血糖生成指数、血糖负荷与人类疾病

该文介绍血糖指数(GI)和血糖负荷(GL)概念,影响GI、GL测定因素,及高低GI、GL食物对肥胖、糖尿病影响,指出GI、GL意义及应用前景。     

Low-glycemic-load diets: impact on obesity and chronic diseases

Historically, carbohydrates have been thought to play only a minor role in promoting weight gain and in predicting the risk of development of chronic disease. Most of the focus had been on reducing total dietary fat. During the last 20 years, fat intake decreased, while the number of individuals who were overweight or developed a chronic conditions have dramatically increased. Simultaneously, the calories coming from carbohydrate have also increased. Carbohydrates can be classified by their post-prandial glycemic effect, called the glycemic index or glycemic load. Carbohydrates with high glycemic indexes and high glycemic loads produce substantial increases in blood glucose and insulin levels after ingestion. Within a few hours after their consumption, blood sugar levels begin to decline rapidly due to an exaggerated increase in insulin secretion. A profound state of hunger is created. The continued intake of high-glycemic load meals is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. In this review, the terms glycemic index and glycemic load are defined, coupled with an overview of short- and long-term changes that occur from eating diets of different glycemic indexes and glycemic loads. Finally, practical strategies for how to design low-glycemic-load diets consisting primarily of low-glycemic carbohydrates are provided.     

从食物的碳水化合物谈糖尿病的膳食搭配

由于糖尿病患者的膳食受到诸多的限制,很多患者对每日膳食应该吃什么、喝什么感到茫然,从而影响了生活质量。与糖尿病患者病情直接有关的是膳食中的碳水化合物,为了评价食物中碳水化合物生理效应,营养学提出了两个重要指标——血糖生成指数(GI)和血糖生成负荷(GL)。本文从食物的血糖生成指数和血糖生成负荷两个方面,介绍了糖尿病患者的膳食搭配。     

Ready‐to‐eat snack products: the role of extrusion technology in developing consumer acceptable and nutritious snacks

Consumer appeal for ready‐to‐eat (RTE) products is forecast to grow rapidly over the next 5 years as consumers demand convenient snacks with exciting sensory and textural properties. Extrusion technology has been used extensively in the production of cereal RTE snacks due to its ease of operation and ability to produce a variety of textures and shapes which appeal to consumers. Many of the existing RTE products are relatively high in sugar and salt, thus being regarded as energy dense but nutritionally poor foods. However, there exists a potential to manipulate the nutritional status of extruded RTEs by altering the digestion potentials of starch and protein, and by the incorporation of bioactive components such as dietary fibre. The review article explores some of the recent research in this field and illustrates opportunities by which the global food industry could react to consumers' requirements for healthful RTE snack products in the coming years.     

不同比例碳水化合物和油脂饮食对机体代谢和健康影响的研究进展

碳水化合物和油脂是人体重要的能量来源,饮食中必须保证足够的脂肪和碳水化合物。高脂、高碳水化合物饮食能够提供丰富营养,同时也会诱发脂肪肝、肥胖、心血管疾病、高血糖、高血脂以及影响子代发育等。综述了不同比例碳水化合物和油脂饮食对脂肪代谢、糖代谢、繁殖发育等方面影响,并介绍了植物提取物对不同比例油脂与碳水化合物饮食引起的疾病的治疗作用,以期为人们合理膳食提供参考。     

低血糖指数食品研究进展及展望

该文介绍血糖指数概念和一些常见食物血糖指数,并总结低血糖指数食品的生理功能和影响食品血糖指数高低的因素,最后对低血糖指数食品前景作一展望。     

两种乳酸杆菌对肥胖小鼠的干预作用

目的:探讨两种乳酸杆菌对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠的干预作用.方法:将72只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分成6组,分别为普通饲料组、高脂饲料组、高脂饲料和Lactobacillus casei NCU011054低剂量组、高脂饲料和Lactobacillus casei NCU011054高剂量组、高脂饲料和Lactoba...     

A critical review on anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of dietary resistant starch

abstract

“Diabesity” is the term to illustrate the interdependent relationship between obesity and diabetes. About 80% of the diabetic patients are diagnosed with obesity. Diabesity can be prevented by dietary interventions, especially by incorporating sufficient amount of resistant starch (RS). In the past few decades, RS has inspired the researchers due to its various health benefits. Differing from digestible starch, RS remains undigested in the small intestine, but in the large intestine, it is subjected to fermentation. This review intends to encapsulate the current information related to the dietary RS on diabetes and obesity. RS attenuate hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic and hyperlipidemic response in various subjects by restricting gluconeogenesis, bolstering glycogenesis, maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis and ameliorating pancreatic dysfunction. Various food products were fortified with RS to enhance its dietary intake and were found to exhibit positive impact on human and animal models. This review identified and summarized the research gaps in the available literature.     

