Synthesis and structure analysis of La0.5SR0.5TiO3 nanoparticles prepared by thermal decomposition method

La0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (LSTO) nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal decomposition method using Cl3La, CI2Sr x 6H2O and C16H28O6Ti as starting materials. The obtained precursor in a powder form was calcined at 700, 900, 1100 and 1300 degrees C for 3, 6 and 9 h in air. The structures of all samples were analyzed by XRD and some of them were taken for SEM, TEM and VSM measurements. The results from SEM showed the parallelpipe like shape of the particles with sizes distributed between 80 and 180 nm and the sizes of these particles were increased with the increasing of calcination temperature and time. The XRD's results showed the perovskite structure with the lattice type of orthorhombic at the calcination temperature of 900, 1100 and 1300 degrees C for 3, 6 and 9 h. The TiO and others unknown phase were found at low calcination temperature and they were disappeared as the calcination temperature and time were increased. The results of TEM support the orthorhombic structure of LSTO nanoparticles with crystallite size less than 200 nm as revealed by SEM and XRD. The magnetic property of all samples was measured by VSM and revealed that those prepared at 700, 900, and 1100 degrees C exhibit diamagnetic behavior, whereas one at 1300 shows ferromagnetism at room temperature. In this work, it is found that the nano-LSTO of high crystalline phase and purity can be prepared by thermal decomposition method at calcination temperature of 900 to 1300 degrees C in air for 6-9 h.     

Partial oxidation of dimethyl ether using the structured catalyst Rh/Al2O3/Al prepared through the anodic oxidation of aluminum

The partial oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) was investigated using the structured catalyst Rh/Al2O3/Al. The porous Al2O3 layer was synthesized on the aluminum plate through anodic oxidation in an oxalic-acid solution. It was observed that about 20 nm nanopores were well developed in the Al2O3 layer. The thickness of Al2O3 layer can be adjusted by controlling the anodizing time and current density. After pore-widening and hot-water treatment, the Al2O3/Al plate was calcined at 500 degrees C for 3 h. The obtained delta-Al2O3 had a specific surface area of 160 m2/g, making it fit to be used as a catalyst support. A microchannel reactor was designed and fabricated to evaluate the catalytic activity of Rh/Al2O3/Al in the partial oxidation of DME. The structured catalyst showed an 86% maximum hydrogen yield at 450 degrees C. On the other hand, the maximum syngas yield by a pack-bed-type catalyst could be attained by using a more than fivefold Rh amount compared to that used in the structured Rh/Al2O3/Al catalyst.     

Rapid synthesis and characterization of maghemite nanoparticles

Fe2O3-SiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by a sol-gel method using various evaporation surface to volume (S/V) ratios ranging from 0.03 to 0.2. The Fe2O3-SiO2 sols were gelated at various temperatures ranging from 50 degrees C to 70 degrees C, and subsequently they were calcined in air at 400 degrees C for 4 hours. The structure and the magnetic properties of the prepared Fe203-SiO2 nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements. The gelation temperature of the Fe2O3-SiO2 sols influenced strongly the particle size and crystallinity of the maghemite nanoparticles. It was observed that the particle size of maghemite nanoparticles increased with the increasing of the gelation temperature of the sols, which may be due to the agglomeration of the maghemite particles at elevated temperatures inside the microporosity of the silica matrix during the gelation process, and the subsequent calcination of these gels at 400 degrees C resulted in the formation of large size iron oxide particles. Magnetization studies at temperatures of 10, 195, and 300 K showed superparamagnetic behavior for all the nanocomposites prepared using the evaporation surface to volume ratio (S/V) of 0.1, 0.2, 0.09, and 0.08. The saturation magnetization, Ms, values measured at 10 K were 5.5, 8.5, and 9.5 emu/g, for the samples gelated at 50, 60, and 70 degrees C, respectively. At the gelation temperature of 70 degrees C, gamma-Fe2O3 crystalline superparamagnetic nanoparticles with the particle size of 9 +/- 2 nm were formed in 12 hours for the samples prepared at the S/V ratio of 0.2.     

