全陶瓷微密封燃料有效多群截面计算方法研究

全陶瓷微密封（FCM）燃料是一种弥散颗粒燃料。由于弥散颗粒燃料存在双重非均匀性,传统的确定论方法及蒙特卡罗方法皆难以处理这种双重非均匀效应以获得有效多群截面。本文基于超细群方法建立FCM燃料的有效多群截面计算方法。为描述燃料棒内TRISO颗粒的非均匀性,在共振能量段,通过采用超细群方法求解包含TRISO颗粒的一维球模型得到超细群缺陷因子,通过超细群缺陷因子修正所有核素的超细群截面即可将颗粒和基质均匀化。由于TRISO颗粒在热能区也存在较强的自屏效应,在热能区,利用穿透概率及碰撞概率等价得到多群缺陷因子,通过多群缺陷因子修正所有核素的多群截面将燃料和基质均匀化。均匀化后的FCM燃料组件即可视为普通压水堆燃料组件进行共振计算。利用丹可夫修正因子等价得到FCM燃料组件各燃料棒的等效一维棒模型,对一维棒模型求解超细群慢化方程从而得到共振能量段的有效自屏截面。数值结果表明,该方法能有效处理FCM燃料的双重非均匀性,得到精确的有效自屏截面。     

全陶瓷微密封燃料有效多群截面计算方法研究

全陶瓷微密封(FCM)燃料是一种弥散颗粒燃料。由于弥散颗粒燃料存在双重非均匀性,传统的确定论方法及蒙特卡罗方法皆难以处理这种双重非均匀效应以获得有效多群截面。本文基于超细群方法建立FCM燃料的有效多群截面计算方法。为描述燃料棒内TRISO颗粒的非均匀性,在共振能量段,通过采用超细群方法求解包含TRISO颗粒的一维球模型得到超细群缺陷因子,通过超细群缺陷因子修正所有核素的超细群截面即可将颗粒和基质均匀化。由于TRISO颗粒在热能区也存在较强的自屏效应,在热能区,利用穿透概率及碰撞概率等价得到多群缺陷因子,通过多群缺陷因子修正所有核素的多群截面将燃料和基质均匀化。均匀化后的FCM燃料组件即可视为普通压水堆燃料组件进行共振计算。利用丹可夫修正因子等价得到FCM燃料组件各燃料棒的等效一维棒模型,对一维棒模型求解超细群慢化方程从而得到共振能量段的有效自屏截面。数值结果表明,该方法能有效处理FCM燃料的双重非均匀性,得到精确的有效自屏截面。     

基于改进缺陷因子方法的FCM燃料有效多群截面计算方法研究

全陶瓷微胶囊封装（FCM）燃料是重要的候选事故容错燃料,与传统燃料相比,FCM燃料的双重非均匀性使得其有效多群截面计算面临较大的挑战。本文提出一种改进的缺陷因子方法来处理FCM燃料在共振能区和非共振能区的自屏效应,实现FCM燃料的等效均匀化。通过颗粒丹可夫因子守恒来构建新的等效模型以克服传统的体积权重等效模型无法考虑燃料棒间自屏的影响;在共振能量段,基于新的等效一维球模型求解超细群慢化方程获得共振能量段的超细群缺陷因子;在非共振能量段,利用新等效模型的特征值计算获得快群和热群的多群缺陷因子;在此基础上实现FCM燃料棒的等效均匀化。本方法已在高保真中子学程序NECP-X上实现,并在一系列工况下进行了测试,与蒙特卡罗程序的比较表明,本方法能处理不同情况下的双重非均匀性,并可获得准确的有效自屏截面。     

用蒙特卡罗方法计算压水堆燃料组件内的超热中子

超热中子计算在压水堆的物理计算中占有重要地位。本文是用蒙特卡罗方法计算压水堆燃料组件内的超热中子谱及其空间分布。在计算中,由于对燃料组件的非均匀布置和共振截面都没有作简化,因而可以得到准确度较高的计算结果。本方法考虑了燃料棒的自屏及互屏效应,可以精确地计算出丹可夫因子,避免了引进各种近似所带来的误差。     

