一种基于相位光栅干涉微位移传感器的研制

高精度微位移传感器是表面计量技术的关键技术之一.文中介绍了一种低成本、高精度的接触式微位移传感器.该传感器采用平行簧片实现精密直线运动,相位透射型正弦衍射光栅作为计量光栅实现高精密的位移测量.文中分析了其测量原理、光学原理、干涉条纹的光电接收以及辨向、细分.理论分析和实验应用结果表明该传感器垂直分辨率可达到nm级,测量量程为2 mm,可以用于微纳米表面形貌和轮廓的测量.     

激光干涉接触式轴承表面轮廓综合测量

介绍了一种可用于测量滚动轴承曲面形貌的表面轮廓综合测量仪，在测量中应使杠杆处于平衡位置，以减小测量力；用衍射光栅干涉位移传感器作为位移测量系统代替传统的电感位移传感器；z向工作台采用粗、细两级驱动定位，利用步进电机驱动斜面导轨进行粗级定位以扩大量程，压电陶瓷做微位移驱动实现精密定位以提高测量精度。论述了该仪器的整体结构、测量原理、工作台的定位控制以及衍射光栅干涉信号的处理。     

超精密二维测量定位系统评定及误差分析

超精密测量定位是实现现代超精密加工的重要环节.以宏微结合式的超精密二维定位平台为基础,组建了基于光谱共焦位移传感器的超精密二维测量定位系统,介绍了该系统的组成与功能实现方法.利用高等级量块对系统进行二维校准,再将该系统应用于二维尺寸的测量,分析了测量误差,并进行了测量不确定度的评定,试验获得该测量系统X、Y方向的测量不确定度分别为89 nm和87 nm.研究表明该超精密二维测量定位系统初步达到了纳米级测量效果.     

面向浸没式光刻机的超精密光学干涉式光栅编码器位移测量技术综述

超精密平面光栅编码器位移测量技术是32～7nm节点浸没式光刻机的核心技术。通过分析浸没式光刻机平面光栅位置系统的需求和布局,提出了光刻机专用超精密平面光栅编码器的基本需求。针对现有的光栅编码器,开展了基本测量光路方案、相位探测方案、分辨率增强光路方案、离轴/转角允差光路方案、死程误差抑制光路方案的综述分析,提出了现有设计方案面向光刻机应用所需要解决的关键问题。面向亚纳米级测量精度的需求,针对光栅编码器的仪器误差,对周期非线性误差、死程误差、热漂移误差和波前畸变误差进行了综述分析,提出了平面光栅编码器实现亚纳米精度所需要解决的关键问题。本综述为光刻机专用超精密平面光栅编码器的研制提供了参考。     

压电式微位移机构的现状与趋势

在精密和超精密加工与测量、大规模集成电路制造、微型机械制造、扫描隧道显微镜微测量以及精密光学工程等诸多尖端科技领域中,当运动分辩率达到亚微米级或纳米级时,压电式微位移机构在微进给定位上体现出了自身的优势。本文在介绍压电材料驱动原理的基础上,重点介绍了国内外压电式微位移机构的研究现状和一些典型样机。比较了压电式微位移机构的特点．提出了压电式微位移机构研究方向和应用趋势及应注重的问题。     

新型一维位移工作台的设计及特性分析

研究开发了一种能实现大量程位移和纳米级定位精度的一维位移工作台。工作台采用粗、精两级定位机构,以精密衍射光栅传感器组成工作台位移的闭环检测系统。工作台可以实现0~6 mm 的位移及1 nm的定位分辨力。文中建立了由压电陶瓷驱动和柔性铰链导向的精定位机构的机电耦合模型,进行了精定位机构的模态分析和静力学分析,并采用ANSYS软件进行了有限元仿真运算。最后给出了工作台在表面三维微观形貌测量仪中的应用结果。     

精密位移动态测量信号特征辨识及细分新方法研究

针对数字化精密机械测量仪器和装备需要解决位移传感器信号的高倍数、高精度细分问题,通过对光栅位移测量模型的研究提出采用测量基准转换的思维方式构建空间序列理论。通过对各运动状态条件下精密位移动态测量信号的多尺度分解实现特征辨识,从而构建用于动态位移信号细分的自适应预测模型及相关细分误差实时修正技术。实验研究表明此方法可以实现圆光栅栅距内400倍细分,角位移细分误差-0.19″~0.27″。     

高精度非球面表面测量技术研究

追求更高制造精度一直是制造业的目标,制造精度的提高不但取决于机床、刀具和数控技术,而且取决于制造系统所采用测试手段所能达到的测量精度。在诸多非球面测量方案中,接触式光栅测量技术能够达到相对较高测量精度并具有广泛的适用范围。针对该技术在两个方面提出进一步的改进:第一,把原子力显微镜和用于位移精密测量全息光栅引入非球面制造系统,取代机械测头,以便对该系统所采用测试手段进行改进,进而提高该系统测量精度:原子力显微镜的工作模式采用轻敲模式。第二,全息光栅是光栅制造的最新发展,它的各种指标参数均优于刻划光栅,全息光栅位移精密测量技术也优于传统光栅位移测量技术;为进一步提高非球面表面测量精度,采用全息光栅取代普通光栅实现位移精密测量是非常必要的。     

《2018-2019机械工程学科发展报告(机械制造)》——机械制造学科标志性研究进展

正在精密与超精密加工领域,清华大学路新春等建立了大尺寸表面纳米级平坦化的加工原理与方法,发明了系列大尺寸超薄硅片纳米级无损伤抛光关键技术,研制开发出12英寸"干进干出"化学机械抛光(CMP)装备与成套工艺,实现了IC制造大尺寸晶圆表面的纳米级平坦化及纳米级缺陷控制。整体技术达到国际先进水平,已在中芯国际等企业实现批量应用,打破了国外高端微电子超精密抛光装备长期垄断的局面。     

五自由度纳米级定位工作台的设计研究

提出一种新型的五自由度精密定位平台的工作原理及其设计方法。工作台采用柔性导向机构实现平移及转动功能,采用压电陶瓷作为驱动元件,外置纳米级电容传感器作为位移量测量反馈元件,采用数字PID控制方法,可以实现纳米级精度的定位。给出了多种形式柔性导向机构刚度计算公式及设计实例。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.