Synthesis and physicochemical characterizations of nanostructured Pt/Al2O3-CeO2 catalysts for total oxidation of VOCs

Pt/Al(2)O(3)-CeO(2) nanocatalysts with Pt loading of 1% and ceria loading of 10, 20 and 30% were successfully prepared via wet impregnation method to be utilized in catalytic oxidation of BTX. The nanocatalysts were characterized using XRD, FESEM, TEM, N(2) adsorption, FTIR and TPR-H(2) techniques. The XRD patterns confirmed the formation of cerium oxide as the crystalline phase on alumina with the average crystallite size of 8.1-8.7 nm, derived by Scherrer equation. FESEM images confirmed that these nanocatalysts had ceria particles in nano-ranges. TEM analysis showed that platinum particles were fairly well dispersed on Al(2)O(3)-CeO(2) with an average size of 5-20 nm. BET surface area presented large surface area for nanocatalysts. TPR patterns showed that by adding 1% platinum to support, the reducibility is highly increased. These patterns also revealed the promoting effect of ceria on reducibility of Pt and Al(2)O(3). The results of toluene oxidation indicated that the synthesized nanocatalysts were highly active and able to remove nearly 100% of toluene and xylene and about 85% of benzene as representative VOCs. The presence of nanoparticles along with good characteristics of the synthesized nanocatalysts presented them as highly efficient materials for catalytic oxidation of VOCs.     

Synthesis and dye-sensitized solar cell performance of nanorods/nanoparticles TiO2 from high surface area nanosheet TiO2

High surface area nanosheet TiO2 with mesoporous structure were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 130 degrees C for 12 h. The samples characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, SAED, and BET surface area. The nanosheet structure was slightly curved and approximately 50-100 nm in width and several nanometers in thickness. The as-synthesized nanosheet TiO2 had average pore diameter about 3-4 nm. The BET surface area and pore volume of the sample were about 642 m(2)/g and 0.774 cm(3)/g, respectively. The nanosheet structure after calcinations were changed into nanorods/nanoparticles composite with anatase TiO2 structure at 300-500 degrees C (10-15 nm in rods diameter and about 5-10 nm in particles diameter). The solar energy conversion efficiency (eta) of the cell using nanorods/nanoparticles TiO2 (from the nanosheet calcined at 450 degrees C for 2 h) with mesoporous structure was about 7.08% with Jsc of 16.35 mA/cm(2), Voc of 0.703 V and ff of 0.627; while eta of the cell using P-25 reached 5.82% with Jsc of 12.74 mA/cm(2), Voc of 0.704 V, and ff of 0.649.     

纳米氧化铝粉体的绿色合成及其物相转变控制研究

以氯化铝、碳酸钠为原料,采用直接沉淀法,并于500～1,200℃煅烧,制备纳米Al2O3粉体。然后用TiO2、BaO对纳米Al2O3粉体掺杂,控制其物相转变过程。通过X射线衍射仪、差式扫描量热仪和透射电子显微镜分析纯净和掺杂后的纳米Al2O3的物相转变过程。结果表明,直接沉淀法所得水合Al2O3,经500℃煅烧后可转变为纳米活性Al2O3,粒径约为10 nm;纯净和掺杂Al2O3样品经1,200℃煅烧2 h后均为纳米粉体,其粒径为40～50 nm;在较高温度下,掺杂氧化钡对Al2O3的物相转变具有强烈抑制作用,粉体直至1,200℃仍未转变为结晶良好的α-Al2O3物相;而氧化钛则对其物相转变有显著促进作用,在1,000℃时粉体的主要物相即为α-Al2O3,1,100℃之后粉体已完全转变为α-Al2O3。     

