诱发钛合金塑性增强的分步超塑性成形法

介绍了分步超塑成形法,从成形方式上探索一种增强材料塑性的途径。分步超塑成形过程中,分别以恒速度与最大m值法,分两步先后作用于拉伸试样,通过控制初始变形方式的变形量以及各步间隙时间等,来促使材料内部产生晶粒细化、组织结构改善等,从而增强材料塑性。实验比较了单步拉伸成形与分步拉伸成形,以及分步成形中恒速法的预应变量对金属延伸率与组织的影响。结果表明:未经特殊细化处理的TC6钛合金分步拉伸,其恒速变形的工程应变为2.0时,可获得延伸率为2053%,而同温度下单步恒速与最大m值法拉伸的延伸率为753.9%与1347%;TC4钛合金在分步拉伸中恒速应变量为1.5时,可获得2147%的大延伸率。可见分步成形显著诱发了塑性增强。此外,预应变量决定着拉伸试样的晶粒组织大小。     

Effect of Cu on the Superplastic-like Behavior of Coarse-Grained Al-Mg Alloys

In this study, the effect of Cu content on the superplastic-like behavior of Al-Mg alloys in coarse grain size condition has been studied. Five hot-rolled Al-Mg alloys with different Cu concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0?wt.%) and without Cu were prepared. Tensile test specimens were machined parallel to the rolling direction. High-temperature elongation to failure tests were performed under a constant cross-head speed condition at different strain rates and temperatures. Grain size refinement is observed as Cu addition increases. Maximum tensile elongation of 373% could be achieved in the Al-4.5%Mg-1.5%Cu alloy with an average grain size of 28???m at 500?°C and 1?×?10^?2?s^?1. Grain size refinement after superplastic deformation was also observed.     

Phase Composition and Superplastic Behavior of a Wrought AlCoCrCuFeNi High-Entropy Alloy

A cast AlCoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy was multiaxially forged at 950°C to produce a fine homogeneous mixture of grains/particles of four different phases with the average size of ~2.1 μm. The forged alloy exhibited unusual superplastic behavior accompanied by a pronounced softening stage, followed by a steady-state flow stage, during tensile deformation at temperatures of 800°C–1000°C and at strain rates of 10^?4–10^?1 s^?1. Despite the softening stage, no noticeable strain localization was observed and a total elongation of up to 1240% was obtained. A detailed analysis of the phase composition and microstructure of the alloy before and after superplastic deformation was conducted, the strain rate and temperature dependences of the flow stress were determined at different stages of the superplastic deformation, and the relationships between the microstructure and properties were identified and discussed.     

Allotropic phase transformation and high-temperature tensile deformation behaviour of powder metallurgy Ti-5553 alloy

Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr metastable beta titanium alloy was prepared by rapid thermomechanical powder consolidation approach from blended elemental powder mixture. Allotropic phase transformation and high-temperature tensile behaviour of the consolidated powder metallurgy Ti-5553 alloy were investigated in this work. The studied alloy has a high β phase transformation temperature of 975 °C±5 °C, which is higher than other conventional ingot metallurgy Ti-5553 alloys. The β grains in the microstructure of the alloy are coarsened significantly with increasing the heating temperature from 890 °C to 1050 °C, however, the grain coarsening tendency is mitigated when the heat treatment temperature reach to the range of 1080 °C–1100 °C. The high-temperature tensile mechanical properties of the alloy are sensitive to both the deformation temperature and strain rate, and superplastic deformation of the alloy was achieved at the condition of 850 °C/0.001 s⁻¹ with the tensile elongation of 103.5%. The microstructural evolution characteristics and the fracture mechanisms of the alloy are varied with changing the deformation variables, which are revealed by the microstructure observation of the fractured specimens from different sampling positions.     