复配杂粮馒头营养分析及稳定人体血糖效果研究

以小麦粉、黄豆粉、糙小米粉、杏仁粉、玉米粉、燕麦粉和谷朊粉为原料,制备一种营养相对均衡复配杂粮馒头.通过对其营养分析和餐后人体血糖值测定,结果表明:复配杂粮馒头营养均衡指数0.47,营养均衡性优于小麦馒头(INB =0.72),与血糖密切相关的碳水化合物和淀粉含量较低;与葡萄糖和小麦馒头比较,进食复配杂粮馒头后血糖升高...     

金松酸对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响

目的：本研究旨在探究金松酸（sciadonic acid,SA）对高脂饮食诱导小鼠肥胖的改善作用。方法：将48只C57BL/6雄鼠适应性喂养一周后随机分为正常组（C）、阳性对照组（S）、模型组（M）、金松酸低剂量组（LSA）、金松酸中剂量组（MSA）和金松酸高剂量组（HSA）。造模和给药同时进行,持续16周,低、高剂量组每日固定时间灌胃不同剂量的金松酸溶液。实验结束后从血脂代谢、肝脏脂肪代谢、肝脏氧化应激、肝脏脂质合成和代谢相关基因的表达等几个方面探讨金松酸调节肥胖小鼠脂质代谢的潜在机制。结果表明,高剂量金松酸干预肥胖小鼠能显著降低血清中总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）（P<0.05）,抑制体重增长,减少附睾脂肪积累,对肝组织损伤具有改善作用。此外,金松酸能明显提高小鼠体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶（GSH-Px）等抗氧化酶的活性（P<0.05）,并显著降低氧化终产物MDA的生成（P<0.05）,缓解体内氧化应激反应,并通过调节脂质代谢相关基因的表达,抑制脂质合成,改善脂质代谢。综上,金松酸可通过抑制脂肪积累,缓解氧化应激,调控脂质合成和代谢改善肥胖小鼠脂质代谢紊乱。     

黑米花青素对食源性肥胖小鼠脂代谢紊乱及肠道菌群的影响

该研究以黑米花青素提取物（BRE）为研究对象,研究其对高脂膳食小鼠的脂代谢及肠道菌群的调节作用。通过开展动物实验,分别将茶多酚和低、中及高剂量黑米花青素加入高脂饲料中喂养小鼠,试验周期为8周。通过检测小鼠血清中总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL）及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL）的含量,结合肝脏基因转录组测序探究黑米花青素改善脂代谢的途径。最后对小鼠盲肠内容物进行16S测序,分析菌群组成及丰度变化。研究发现,与高脂膳食组相比,高剂量黑米花青素组血清中TG、LDL及TC水平分别降低了42.33%、22.28%和11.13%,HDL则提高了30.86%。黑米花青素干预对高脂膳食饲喂小鼠肝脏脂代谢相关基因的mRNA表达水平也有较显著的影响。此外,罗姆布茨菌属（Romboutsia）、毛茛菌属（Muribaculacea）和苏黎世杆菌（Turicibacter）的相对丰度分别降低了56.40%、64.29%和53.53%。而阿克曼氏菌属（Akkermannia）、瘤胃球菌科（Rumefaciens）和乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）等菌的相对丰度分别增加了53.29%、51.87%和23.80%。该研究为黑米花青素改善高血脂症等代谢疾病提供了重要依据。     

杂粮特膳米血糖生成指数及血糖负荷的研究

本文研究了杂粮特膳米血糖生成指数及血糖负荷,为糖尿病等慢性病患者的饮食选择提供参考。通过测定杂粮特膳米饭、泰国香米饭、馒头和香米粥的血糖生成指数(Glycemic index,GI)和血糖负荷(Glycemic load,GL)值,同时测定各个受试物的升糖速率和降糖速率,对杂粮特膳米的控糖优势进行评估。结果表明,杂粮特膳米饭的GI值为65.8,GL值为9.83;泰国香米饭的GI值为76.3,GL值为15.09;馒头的GI值为85.4,GL值为15.82;香米粥GI值为79.7,GL值为15.76,与葡萄糖、泰国香米饭、馒头和香米粥相比,杂粮特膳米饭的GI和GL值最低,升糖速率和降糖速率亦最低,因此,其引起人体餐后血糖的反应更小,更适合糖尿病等慢性病患者食用。本文结果表明杂粮特膳米具有较低的GI和GL值,食用后有助于维持餐后血糖的稳定。