双重非均匀子群参数制作研究

弥散颗粒燃料元件中燃料颗粒以随机形式弥散在基体中,难以获得确定几何。同时由于共振自屏现象的存在,呈现出一种双重非均匀系统。当前均匀系统产生的共振积分在双重非均匀系统中使用时,会在较低的共振能群产生一定的共振计算误差。为满足现有组件计算程序直接进行双重非均匀性共振计算的需求。基于Sanchez-Pomraning模型下的特征线固定源计算方法,建立一套双重非均匀共振积分表,最后结合子群方法实现随机介质燃料元件的共振计算。数值结果表明,考虑双重非均匀性产生的积分表,在相同的输运条件下和积分表的适用范围内,由子群共振部分对keff计算带来的绝对偏差能保持在200 pcm内。该工作的意义是对于一些不宜改动的传统组件程序,如HELIOS,通过在线修改共振积分表和子群参数,从而使其直接进行弥散颗粒燃料问题的计算成为可能。     

聚变驱动次临界堆双冷嬗变包层多群中子截面数据库共振自屏效应计算与分析

依据聚变驱动次临界反应堆 (FDS I)系统设计方案 ,使用Njoy和Transx程序 ,制作了 2 5群、1 75群、62 0群忽略和考虑共振自屏效应的中子截面核数据库 ,用Anisn程序计算了系统的有效增殖系数和各种反应率。结果表明 ,共振自屏效应对FDS I系统的各种反应率有很大的影响。     

基于NECP-X的全局-局部耦合共振自屏计算方法研究

为应对高保真共振自屏计算所遇到的挑战,提出了全局-局部耦合共振自屏计算方法。将所有共振自屏效应及相关效应分为全局的效应和局部的效应2类,其中全局的效应较弱或者与能量无关,而局部的效应较为强烈。因此将共振自屏计算分为全局计算、耦合计算和局部计算3个步骤:全局计算建立粗糙模型,采用中子流方法计算丹可夫修正因子,处理全局的效应;耦合计算根据丹可夫修正因子守恒将待求解问题中的燃料棒等效成一维模型;局部计算采用较为精确的共振伪核素子群方法,处理局部的效应。基于NECP-X实现了该方法,数值结果表明,该方法在效率方面比传统方法提高至少一个量级,无限介质增殖因数的计算精度也提高了100~300 pcm。     

NECP-X程序中基于全局-局部耦合策略的非棒状几何燃料共振计算方法研究

基于NECP-X程序中已经研发的全局-局部耦合共振计算方法,研究了针对非棒状几何燃料的共振计算方法。首先,采用中子流方法计算真实问题的丹可夫修正因子,以处理全局的空间效应;其次,基于丹可夫修正因子等效获得小规模问题周围慢化剂的几何信息;最后,对于小规模问题燃料区的有效自屏截面的计算采用共振伪核素子群方法。将该方法应用于非棒状几何燃料数值计算,结果表明,该方法在处理非棒状几何燃料栅元的共振计算时,与蒙特卡罗结果程序相比,微观吸收截面偏差不超过1.8%,无限介质增殖因数偏差不超过110 pcm(1 pcm=10^-5),具有较高的计算精度;在大规模问题的计算中,基于板状燃料的JRR-3M实验堆全堆在整个燃耗过程有效增殖因数偏差均在300pcm左右,组件功率偏差在整个燃耗过程不超过0.62%。因此,本研究提出的共振计算方法具有较高的正确率和精度。     

基于ENDF/B-VII.0评价库的多群参数库MUSE1.0的开发与初步验证

采用NJOY程序研制了基于ENDF/B-VII.0评价库的172群中子-42群光子多群截面库(MUSE1.0),该库的权重谱采用Vitanim-e谱,角分布采用勒让德P6近似;热散射数据由自由气体模型产生,共振自屏修正选择了10组背景截面。该库含有293、600、800、900 K等温度下的截面数据;采用GENDF、MATXS和ACE多群3种格式存储。采用MCNP程序,从临界计算和屏蔽计算两个方面对该库进行较全面检验。结果表明,MUSE1.0在临界计算以及屏蔽计算方面具有较强的通用性,对于热散射效应以及共振自屏效应具有较好地描述能力,可以满足超临界水堆概念设计研究方面的应用要求。     