Optimization of thermal processing parameters of Ti555211 alloy using processing maps based on Murty criterion

Isothermal compression testing of Ti555211 titanium alloys was carried out at deformation temperatures from 750 to 950 °C in 50 °C intervals with a strain rate of0.001–1.000 s~(-1). The high-temperature deformation behavior of the Ti555211 alloy was characterized by analysis of stress–strain behavior, kinetics and processing maps. A constitutive equation was formulated to describe the flow stress as a function of deformation temperature and strain rate, and the calculated apparent activation energies are found to be 454.50 and 207.52 k J mol~(-1)in the a b-phase and b-phase regions, respectively. A processing map based on the Murty instability criterion was developed at a strain of 0.7. The maps exhibit two domains of peak efficiency from 750 to 950 °C. A *60 % peak efficiency occurs at 800–850 °C/0.001–0.010 s~(-1). The other peak efficiency of *60 % occurs at C950 °C/0.001–0.010 s~(-1), which can be considered to be the optimum condition for high-temperature working of this alloy.However, at strain rates of higher than 1.000 s~(-1)and deformation temperatures of 750 and 950 °C, clear process flow lines and bands of flow localization occur in the hightemperature deformation process, which should be avoided in Ti555211 alloy hot processing. The mechanism in stability domain and instability domain was also discussed.     

分步拉伸变形对TA15合金超塑性的影响

采用分步变形法对TA15合金在10 kN高温电子拉伸试验机上进行了超塑性拉伸试验,研究了变形温度和预变形量对该合金超塑性性能及微观组织演变。结果表明:变形温度为850~950℃和预变形量为100%~200%时,TA15合金呈现出良好的超塑性;变形温度为900℃和预变形量为150%时,该合金的超塑性能最好,最大延伸率为1456%;变形温度为950℃时,该合金的超塑性能降低,延伸率仅为188%。TA15合金的微观组织状态显示:该合金在拉伸变形过程中微观组织保持等轴状,但是随着变形温度的升高,晶粒开始长大,变形温度越高,晶粒长大越显著。     

Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of TC4 titanium alloy

The hot deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V(TC4) titanium alloy was investigated in the temperature range from 650 °C to 950 °C with the strain rate ranging from 7.7×10-4 s-1 to 7.7×10-2 s-1.The hot tension test results indicate that the flow stress decreases with increasing the deformation temperature and increases with increasing the strain rate.XRD analysis result reveals that only deformation temperature affects the phase constitution.The microstructure evolution under different deformation conditions was characterized by TEM observation.For the deformation of TC4 alloy,the work-hardening is dominant at low temperature,while the dynamic recovery and dynamic re-crystallization assisted softening is dominant at high temperature.     

高温变形条件下5A02铝合金的塑性成形性能

随着工业技术的发展和能源问题的突出,铝合金以其质量轻、耐腐蚀性能好、成形性能和加工性能良好等优势成为轻型化首选的材料类型之一。以5A02铝合金冷轧板材为研究对象,通过单向拉伸试验和金相试验对不同变形温度、应变速率条件下5A02铝合金的塑性性能进行分析,并且借助试验数据和Zener-Hollomo参数模型,对高温条件下5A02铝合金的本构模型进行研究。研究结果表明：5A02铝合金在高温条件下变形时,应变速率和变形温度对延伸率的影响很大。在应变速率为0.01s-1、0.001 s-1、0.0005 s-1和0.0001 s-1条件下,当变形温度大于250℃时,5A02铝合金的延伸率大于100%。当变形温度为150℃~250℃时,5A02铝合金的真实应力-应变曲线属于动态回复型,而当变形温度大于250℃时,流变应力曲线存在明显的软化现象。     

TA15合金高低温恒应变速率拉伸变形行为对比研究

为进一步研究钛合金超塑性变形行为,对TA15合金在变形温度700~900 ℃、应变速率1×10?2~1×10?4 s?1条件下进行恒应变速率拉伸实验,对比不同温度、不同应变速率下合金的变形行为。结果表明:TA15合金在初生等轴α相平均尺寸15 μm的条件下,拉伸试样的伸长率为73.3%~250.0%;在850 ℃、1×10?4 s?1变形条件下,试样伸长率最高;在700~750 ℃下,合金表现出的峰值应力较大;在750 ℃、1×10?4 s?1变形条件下,试样伸长率为183.3%。合金试样仅在高温及低应变速率条件下出现稳态流变阶段,该阶段持续时间越长,合金的伸长率越高。变形后的TA15合金组织均发生不同程度的长大,经高温、低应变速率的变形,试样组织粗化现象最为明显。     