薄壳层核壳型Ni/Pt纳米粒子的制备及电催化性能

通过胶体-化学镀法制备不同厚度薄壳层核壳型Ni/Pt纳米粒子, 采用HRTEM、EDS、XPS和XRD手段对粒子的形貌、晶型和组成进行物理表征. 采用动电位、循环伏安法对其氧电还原和甲醇电氧化活性进行测试. 实验结果表明, 核壳结构Ni/Pt纳米颗粒基本为球形, 其中Ni₁-Pt_0.067平均直径为7 nm左右, 壳层厚度约1 nm. 与Pt/C相比, 核壳型Ni/Pt纳米粒子对氧电还原和甲醇电氧化的催化活性显著提高. 在所制备的不同壳层厚度催化剂中, Ni₁-Pt_0.067/C在0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄中氧电还原的最大峰电流密度可达到143.06 mA/mg, 是相同反应条件Pt/C峰电流密度的1.4倍; 而Ni₁-Pt_0.067/C在0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄+1.0 mol/L CH₃OH溶液中甲醇电氧化峰电流密度可达538.3 mA/mg, 是Pt/C峰电流密度的5.2倍. 若以1 mg贵金属Pt为基准, Ni₁-Pt_0.067/C的比质量活性相对Pt/C的提高了30倍.     

Structure of BaO on hierarchical macro-meso-microporous alumina and its effect of interaction with Pt nanoparticle on NO2 desorption

Recently, the lean NOx trap technology using supported Pt catalyst on alumina was devised to store NOx under lean condition and to reduce into N2 and water under rich condition in lean burn engine. In this work, the effect of the Pt nanoparticle supported on hierarchical macro-meso-microporous BaO-Al2O3 on NO2 desorption has been investigated with NO2 temperature programmed desorption, TEM, SEM, TGA and hydrogen chemisorption. Crystalline BaO phase of 20-30 nm thickness were obtained on the hierarchical macro-meso-microporous Al2O3 with a simple impregnation of Ba(NO3)2 and Ba(ClO4)2. The interaction of Pt and BaO was resulted in the formation of atomically dispersed Pt nanoparticles and also decreased the desorption temperature of NO2 adsorbed on BaO at much lower temperature than that from the BaO-Al2O3 support only. This synergistic lowering of NO2 desorption temperature may be originated from the interaction between Pt and BaO.     

Fabrication and up-conversion luminescence of Er3+:Y2O3 nanoparticles

Y2O3 nanoparticles doped with different concentrations of Er3+ were prepared by the co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results show that Er3+ dissolves completely in the Y2O3 cubic phase. The Er3+:Y2O3 nanoparticles are homogeneous in size and nearly spherical, and the average diameter of the particles after being calcined at 1,000 degrees C for 2 h is in the range of 40-60 nm. When Er3+:Y2O3 nanoparticles are excited under a 980 nm diode laser, there are two main emission bands: green emission centered at 562 nm corresponding to the 4S3/2/2H11/2 --> 4115/2 radiative transitions and red emission centered at 660 nm corresponding to the 4F9/2 --> 4I15/2 radiative transitions. By changing the doping concentration of Er3+ ions, the up-conversion luminescence can be gradually tuned from green to red.     

嵌有纳米碳颗粒凝胶玻璃的制备及其发光特性

以磷酸三乙酯、硝酸铝和正硅酸乙酯为原料,通过它们的水解制备了ｘＡｌ_２Ｏ_３·ｘＰ_２Ｏ₅·１００ＳｉＯ_２（ｘ＝０．２５～３）凝胶．在６００℃对凝胶进行热处理,使其中的有机基团炭化,从而制备出了镶嵌有碳纳米颗粒的ｘＡｌ_２Ｏ_３·ｘＰ_２Ｏ_５·１００ＳｉＯ_２（ｘ＝０．２５,０．５）凝胶玻璃．在室温下以５３２ｎｍ激光（Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ）激发,在 ６３０ｎｍ处有一强的发光峰,该发光现象是由镶嵌在凝胶玻璃中的纳米碳颗粒产生的．     

Room temperature observation of size dependent single electron tunneling in a sub-2 nm size tunable Pt nanoparticle embedded metal-oxide-semiconductor structure

In this paper we report size dependent single electron tunneling behavior at room temperature in a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure with uniformly sized Pt nanoparticles embedded in an Al(2)O(3) dielectric. The sub-2 nm size Pt nanoparticles sandwiched between the Al(2)O(3) layers are deposited by a unique tilted target sputter deposition technique which produces metal nanoparticles as small as 0.5 nm with narrow size distributions at room temperature. The charging behavior of these nanoparticles shows clear single electron tunneling peaks due to the Coulomb blockade effect. Moreover, the average single electron addition energy and height of the single electron tunneling current strongly depend on the size of the Pt nanoparticle. These controllable single electron tunneling behaviors suggest a new route for fabrication of single electron devices.     

