aspects. Data from a survey of 161 manufacturing firms are used to test the developed hypotheses using structural equation modelling and hierarchical regression. Direct and contingent effects of supplier involvement and AC on new product development performance are studied. As a result factors determining AC are found of different level of effects on financial and nonfinancial performance of new products, which will have implication for theory and practice.     

培养学生创造性思维能力的思考

本文就思维问题作了简要说明,举例说明了培养学生创造性思维能力的方法,还提出了培养学生创造性思维能力的几个关键点。     

The impact of a participatory ergonomics intervention: the value of involvement

This article presents the implementation of a participatory ergonomics (PE) approach in a multinational company in the northern side of Italy, aiming to improve ergonomics, well-being and production outcomes. The methodology used is based on the creation of a multi-disciplinary team to provide and discuss ergonomics’ solutions according to the physical problems of the workers involved and better manage the re-introduction of the workers in the line of production. The study consists of a longitudinal analysis before and after the plant redesign and the PE intervention. Some psychosocial variables as job satisfaction, perceived fatigue, perceived usefulness, repetitiveness, occupational safety and company attention to safety have been monitored to verify the impact of the PE intervention. The results show how the PE intervention positively influences the perception of workers regarding the level of fatigue and repetitiveness and increasing job satisfaction, usefulness and occupational safety with a positive impact on productivity.     

Impact of traffic states on freeway crash involvement rates

Freeway traffic accidents are complicated events that are influenced by multiple factors including roadway geometry, drivers’ behavior, traffic conditions and environmental factors. Among the various factors, crash occurrence on freeways is supposed to be strongly influenced by the traffic states representing driving situations that are changed by road geometry and cause the change of drivers’ behavior. This paper proposes a methodology to investigate the relationship between traffic states and crash involvements on the freeway. First, we defined section-based traffic states: free flow (FF), back of queue (BQ), bottleneck front (BN) and congestion (CT) according to their distinctive patterns; and traffic states of each freeway section are determined based on actual measurements of traffic data from upstream and downstream ends of the section. Next, freeway crash data are integrated with the traffic states of a freeway section using upstream and downstream traffic measurements. As an illustrative study to show the applicability, we applied the proposed method on a 32-mile section of I-880 freeway. By integrating freeway crash occurrence and traffic data over a three-year period, we obtained the crash involvement rate for each traffic state. The results show that crash involvement rate in BN, BQ, and CT states are approximately 5 times higher than the one in FF. The proposed method shows promise to be used for various safety performance measurement including hot spot identification and prediction of the number of crash involvements on freeway sections.     

浅谈工科学生创新能力的培养

主要从教育思想、课程体系、实践教学、考核方式等方面对工科专业学生创新能力的培养进行了探讨。     

供应商介入的产品概念开发

从供应商介入产品概念开发的重要意义入手,探讨产品概念开发流程及供应商介入产品概念开发过程,从市场、竞争性、技术和经济性4个层面对供应商介入产品概念开发过程进行分析,建立了介入产品概念开发的供应商评价指标体系,构建了供应商介入的产品概念开发模型,分析了供应商在每一阶段的主要任务.     

工程图学研究生教育与学科发展

介绍了研究生教育的特点与作用,分析了工程图学研究生教育的现状,探讨了工程图学研究生教育的发展途径、阐述了研究生教育与学科发展的关系。工程图学与数学、物理等基础课相比较,没有相应的本科生,缺乏强大的学科背景,因此必须大力发展工程图学研究生教育,从而极大地促进学科发展,同时推进工程图学教学改革进程。