熔体温度对AZ31B镁合金铸态组织及力学性能的影响(英文)

采用自制的电阻炉研究熔体温度对AZ31B镁合金凝固组织与拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:在温度低于850℃水冷时,金属型AZ31B镁合金铸锭等轴枝晶的尺寸随着熔体温度的升高呈直线下降,超过850℃后变化不大。组织中第二相呈现出先细化后粗化的变化规律。AZ31B镁合金试样的抗拉强度、伸长率和屈服强度随着熔体温度的提高而先快速增大后略有减小,熔体温度为850℃时试样的抗拉强度达到260MPa,屈服强度达到75.4MPa,伸长率达到27.57%,比熔体温度为750℃时的分别提高了15%、13%和61%。DSC分析表明,升高熔体温度使凝固开始点温度降低,临界晶核半径减小,从而增加了熔体中的过冷度,提高了熔体中非均匀形核率,是镁合金晶粒细化和拉伸性能提高的主要原因。     

Microstructure and Properties of Secondary Al-12%Si Alloy Rapidly Quenched from the Melt

In this study, the effect of rapid quenching from the melt is investigated on the solidification microstructure and tensile properties of a secondary Al–12%Si alloy, which was cast in ingots measuring 45 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height. Compared with conventional casting into metallic molds, significant refinement of all the microstructural constituents was observed under the effect of rapid quenching, including primary α-Al, primary silicon, the eutectic and iron-rich intermetallics. The coarse plate-like to fine fibrous transition of eutectic silicon, and the change of coarse plate and needle-shaped iron-rich intermetallic phase particles to a well-dispersed morphology accompanied the microstructure refinement. Both the microstructure refinement and the favorable morphological changes of the phases resulted in the enhanced of tensile properties and more ductile fracture behavior of the alloy. T2 heat treatment additionally increases elongation of the rapidly quenched alloy.     

Effect of electromagnetic casting process on microstructure and properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy

ABSTRACT

In this paper, AZ31 magnesium alloy is cast by applying the semi-continuous casting process with a low-frequency electromagnetic field. By studying the influence of electromagnetic field frequency, excitation current intensity and casting velocity on the microstructure and mechanical properties, the optimum process under oil-slip electromagnetic casting conditions was determined to improve the degree of grain refinement, yield strength, elongation and tensile strength of AZ31 alloy. An improved microstructure refining effect and higher hardness can be obtained with a current intensity af 60 A. The microstructures and mechanical properties obtained for different casting velocities of V = 200 mm/min and V = 230 mm/min at processing parameters of f = 30 Hz and I = 120 A were compared. Our results suggest that a higher casting speed does not lead to grain refinement or improved mechanical properties. Frequency     

The Joint Strength and Fracture Mechanisms of TC4/TC4 and TA0/TA0 Brazed with Ti-25Cu-15Ni Braze Alloy

In this paper, Ti-25Cu-15Ni (mass ratio) braze alloys were prepared by vacuum arc melting. Additionally, the TA0 pure titanium and TC4 titanium alloy were brazed with the Ti-25Cu-15Ni braze alloy at 960, 980, 1000, 1020, and 1040 °C. The effects of the braze temperature on the tensile strength of the TA0 and TC4 joints and their fracture mechanisms were studied. The maximum tensile strength of the TA0 joints of 219.9 ± 0.1 MPa was achieved at a brazing temperature of 980 °C, and the maximum tensile strength of the TC4 joints of 832.9 ± 0.1 MPa was achieved at the same brazing temperature. These results indicate that their ideal joint strength is comparable. According to the fractography results of the TA0 joints, a mixed fracture morphology is indicated. The TA0 fracture surface is dominated by cleavage fracture with a small contribution from ductile fracture. The TC4 joint fracture arises from cleavage.     

