In vitro availability of minerals of some tropical and citrus fruits as influenced by antinutritional factors

Four tropical fruits and three citrus fruits were analyzed for moisture, ash, antinutritional factors (phytate, oxalate, and polyphenols) contents, and total and available minerals. Moisture contents ranged from 6.0 to 83.17% for tropical fruits while that of citrus fruits ranged from 88.20 to 89.50%. Ash contents ranged from 2.56 to 4.50% and from 3.83 to 4.83%, for tropical and citrus fruits, respectively. All fruits contained no oxalate while phytate and polyphenols ranged from 48.1 to 134.1 mg/ 100 g and from 0.115 to 0.34%, respectively. For all fruits major minerals contents ranged from 7.7 to 433.3 while trace ones ranged from 0.116 to 1.91 mg/100 g. In vitro availabilities of major minerals (% of total) varied from 11.1 to 86.2% while for minor ones it ranged from 13 to 72.5%.     

Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects Part 7. Processing

This paper surveys the effect of some technological processes based on modified traditional way of obtaining oil from rapeseeds and employing polar solvents and enzymes on the content of glucosinolates and nutritional quality of the end products. Special emphasis has been put on the technologies introduced after 1980 tested mostly on a pilot scale.     

Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects Part 5. Animal reproduction

Although there is no clear evidence to fully describe the mechanism involved in glucosinolate-related effects on animal reproduction, lowered fertility in animals fed diets with rapeseed meal (RSM) inclusion is related to glucosinolate content in the diet. Negative effects can result both from multidirectional action of glucosinolates, malnutrition of mother due to the thyroid dysfunction, transfer of goitrogenic compounds to foetus and reduced transfer of nutritive compounds (e.g. iodine) through the placenta. The degree of reproduction impairment depends both on glucosinolate content and on the type of animal. Pregnant female rats are sensitive to the presence of glucosinolates, and the first symptoms of fertility impairment and lowering of offspring survival rate may occur at low glucosinolate levels, e.g. with diets containing low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (LG-RSM). In the case of swine, the limiting value above which sows fertility may be impaired is 4 μmol of total glucosinolates per g diet and 8 mmol of daily intake of these compounds. Opinions on the permitted RSM inclusion in diet for hens are very divergent. Some authors recommend limiting of the RSM inclusion to 10%, while others did not find any lowering of egg production in hens fed diets with two- or three-fold greater RSM inclusion rates. Most long-term experiments with heifers, cows and ewes indicate that ruminants tolerate the level of glucosinolate in LG-RSM although feeding this fodder as the only high-protein concentrate component may lead to impaired fertility.     

Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects. Part II. Flavour and palatability

This paper has reviewed the current literature relating to the effects of glucosinolates on the palatability of rapeseed meal. The available evidence indicates that diet palatability can be adversely affected by rapeseed meal inclusion and that this response is related to glucosinolate level. However the response is variable and depends also on the species of animal, age and growth state. Younger animals, particularly chicks, piglets and calves appear to be more severely affected and exhibit reduced intake and hence depressed performance with diets containing high levels of glucosinolates from high glucosinolate rapeseed meal. Palatability is substantially improved by the use of low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (LG-RSM) containing 10–30 μ/g and very low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (VLG-RSM) containing 1–5 μ/g glucosinolates. From the findings of this review, it can be concluded that LG-RSM and VLG-RSM can be included at levels up to 20% and 30% for calves and dairy cows respectively. Since piglets are particularly sensitive it is suggested that rapeseed is excluded from early starter diets but that low glucosinolate meals can be included at levels of 10% and 15% for grower and finisher pigs respectively. Growing poultry may be less sensitive to palatability problems associated with rapeseed meal but the use of high levels is constrained due to the lower energy and higher fibre contents of RSM compared with soybean meal.     

Rapeseed meal-Glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects Part 6. Taint in end-products

From the present review it is clear that glucosinolates and their breakdown products may pass in small amounts into such products as meat, milk or eggs without noticeable deterioration in their taste. When applying low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (LG-RSM) as the sole high protein component of concentrate mixture for cows, the level of rapeseed glucosinolates breakdown products should not exceed 0.1 μmol/1 oxazolidinethione, 10 μmol/1 unsaturated nitriles and 100 μmol/1 thiocyanate. At these levels no evidence has been found to indicate the negative influence of glucosinolates breakdown products on the sensory properties of milk or threat for consumers. No published information appears to be available suggesting that glucosinolates have any deleterious effect on the carcass flavour in cattle. Even at a 20% inclusion of LG-RSM in diets no impairment on visual scores or sensory evaluation was found in pig's or broiler's carcass. Glucosinolated, chiefly progoitrin, which depress trimethylamine oxidation thus clearly affect the taint in eggs. In birds with genetically conditioned susceptibility (brown layers) fishy taint can be observed even at 0.3 μM progoitrin, i.e. approximately 0.5 μM total glucosinolates in 1 g diet. Assuming a threefold higher threshold for white layers (1 μM progoitrin in 1 g diet) fishy taint can be expected at a 10% LG-RSM level in diet, and only very low glucosinolate rapeseed meals can be fed to layers without the risk of fishy taint in eggs.     

Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects Part 3. Animal growth and performance

On the basis of literature data biological properties of rapeseed glucosinolates, and especially their influence on the growth and weight of animals were characterized. The aim was to determine a limiting value of these compounds in diets for particular animal species and age groups at which no limitation of growth or development was observed.     

Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects Part 1. Rapeseed production and chemistry of glucosinolates

This review, which will be presented in seven parts is concerned with the use of rapeseed meal as an animal feeding stuff. The presence of glucosinolates in the meal limits its use due to a number of antinutritional and physiological effects. Whilst not in itself exhaustive, this review updates earlier reviews by reference to recent papers on the above topics. In this first paper the history of the crop and the current production situation are presented and the nature of glucosinolates and methods for their analysis are reviewed in order to facilitate a better appreciation of the problems referred in later sections.     

大豆皂甙体外抗氧化活性研究

研究大豆皂甙的抗氧化作用,用分光光度法测定大豆皂甙的总抗氧化能力和抗活性氧能力、肝匀浆丙二醛(MDA)生成量和肝线粒体膨胀程度。结果表明,大豆皂甙的体外总抗氧化能力和抗活性氧能力较强,可抑制肝组织脂质过氧化反应,减轻肝线粒体膨胀程度。提示,大豆皂甙具有体外抗氧化活性。     

In vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of Cocos nucifera Linn. water

Tender Cocos nucifera L. (Palmacea) water (CW), variety Chandrasankara, was tested for its ability to scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation and protect hemoglobin from nitrite-induced oxidation. Fresh sample of CW scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and superoxide radicals but promoted the production of hydroxyl radicals and increased lipid peroxidation. The activity was most significant for fresh samples of CW and diminished significantly upon heat, acid or alkali treatment or dialysis. Maturity of coconut drastically decreased the scavenging ability of CW against DPPH, ABTS and superoxide radicals. CW protected hemoglobin from nitrite-induced oxidation to methemoglobin when added before the autocatalytic stage of the oxidation. Acid, alkali or heat treated or dialyzed CW showed a decreased ability in protecting hemoglobin from oxidation. The scavenging ability and protection of hemoglobin from oxidation may be partly attributed to the ascorbic acid, which is an important constituent of CW. As CW is a rich source of vitamins, amino acids and enzymes, etc., more than one active principle maybe involved.     

In vitro effects of the thiopeptide A10255 on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations.

Experiments used unadapted mixed cultures of ruminal microorganisms in batch or continuous culture fermentation to investigate the effect of a thiopeptide, A10255, on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. After 24 h of fermentation in batch culture, addition of A10255 (.5 to 20 ppm of the culture fluid) to 0, 45, 60, and 75% concentrate diets had no effect on total VFA but increased molar proportion of propionate and decreased butyrate. The molar proportion of acetate was decreased by treatment only in the 0 and 75% concentrate diets. The increase in molar proportion of propionate by 20 ppm of A10255 was less than the increase caused by a similar concentration of monensin. The same concentration of A10255 (20 ppm) decreased ADF digestion less than 20 ppm of monensin. In continuous culture, A10255 (33 mg/kg of dietary DM) did not affect total VFA concentration, culture pH, OM digestion, or ADF digestion. Ruminal bacterial populations of total anaerobes and lactate-producing, lactate-utilizing, cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria were unaffected by treatment. However, molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, and isovalerate were decreased, and propionate was increased, by addition of A10255.     

Rapeseed meal-glucosinolates and their antinutritional effects Part 4. Goitrogenicity and internal organs abnormalities in animals

This paper surveys the literature concerning biological properties of rapeseed glucosinolates, chiefly the goitrogenic activity of these compounds and their influence on the morphological and histological abnormalities of internal organs in animals. An attempt has been made to establish threshold glucosinolate levels in diet which trigger the onset or increase of internal organs impairment in animals depending on their species and breeding.     

In vitro evaluation of the dehydration characteristics of silicone hydrogel and conventional hydrogel contact lens materials.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the in vitro dehydration performance of silicone hydrogel and conventional hydrogel contact lens materials. METHODS: In vitro dehydration was assessed using a gravimetric method. The mass loss over time of Focus Night&Day, PureVision, Optima, Acuvue and Proclear Compatibles was measured as the ambient temperature increased from room temperature to 34 degrees C under varying airflow and humidity conditions. RESULTS: Dehydration data demonstrated a typical ogival form. The results were best fitted with a double exponential, non-linear regression model, which accounted for at least 99% of the variance. Regardless of material, increased airflow had a greater impact on dehydration rate than increased humidity (P<0.05). Relative dehydration amounts were strongly correlated with initial water content (r(2)=0.92), with higher water content materials dehydrating to a greater extent. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro dehydration studies of conventional and novel silicone-containing hydrogel materials indicated that evaporation rates from materials are predominantly water content related, with only subtle differences between materials of similar water contents being seen. Environmental conditions have a significant impact on in vitro dehydration, with increased airflow having a greater impact than reduced humidity on increasing dehydration rates. In vitro dehydration is closely related to bulk water diffusion rates and, as a result of their low water content, silicone-containing hydrogel materials exhibit low levels of dehydration compared with high water content hydrogel contact lens materials. Further, in vivo studies are necessary to see if the in vitro dehydration behaviour of silicone hydrogel materials is predictive of in-eye performance.     