快中子反应堆多群常数程序RQCS

KQCS是用“自屏因子”法制作快中子反应堆多群常数的程序,它输出的群常数有无限稀释截面、自屏因子、P8展开的弹性散射转移矩阵、非弹散射转移几率和转移截面。能提供快堆扩散、S_N和P_N程序使用。本文全面介绍了KQCS计算方法,重点对自屏因子计算方法进行了研究,并对共振重叠效应作了新的考虑。     

Study on double heterogeneity effect of Pu-rich agglomerates in mixed oxide fuel using cross section homogenization method for particle-dispersed media

A cross section homogenization method for media containing randomly and uniformly dispersed particles, which was originally developed by Shmakov et al., has been applied to MOX fuels containing Pu-rich agglomerates. This method (Shmakov’s method), which is incorporated into a continuous-energy Monte Carlo code MCNP, has been applied to lattice calculations of an infinite MOX fuel rod array. Shmakov’s method can accurately reproduce the criticality calculation results for an explicit heterogeneous arrangement of Pu-rich agglomerates. A correction factor that Shmakov’s method defines to obtain an effective microscopic cross section provides a proper quantitative indication of the double heterogeneity of MOX fuels containing Pu-rich agglomerates. The correction factors exhibit an obvious double heterogeneity effect of Pu-rich agglomerates dispersed in MOX fuel pellets. The effective microscopic cross sections of plutonium isotopes in MOX fuels containing Pu-rich agglomerates are significantly reduced due to the self-shielding effect as compared to the homogeneous MOX fuel model. However, the double heterogeneity effect of Pu-rich agglomerates on k_eff seems to be unexpectedly minor because the underestimate of the reaction rates in the resonance energy range is offset by the overestimate of the reaction rates in the thermal energy range.     

New Sampling Method in Continuous Energy Monte Carlo Calculation for Pebble Bed Reactors

A pebble bed reactor generally has double heterogeneity consisting of two kinds of spherical fuel element. In the core, there exist many fuel balls piled up randomly in a high packing fraction. And each fuel ball contains a lot of small fuel particles which are also distributed randomly. In this study, to realize precise neutron transport calculation of such reactors with the continuous energy Monte Carlo method, a new sampling method has been developed. The new method has been implemented in the general purpose Monte Carlo code MCNP to develop a modified version MCNP-BALL. This method was validated by calculating inventory of spherical fuel elements arranged successively by sampling during transport calculation and also by performing criticality calculations in ordered packing models. From the results, it was confirmed that the inventory of spherical fuel elements could be reproduced using MCNP-BALL within a sufficient accuracy of 0.2%. And the comparison of criticality calculations in ordered packing models between MCNP-BALL and the reference method shows excellent agreement in neutron spectrum as well as multiplication factor.

MCNP-BALL enables us to analyze pebble bed type cores such as PROTEUS precisely with the continuous energy Monte Carlo method.     

基于等效几何理论的复杂几何燃料共振计算方法研究

针对各种研究堆、实验堆以及新型反应堆中广泛应用的复杂几何燃料的共振计算难题,本文基于全局 局部耦合策略开展了可处理复杂几何燃料的等效几何共振计算方法研究。针对复杂几何燃料的孤立问题,基于燃料的逃脱概率守恒,建立了复杂几何燃料模型的等效一维圆柱（或平板）燃料模型;基于燃料到外围结构材料区的碰撞概率守恒,获得了燃料外围结构材料的等效尺寸;根据复杂几何燃料的丹可夫因子守恒,建立了等效一维圆柱（或平板）燃料外围的慢化剂尺寸;针对等效一维圆柱（或平板）燃料模型,采用伪核素子群方法进行了有效自屏截面计算。将该方法应用于非棒状几何燃料的共振计算,结果表明,该方法具有很强的几何处理能力,且具有较高的计算精度和计算效率。     

Some New Applications of Neutron Slowing Down Time Spectrometry

A lead neutron slowing-down-time spectrometer LESP (LEad Standard Pile or LEad neutron SPectrometer) with a number of novel features was devised. It was applied to measurements on the effective sensitivity of counters and on the effective absorption and total cross sections of reactor materials. The basic principle of this method centers around the correlation that exists between the average neutron energy and the neutron slowing-down-time after fast neutrons are pulsed into a block of heavy medium with small neutron absorption such as a large lead assembly. This is analogous to the well established time-of-flight spectrometry.