Synthesis of lead-free (K, Na)(Nb, Ta)O3 nanopowders using a sol-gel process

Lead-free (K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.7Ta0.3)O3 piezoelectric material was successfully synthesized via a sol-gel process. Crystalline (K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.7Ta0.3)O3 nanopowders were obtained after heat treatment at 700 degrees C. The particle size was estimated to be 87nm +/- 23 nm. The transmission electron microscopy images showed that individual nanoparticles were single crystalline and had a pseudo-cubic structure with a lattice parameter of -3.96 angstroms. Both X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies consistently showed that the crystallization of the (K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.7Ta0.3)O3 occurred slightly above 500 degrees C. The samples have an appropriate stoichiometry as found via energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The demonstration of the synthesis of (K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.7Ta0.3)O3 via a sol-gel process as presented in this paper can provide an important foundation for the development of a synthetic route towards (K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.7Ta0.3)O3 doped with various other elements for high performance piezoelectric devices.     

Complete oxidation of formaldehyde at ambient temperature over supported Pt/Fe2O3 catalysts prepared by colloid-deposition method

The catalytic properties of iron oxide supported platinum catalysts (Pt/Fe(2)O(3)), prepared by a colloid deposition route, were investigated for the complete oxidation of formaldehyde. It is found that all the Pt/Fe(2)O(3) catalysts calcined at different temperatures (200-500°C) were active for the oxidation of formaldehyde. Among them, the catalysts calcined at lower temperatures (i.e., 200 and 300°C) exhibited relatively high catalytic activity and stability, which could completely oxidize HCHO even at room temperature. Based on a variety of physical-chemical characterization results, it is proposed that the presence of suitable interaction between Pt particles and iron oxide supports, which is mainly in the form of Pt-O-Fe bonds, should play a positive role in determining the catalytic activity and stability of the supported Pt/Fe(2)O(3) catalysts.     

A polyol-mediated synthesis of titania-based nanoparticles and their electrochemical properties

Ti-based nanoparticles were prepared in polyol mediums of EG (ethylene glycol) and TEG (triethylene glycol), with heating treatment. Ti-based materials of dried power and heated samples showed average sizes of 4, 10, 3, and 8 nm with spherical shapes and monodispersed state, respectively. The XRD patterns of TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 materials of dried powder and heated samples were indexed to anatase phase TiO2 (space group: I4(1)/amd) and the spinel phase (space group: Fd3m) except for the dried powder sample of Li4Ti5O12, which was corresponded with amorphous-like characteristics from the X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction pattern of Field emission-TEM analysis. The TiO2 and Li4Ti5O12 samples after heat-treated at 500 degrees C exhibited excellent high rate capabilities at a current density of 0.4 mA/cm2 during extended cycles due to their electrochemically beneficial highly crystalline characteristics, nano-sized (approximately 10 nm), and uniform distributions state.     

纳米Al2O3与SiO2的制备及在陶瓷釉料中的应用

以普通无机盐为原料采用沉淀法制备了纳米Al2O3和SiO2.XRD分析表明样品为无定形结构,SEM分析表明得到的纳米Al2O3和SiO2均为球形颗粒,直径分别为90m和300nm.将合成的纳米材料添加至陶瓷面釉进行烧结测试,结果表明,添加纳米材料釉料的烧结温度比普通釉料的烧结温度降低了30℃,釉层性能明显得到改善,釉料良好的性能源于纳米材料较大的表面积及高的烧结活性.     