In vitro evaluation of Pediococcus acidilactici NCDC 252 for its probiotic attributes

In vitro probiotic attributes of Pediococcus acidilactici, viz. tolerance to acidity and bile salt, phenol resistance, lactic acid production, antioxidant activity, cell surface hydrophobicity, lysozyme resistance and the presence of β‐galactosidase, proteolytic, lipase and peptidoglycan hydrolase activities, were studied. The strain was found to be rich in different proteolytic activities, β‐galactosidase and antioxidant activities, and produced lactic acid. The studies conducted support that P. acidilactici national collection of dairy cultures (NCDC) 252 is a potential probiotic for humans with all the essential basic probiotic properties. This testing is useful to gain insight into this strain and its mechanism of action. All these attributes add to its therapeutic importance and industrial significance.     

In vitro skin permeation evaluation: the only realistic option

Increasing requirements for cruelty-free risk assessment in the cosmetic industry have led to the development of several alternative experimental evaluation strategies. Quantification of the potential dermal absorption of ingredients of cosmetic and other formulations by determination of human skin permeation rates in vitro is particularly relevant. Using modifications of standard in vitro protocols the human skin permeation rates of several cosmetic ingredients and potential contaminants have been determined under conditions designed to mimic consumer use. Skin penetration and permeation of octyl salicylate (a sunscreen), nonylphenol ethoxylates (surfactants) and three nitrosamines (potential contaminants) is discussed. The data demonstrate the usefulness of this technique as a tool in the overall risk assessment of cosmetic formulations.     

湘玉竹多糖的体外抗氧化活性研究

目的探索湘玉竹多糖的体外抗氧化效果。方法从湘玉竹中超声提取多糖,苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量。分别研究湘玉竹粗多糖和精制多糖对DPPH、O_2~-·、·OH和NO_2~-的清除作用,并与VC阳性对照进行比较,考察湘玉竹多糖的抗氧化效果。结果湘玉竹粗多糖中多糖含量为6.05%,精制多糖中多糖含量为13.26%。在试验浓度范围内,湘玉竹粗多糖和精制多糖对DPPH、O_2~-·、·OH和NO_2~-均有一定的清除作用,且清除效果与多糖浓度呈剂量-效应关系。IC_(50)结果显示湘玉竹多糖清除活性为O_2~-·DPPHNO_2~-·OH,而且相同浓度的湘玉竹粗多糖的清除能力强于精制多糖。除了NO_2~-以外,阳性对照VC对DPPH、O_2~-·和·OH自由基的清除能力均强于湘玉竹多糖。结论湘玉竹多糖具有良好的抗氧化能力,可开发成一种新的天然绿色食品抗氧化剂。     

葛根多糖的体外抗氧化活性研究

目的考察葛根多糖的体外抗氧化作用。方法从葛根中提取多糖,苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量。分别研究葛根粗多糖和精制多糖对DPPH、O_2~-·、·OH和NO_2-的清除作用,并与阳性对照VC进行比较,考察葛根多糖的抗氧化效果。结果葛根粗多糖中多糖含量为3.67%,精制多糖中多糖含量为8.74%。在0.5~4.0mg/mL浓度范围内,葛根粗多糖和精制多糖对DPPH、O_2~-·、·OH和NO_2~-均有不同程度的清除作用,清除活性顺序为·OHO_2~-·NO_2~-DPPH,且清除效果与多糖浓度呈剂量-效应关系,但清除率均低于阳性对照VC。在清除自由基时,相同浓度的葛根粗多糖的清除能力强于精制多糖。结论葛根多糖具有良好的抗氧化活性,可开发成新型的葛根源保健品或天然绿色的食品抗氧化剂。     

卵白蛋白低聚肽的体外抗氧化及ACE抑制作用

以卵白蛋白低聚肽为研究对象,测定了理化成分,分子质量分布和氨基酸组成基础之上;通过DPPH·法、邻苯三酚自氧化法和水杨酸钠法测定对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)、超氧阴离子自由基(O_2~-·)和羟自由基(·OH)的清除能力,分析了其体外抗氧化作用;另外通过反向高效液相色谱法测定了对血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)的抑制作用。结果显示,分子质量低于1 000 u的卵白蛋白低聚肽占总蛋白的92.58%,并主要集中在140～500 u(占71.24%);体外抗氧化实验中,抗氧化能力与质量浓度呈现出良好的剂量关系,DPPH·、O_2~-·和·OH的半抑制浓度(IC_(50))分别为0.25、25、0.64 mg/m L;另外卵白蛋白低聚肽显示出较好的ACE抑制作用,IC_(50)值为1.5 mg/m L。结果表明,卵白蛋白低聚肽具有良好的抗氧化和ACE抑制作用,为相关抗氧化和降血压等保健类食品的开发利用提供一定的理论依据。