The proposed method of spectrometry should be suitable for measurement of such effects as the resonance self and mutual shielding and geometrical heterogeneity. As trial experiment, the effective efficiency of a ²³⁵U fission chamber was measured and found to correspond fairly well with BNL-325 data. As another example, blocks of heavy resonance material such as natural uranium, antimony and tungsten were placed in the LESP for producing the standard neutron spectrum fields of these materials, and the neutron spectra and effective cross sections measured on these materials were compared with calculation.

It is concluded that these new applications of the method are quite practical for measurements of such properties as the effective efficiency of neutron counters and group averaged cross sections.     

铀加工与燃料制造设施核临界事故所致瞬发剂量计算研究

建立了基于蒙特卡罗（MCNP）程序建模的铀加工与燃料制造设施核临界事故工况下瞬发剂量的计算方法，并将该计算方法与EJ/T 988—96规定的计算方法进行了比较分析。以我国某核燃料元件研发厂址为例，采用MCNP程序建模计算了该厂址核临界事故对厂界公众所致的瞬发剂量。结果表明，EJ/T 988—96的计算方法过于保守的估计了核临界事故工况下的瞬发剂量；基于MCNP程序建模的计算方法，因其求解算法的科学性和模型对屏蔽介质的准确描述，以及结果误差的可控性，使得计算结果更准确。因此，建议采用基于MCNP程序建模的方法计算铀加工与燃料制造设施核临界事故下的瞬发剂量。      

反应堆临界-燃耗耦合蒙特卡罗计算

基于连续点截面MCNP程序 ,研制了三维多群P3 中子输运蒙特卡罗程序MCMG ,并与栅元均匀化程序WIMS耦合 ,实现了临界 燃耗耦合计算。采用WIMS产生的 69群共振、自屏宏观中子截面和BUGLE 80u47群微观中子截面 ,分别计算了简单反应堆和临界实验堆问题 ,计算结果与其它输运方法的计算结果和试验结果一致。在相同计算精度下 ,MCMG的计算时间较MCNP的计算时间少     

Development of a Fine and Ultra-Fine Group Cell Calculation Code SLAROM-UF for Fast Reactor Analyses

A cell calculation code SLAROM-UF has been developed for fast reactor analyses to produce effective cross sections with high accuracy in practical computing time, taking full advantage of fine and ultra-fine group calculation schemes.

The fine group calculation covers the whole energy range in a maximum of 900-group structure. The structure is finer above 52.5 keV with a minimum lethargy width of 0.008. The ultra-fine group calculation solves the slowing down equation below 52.5 keV to treat resonance structures directly and precisely including resonance interference effects. Effective cross sections obtained in the two calculations are combined to produce effective cross sections over the entire energy range.

Calculation accuracy and improvements from conventional 70-group cell calculation results were investigated through comparisons with reference values obtained with continuous energy Monte Carlo calculations. It was confirmed that SLAROM-UF reduces the difference in k-infinity from 0.15 to 0.01% for a JOYO MK-I fuel subassembly lattice cell calculation, and from ?0.21 % to less than a statistical uncertainty of the reference calculation of 0.03% for a ZPPR-10A core criticality calculation.     

Prediction calculations and experiments for the first criticality of the 10 MW High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor-Test Module

The 10 MW High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor-Test Module (HTR-10) is a pebble bed experimental reactor built by the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology (INET), Tsinghua University. This paper introduces the first critical prediction calculations and the experiments for the HTR-10. The German VSOP neutronics code is used for the prediction calculations of the first loading. The characteristics of pebble-bed high temperature gas-cooled reactors are taken into account, including the double heterogeneity of the fuel element, the buckling feedback of the spectrum calculation, the effect of the mixture of fuel elements and graphite balls, and the correction of the diffusion coefficients in the upper cavity based on transport theory. Also considered are the effects of impurities in the fuel elements, in the graphite balls and in the reflector graphite on the reactivity. The number of fuel elements and graphite balls in the initial core is predicted to provide reference for the first criticality experiment. The critical experiment adopts a method of extrapolating to approach criticality. The first criticality was attained on December 1, 2000. The first criticality experiment shows that the predicted critical number of the fuel elements and graphite balls is in close agreement with the experimental results. Their relative error is less than 1.0%, implying the physical predictions and the results of the criticality experiment are much beyond expectations.