协同萃取体系的研究——Ⅱ.DMHMP和HEHEHP协同萃取UO_2(NO_3)_2的机理

本文研究了甲基膦酸二(1-甲庚)酯(DMHMP)和2-乙基已基膦酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(HEHEHP)协同萃取硝酸钠酰。用斜率法测得协萃络合物的组成为UO_2(NO_3)(HA_2)·DMHMP。在20℃时(离子强度为0.5)协萃反应平衡常数1gβ_(12)=4.95。并求得了热力学函数ΔH、ΔZ和ΔS分别为—2.50×10~4J·mol~(-1)、-2.75×10~4J·mol~(-1)和8.61J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1)。依据锥角堆积模型讨论了协萃反应机理。     

硝酸溶液中铌的溶剂萃取研究——Ⅳ.钼对溶剂萃取铌的影响

在1mol/l HNO_3-1×10~(-8)mol/l Nb中加入5×10~(-5)-1×10~(-1)mol/l不同浓度的钼,分别用TBP,HDBP和7402季铵盐萃取铌,与水相不含钼相比较,观察到钼的存在对萃取铌有明显的影响。这影响主要表现在铌的萃取分配系数(D_(Nb))增加和萃取机理发生变化。对于不同的萃取剂,使D~(Nb)增加所需要的钼浓度亦不同,尤其是7402季铵盐萃取时受影响更为显著。还研究了萃取剂、硝酸及硝酸根等浓度与D_(Nb)的关系,并且讨论了萃取机理。     

在存在十六烷基三甲基氯化铵的条件下铬蓝G高灵敏度分光光度法测定铀

铀铬蓝G络合物和十六烷基三甲基氯化铵在水溶液中形成的三元络合物pH,值在4.0—6.2间波长在648 nm处具有最大吸光度。在0.2-2mg/l范围中的铀遵循比尔定律,mol吸光系数达1.32×10~5l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)。Sandell灵敏度为1.8×10~(-3) ug铀/cm~2。当使用钙-1,2-环己烷-二胺四乙酸作掩蔽剂时仅铝和铍有干扰。     

混合介质中HDEHP溶剂萃取法测定钚中镅

本文研究了在硝酸—有机溶剂(与水互溶)介质中,添加剂、稀释剂、硝酸和萃取剂浓度,以及一些干扰物质等对HDEHP[二(2—乙基己基)磷酸]萃取Am(Ⅲ)和Pu(Ⅳ)的影响。并与纯硝酸介质进行比较,对Am的萃取机理和萃合物的组成作了初步探讨。测定了不同浓度硝酸反萃取分离Am、Pu的能力以及在硝酸—甲醇介质中Pu(Ⅳ)氧化态的稳定性。在此基础上提出了一个测定Pu中微量Am的方法,Am的回收率为(97±2)%,Pu的去污系数达7×10~3。     

6,6′-二(5,6-二乙基-1,2,4-三嗪-3-基)-2,2′-联吡啶萃取分离镅与镧系元素

在硝酸介质中,研究了6,6′-二(5,6-二乙基-1,2,4-三嗪-3-基)-2,2′-联吡啶(6,6′-bis(5,6-diethyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine,C2-BTBP)/CHCl3体系对镅和镧系元素的萃取行为。重点考察了萃取时间、萃取剂浓度、水相硝酸浓度等因素对C2-BTBP萃取Am的影响。结果表明:C2-BTBP萃取镅时,10min达到平衡;D(Am)随酸度增大先增大后减小。在考察的酸度范围内,镧系元素的分配比均较小。提出了C2-BTBP/CHCl3体系分离三价锕系与镧系元素的概念流程,并经串级实验验证。萃取剂(C2-BTBP/CHCl3)浓度为0.04mol/L,料液酸度为1.0mol/L HNO3,洗涤液酸度为1.0mol/L HNO3,流比为AF∶AX∶AS=1∶1∶0.5,经6级萃取、4级洗涤后,镅的萃取率为99.93%,Am中Ln的去污因子大于103,Am中镧系元素的含量小于0.03%,可较好的实现镅和镧系元素的分离。     

铀(Ⅲ)离子的吸收光谱及其稳定性研究

本文采用汞阴极电解还原法制备了铀(Ⅲ)溶液,研究了在盐酸介质中各种氨羧络合剂乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)、二乙三胺五乙酸(DTPA)、1,2-环已烷二胺四乙酸(CyDTA)、三乙基四胺六乙酸(TTHA)和水溶性有机溶剂甲醇、乙醇和丙酮的存在对铀(Ⅲ)稳定性影响,测定了在不同盐酸浓度中铀(Ⅲ)和铀(Ⅳ)的吸收光谱。实验表明,在0.5-4.5mol/l盐酸浓度范围内铀(Ⅲ)的摩尔吸光系数为167cm~(-1)·mol~(-1)·l(波长521nm处),铀(Ⅳ)的存在并不干扰铀(Ⅲ)的测定。在铀(Ⅲ)浓度为0-6.0×10~(-3)mol/l之间,用于分光光度分析的标准曲线呈良好线性关系。     