Superplastic deformation mechanisms of high Nb containing TiAl alloy with (α2 + γ) microstructure

In this paper, superplastic deformation behaviour of a high Nb containing TiAl alloy with fine (α₂ + γ) microstructure, Ti–43.5Al–8Nb–0.2W–0.2B (at.%), has been examined and studied by means of hot tension from 850 °C to 1050 °C under an initial strain rate of 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. The mechanical behaviour and microstructure evolution have been characterized and analyzed. Besides, to gain insight into deformation mechanisms, the texture evolution during deformation at ordinary (non-superplastic) and superplastic conditions has been systematically studied. The results showed that, the alloy exhibited impressive superplastic elongation at 1000 °C with a strain-rate sensitivity exponent (m) of about 0.5 and an apparent activation energy (Q_app) value of about 390 kJ/mol. The microstructural characterization showed that, when the alloy was deformed at ordinary condition (850 °C), severe grain refinement occurred and the fraction of low-angle grain boundary notably increased. Meanwhile, the textures were characterized by <100> and <111> double-fiber components parallel to the tensile direction. All these observations suggested a dislocation slip and twinning mechanism. However, if deformed at the superplastic condition (1000 °C), it was found that the microstructure was fairly stable in terms of grain size, morphology and grain boundary characteristics during tension, but a continuous weakening of the initial <110> fiber texture (resulted from canned-forging) was observed. This was believed to be an indication of grain boundary sliding mechanism. Moreover, the deformation texture (<100> + <111>)—though is very weak—was simultaneously appeared. According to a detailed discussion on the deformation kinetics and microstructure evolution, it was believed that the slip/twinning-accommodated grain boundary sliding was responsible for superplastic deformation and the dislocation climb inside of γ grains was the rate-controlling step.     

Characterization of Hot Deformation Behavior of AMS 5708 Nickel-Based Superalloy Using Processing Map

The hot deformation behavior of AMS 5708 nickel-based superalloy was investigated by means of hot compression tests and a processing map in the temperature range of 950-1200 °C and a strain rate range of 0.01-1 s^?1 was constructed. The true stress-true strain curves showed that the maximum flow stress decreases with the increase of temperature and decrease of strain rate. The developed processing map based on experimental data, showed variations of efficiency of power dissipation relating to temperature and strain rate at constant strain. Interpretation of the processing map showed one stable domain, in which dynamic recrystallization was the dominant microstructural phenomenon, and one instability domain with flow localization. The results of interpretation of flow stress curves and processing map were verified by the microstructure observations. There are two optimum conditions for hot working of this alloy with efficiency peak of 0.36: the first is at 1150 °C for a strain rate of 1 s^?1 that produces a fine grained microstructure. The second is at 1200 °C for a strain rate of 0.01 s^?1 that produces a coarse grained microstructure.     

Room Temperature Ductility and Microstructure of Magnesium AZ31B Sheet

Formability of wrought magnesium alloys at room temperature or slightly elevated temperatures is modest, reaching about 20% elongation in a tension test and exhibiting poor resistance to strain localization and failure. The hexagonal close packed structure of Mg has few active slip systems at lower forming temperatures, limiting ductility and reducing applications in auto body structures. Much greater levels of ductility can be reached at higher temperatures (typically >300 °C), but this is expensive and inconvenient for a high-volume production environment. Tension testing and biaxial forming of annealed AZ31B magnesium alloy sheets were done at room temperature to various levels of strain. High-resolution electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to measure twin fraction and dislocation density, in order to find relationships between strain and potential failure locations within the microstructure. Twin fractions were found to have a weak positive correlation to uniaxial and biaxial tensile strain, while dislocation density was found to correlate more strongly with uniaxial tensile strain.     