Filtration of nano-particles by a gas-solid fluidized bed

The filtration of 80 nm SiO2 and Al(2)O(3) particles in a gas stream using fluidized beds was studied. Silica sand and activated carbon (A.C.) were adopted as bed materials to filtrate 80 nm SiO2 and Al(2)O(3) particles. The collected particles were elutriated from the fluidized bed, so the filtration was a dynamic process and the variations of the removal efficiency with time were studied. Experimental results showed that the filtrations of 80 nm SiO2 and Al(2)O(3) particles with a bed material of silica sand were not dynamic processes but the filtration by A.C. was. The removal efficiencies for SiO2 and Al(2)O(3) particles using silica sand as bed material were held steady and found to be equal, between 86 and 93%. A.C. is considered to be more efficient than silica sand because it has a high specific surface area. However, the experimental data yield conflicting results. The removal efficiency of Al(2)O(3) particles fell from 92% initially to 80% at the end of test-a little lower than that obtained by filtration using silica sand. A higher voidage of A.C. than silica sand weakens the removal of nanoparticles since the diffusion mechanism dominates. The removal efficiency of SiO2 by A.C. decayed from 83 to 40% with time passed. The huge differences between the filtration efficiency of SiO2 and that of Al(2)O(3) particles by A.C. was associated with the extensive segregation of SiO2 and A.C. particles, which caused more SiO2 particles to move to the top of the bed, where they were elutriated. The weak inter-particle force for SiO2 decreased the removal efficiency also.     

非水溶胶凝胶法制备ZnO/Al2O3复合纳米颗粒

以无水ZnCl2和无水AlCl3为前躯体,丙酮为溶剂,油酸为氧供体,采用非水溶胶凝胶法制备ZnO/Al2O3复合纳米颗粒,通过X-ray衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（IR）、透射电镜（TEM）和紫外可见分光光度计对制备的颗粒进行表征,结果表明,颗粒为无定形态的ZnO/Al2O3复合纳米颗粒,平均粒径为61nm,呈球形单分散状态,具有良好的油溶性,能均匀稳定地分散在20#机械油中。     

CaCu3Ti4O12 nanoparticles using polyvinyl pyrrolidone: synthesis and dielectric properties

Nanocrystalline CaCu3Ti4O12 powders with particle sizes of 39.28 8.12 nm were synthesized by a simple modify sol-gel using PVP (Poly-vinyl-pyrrolidone). The synthesized precursor was characterized by TG-DTA to determine the thermal decomposition and crystallization temperature which was found to be at above 500 degrees C. The precursor was calcined at 800 degrees C in air for 8 h to obtain nanocrystalline powders of CaCu3Ti4O12. The calcined CaCu3Ti4O12 powders were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and TEM. Sintering of the powders was conducted in air at 1100 degrees C for 16 h. The XRD results indicated that all sintered samples have a typical perovskite CaCu3Ti4O12 structure and a small amount of CaTiO3. SEM micrographs showed the average grain sizes of 1.86 +/- 0.69 /m for the sintered CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramic prepared using the CaCu3Ti4O12 powders calcined at 800 degrees C. The sintered samples exhibit a giant dielectric constant, epsilon' of approximately 10(3)-10(4). The large low-frequency dielectric permittivity at low temperature is closely related to sub-grain boundary distribution, including conductivity effect. Furthermore, the ceramic shows three semicircles in the complex impedance plane. However, at low frequency, semicircles of sub-grain boundary and grain boundary are considered to represent collapse different electrical mechanisms. The another is ascribed to the contribution of grain. The dielectric behavior at several frequencies and temperatures of these samples can be attributed to electronic inhomogeneities present in material and can be explained based on a microstructural model.     

溶胶／凝胶法制备纳米TiO2／Al2O3

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米TiO2／Al2O3，考察了陈化温度及络舍比对TiO2／Al2O3比表面积及孔结构参数的影响。结果表明，TiO2／Al2O3平均粒径〈70nm，比表面积超过210m^2／g，平均孔径0．8-1．4nm。适当降低陈化温度及加络合剂有利于TiO2／Al2O3粒子的分散。Al2O3的存在提高了TiO2／Al2O3的热稳定性。     

Sinterability, mechanical, and electrical properties of Al2O3/8YSZ nanocomposites prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

Al2O3 nanoparticles added the YSZ for improving the mechanical property and the ionic conductivity. Al2O3/YSZ nanocomposites were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and PECS process. The relative density of the Al2O3/YSZ nanocomposites was fully densified at a sintering temperature of 1100 degrees C. The grain size for 5 vol.% Al2O3/YSZ was less than 100 nm. The fracture toughness and total ionic conductivity of Al2O3/YSZ nanocomposites were improved compared with Al2O3/YSZ nanocomposites by conventional process, due to homogeneous dispersion and uniform particle size of added Al2O3.