四乙基双三嗪吡啶与二酰胺荚醚在硝酸介质中对Am(Ⅲ)/Eu(Ⅲ)的协同萃取

以四乙基双三嗪吡啶(C2-BTP)和四种不同链长的N,N,N′,N′-四烷基-3-氧-戊二酰胺(酰胺荚醚:DGA)作为萃取剂、1,2-二氯乙烷作为稀释剂,在硝酸体系中研究了对Am(Ⅲ)和Eu(Ⅲ)的协同萃取行为。结果表明,长链DGA与C2-BTP具有良好的协萃效应,在水相酸度为1.0 mol/L、盐析剂浓度为1.0 mol/L时,C2-BTP与六个碳链DGA(C6-DGA)的混合萃取剂摩尔比为3∶1时,Am(Ⅲ)和Eu(Ⅲ)的分配比(D)比单独使用C2-BTP提高一倍以上,Am(Ⅲ)与Eu(Ⅲ)的分离因子(SF)最高值约为21。利用斜率法分别确定了各个DGA作为单一萃取剂萃取Am(Ⅲ)和Eu(Ⅲ)的平均配位数约为1.5,表明氯代溶剂可能与DGA的配位氧原子发生了相互作用,影响了DGA对Am(Ⅲ)和Eu(Ⅲ)的配位性能。     

模拟强放废液中Np(Ⅴ)的电解还原

本文研究了N_2H_5NO_3-Fe(Ⅲ)-HNO_3体系和模拟强放废液中Np(Ⅴ)的电解还原,讨论了酸度、温度、肼和铁浓度对Np(Ⅴ)电解还原速度常数和还原率的影响。Np(Ⅴ)的电解还原对Np(Ⅴ)的浓度呈一级反应。在1.5mol/l HNO_3,0.2mol/l肼和2g/l Fe(Ⅲ)存在下,29mA/cm~2电流密度,温度为30℃时,电解还原反应速度常数K为3.42×10~(-2)min~(-1),反应的活化能为38kJ/mol。提高酸度可以加快还原反应的速度和还原率。模拟强放废液中Np(Ⅴ)的电解还原进行得更快,比同酸度的N_2H_5NO_3-Fe(Ⅲ)-HNO_3体系的K值提高7-10倍。当料液酸度为1.5mol/l HNO_3,在0.2mol/l肼存在下,以29mA/cm~2电流密度,电解还原半小时,几乎100％Np(Ⅴ)被还原成Np(Ⅳ)。     

二(2-乙基己基)亚砜从硝酸介质中萃取铀(Ⅵ)的动力学研究

采用恒界面池法研究了二(2-乙基己基)亚砜(DEHSO)从稀硝酸介质中萃取铀(Ⅵ)的动力学行为。结果表明,在该条件下,DEHSO萃取铀(Ⅵ)的过程为扩散控制。硝酸根浓度是萃取过程重要动力学因子。萃取动力学方程为:R=K_fA[UO_2~+][H~+]~(-0.33)[NO_3~-]~(2·16)[DEH-SO]~(0.63)。萃取速率常数K_f为7.90×10~(-2)m·s~(-1)·l~(2.5)·mol~(-2.5)萃取表观活化能为0.9KJ·mol~(-1)。     

TODGA/正十二烷萃取Am(Ⅲ)的动力学

以N,N,N′,N′-四辛基-3-氧戊二酰胺(TODGA)为萃取剂,正十二烷为稀释剂,研究了该萃取体系在恒界面池中萃取Am(Ⅲ)的动力学,考察了搅拌转速、两相界面面积、萃取剂浓度、金属离子浓度、酸度和温度等因素对Am(Ⅲ)萃取行为的影响,并推导了相应的萃取机理。结果表明：(1) 搅拌转速在130 r/min以下时,0.1 mol/L TODGA/正十二烷萃取Am(Ⅲ)的过程为扩散控制类型,在搅拌转速为150 r/min以上时,则属于化学反应控制的动力学控制模式;(2) 求得了在(170±2) r/min、温度为(25±0.1) ℃时0.1 mol/L TODGA/正十二烷萃取Am(Ⅲ)的初始速率方程：
r₀=(dc_org(M)/dt)_t=0=k•(S/V)c^0.94_aq,0(Am)c^1.05_aq,0(HNO₃)c^1.19_org,0(TODGA)
在25℃下,求得表观速率常数k=(24.2±3.4)×10^-3mol^-2.18•L^2.18•min^-1•cm;(3) 0.1mol/L TODGA/正十二烷萃取Am(Ⅲ)的初始速率随着温度的升高而增大,求得表观活化能E_a=(25.94±0.98)kJ/mol。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.