Precipitation-hardenable Mg–2.4Zn–0.1Ag–0.1Ca–0.16Zr (at.%) wrought magnesium alloy

A new precipitation-hardenable wrought magnesium alloy based on the Mg–Zn system with an excellent combination of high tensile yield strength, good ductility and low tensile-compression anisotropy has been developed. The Mg–2.4Zn–0.1Ag–0.1Ca(–0.16Zr) (at.%) alloys show significantly higher age-hardening responses compared to that of the binary Mg–2.4Zn alloy due to the increased number density and refinement of rod-like MgZn₂ precipitates. The addition of Zr to the Mg–2.4Zn–0.1Ag–0.1Ca alloy resulted in a significant refinement of the grain size. A high number density of precipitates was observed in the Mg–2.4Zn–0.1Ag–0.1Ca–0.16Zr alloy in both the as-extruded condition and following isothermal ageing at 160 °C. The tensile yield strength of the as-extruded and aged alloys was 289 and 325 MPa, with an elongation of 17% and 14%, respectively. These alloys show relatively low compression and tensile anisotropy. The origins of these unique mechanical properties are discussed based on the detailed microstructural investigation.     

TC6热加工过程中微观组织演化模型的建立

通过Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机得出TC6钛合金在变形温度为860~950℃,应变速率为0.01~50 s-1,变形程度分别为30%和50%时的应力-应变曲线。通过金相实验研究了TC6在实验条件下微观组织的演变规律,并建立了TC6在(α+β)两相区塑性变形过程中α相的动态再结晶模型。结果表明:TC6钛合金在低应变速率下变形时,动态回复过程相对增强,动态再结晶受到抑制;相同温度、不同应变速率下的微观组织形貌基本相同,但是随着应变速率的增加再结晶程度增大,组织细化。模型平均误差小于13%,可以满足预测需要。     

Formation of nano-sized grains in Cu and Cu−Fe−P alloys by accumulative roll bonding process

Mechanical properties and formation of nano-sized grains in Cu and Cu−Fe−P alloys by the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process were investigated. Nano-sized grains were successfully obtained in OFC and PMC-90 alloys by the ARB process after the third cycle. Once the 200 nm grains formed, further reduction in the grain size was not observed up to 8 ARB process cycles. For both alloys, the tensile strength values increased drastically in the initial stage of the ARB process. The tensile strength values of both alloys tended to saturate after the third ARB process cycle. The tensile elongation value greatly decreased by 1 cycle of the ARB process due to the strain hardening. After the third cycle of the ARB process, each alloy showed a gradual increase in tensile elongation due to the dynamic recovery. For PMC-90 alloy, the strength value was higher than that of OFC due to addition of the alloying elements. With increased annealing temperature, the nanosized grains tended to grow in OFC at 150°C, and after annealing at 200°C, coarse grains formed. On the other hand, in PMC-90 alloy, there was no grain growth up to 250°C due to the alloying elements (Fe, P).     

Effect of Ti addition on tensile properties of Cu-Ni-Si alloys

This study examines how varying Ni and Si contents and the addition of Ti affect the tensile behavior of Cu-Ni-Si alloys with different aging conditions. Cu-3Ni-0.7Si and Cu-6Ni-1.4Si alloys, both with and without the addition of Ti, were prepared by solution-heat treatment at 950 °C for 2 h, then aged at 500 °C for 1/ 6 h, 1/3 h, 1/2 h, 1 h, 3 h and 6 h, before tensile tests were conducted. Doubling the Ni and Si contents in Cu-Ni-Si alloys greatly increased the tensile strength and grain refinement, while marginally reducing the tensile elongation. Meanwhile, adding Ti to Cu-Ni-Si alloys reduced the grain size and greatly increased the tensile elongation. The aging response was also significantly accelerated by the addition of Ti. However, the expected improvement in tensile strength was not obtained by adding Ti, addition due to the agglomeration of coarse Ni₂Si precipitates and the accelerated lamellar structure formation. Finally, we discuss the microstructural changes that result from variations in aging time, different Ni and Si contents and the addition of Ti on Cu-Ni-Si alloys based on detailed optical, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographic observations and SEM fractographic analysis.