500 kV交流海底电缆金属护层冲击感应电压研究

属护层冲击感应电压是高电压、大长度海底电缆安全运行的重要控制条件。采用电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC,建立了海底电缆金属护层冲击感应电压仿真模型,对电缆长度、侵入波波形、电缆结构参数等对护层冲击感应电压的影响进行了计算分析,并研究分析了金属护层与铠装层分段短接和采用半导电外护套两种方式对限制金属护层冲击感应电压的作用,研究表明：电缆长度、侵入波波形和电缆结构参数对金属护层冲击感应电压有较大的影响;金属护层冲击感应电压随着分段短接点的个数和外护套电导率的增加而减小。     

基于微分环的输电线路雷电流非接触式测量方法

雷电流的测量在电网雷电防护中至关重要,获取准确的雷电流大小以及波形才能采取正确的防雷保护措施。针对当前输电线路雷电流安全准确测量的难题,将脉冲功率测量技术中被广泛应用的微分环应用于输电线路雷电流的测量,提出了基于微分环的非接触式输电线路雷电流测量方法,并介绍了微分环测量雷电流的原理以及基于微分环的雷电流测量传感器的设计。实验室中冲击大电流的试验表明:针对不同的测量距离,通过选择适当的微分环尺寸及微分环匝数采用合理的屏蔽措施,并结合自积分,则该传感器能够准确反映被测电流的波形及幅值,且其具有安全性高、抗干扰能力强、线性度好、测量精度高等特点。最后基于FDTD建立了雷击输电线路的三维模型,对雷击瞬态磁场传播特性进行了仿真分析。结果表明:雷击输电线路时,杆塔周围的瞬态磁场能够准确地反映各导线上的电流波形及幅值情况,说明基于微分环的输电线路雷电流测量方法是可行的。     

An impedance measurement of a small‐capacitance circuit using transient responses for lightning surge analysis

A method to measure a small capacitance with its loss resistance using a set of transient current waveforms is proposed in this paper. The parameters are obtained from the time constants in the time domain. The method has high resistance to extraneous noise, because a time‐to‐frequency transformation, which is sensitive to noise, is not required. The transient current waveforms are obtained by a voltage or current source, a current transformer, and a waveform recorder. The measured capacitance by the proposed method is not affected by the capacitance of the voltage probe, because it is obtained without any voltage information. The sheath surge impedance of the current injection cable, which is indispensable for the transient measurement, is corrected. The application of the method has the advantage in that it allows the modeling of a fast transient of a power apparatus, comparing it with the steady‐state measurement using an impedance measuring instrument. The proposed method is applied to create an equivalent circuit between electrodes implanted into a piece of wood, and its reliability is confirmed by comparison between the measured and calculated results. Stray capacitances of a miniature circuit breaker are also measured, and the results show that the proposed method is applicable to equipment in power systems. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

双回路电缆-架空线混合线路感应电压电流计算

双回路同沟电缆-同塔架空线混合线路感应电压和感应电流的计算是检修时接地刀闸选型的关键。电缆回路间感应电压电流的计算不同于架空线路。电缆金属护套对线芯具有静电屏蔽作用,根据护套接地方式不同其对线芯也具有不同的电磁屏蔽效果。文中针对220 kV双回路电缆-架空线混合线路开展运行线路对检修线路的电磁感应研究。首先根据电磁耦合推导出混合线路的感应电压、电流计算公式。其次仿真计算分析,分别研究混合线路中电缆段长度占比的变化对感应电压电流的影响;电缆护套单端接地、双端接地以及交叉互联两端接地3种接地方式对于感应电流的影响;接地刀闸等效接地电阻对于感应电流的影响。结果可为混合线路接地刀闸选型提供理论计算参考。     

考虑金属护层耦合的高压电缆单相接地故障定位方法

针对电缆导芯和金属护层之间存在电磁耦合影响故障定位准确精度的问题,提出一种考虑金属护层耦合的高压电缆故障定位方法.该方法通过双τ分布参数模型建立电缆导芯和金属护层耦合关系,利用首末端的电气量,进而确定电缆导芯分布电压的表达式.然后以首末端分别计算的故障点导芯电压瞬时值差值来构造定位判据,同时对不良数据进行有效剔除,采用...     

Study concerning production of lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage power distribution lines

In order to study lightning problems of low‐voltage power distribution lines, lightning overvoltage waveforms were observed inside the homes of customers. The cause of lightning overvoltages was examined from observation of striking points by still cameras. Lightning overvoltages of 62 waveforms were recorded by observation over a period of about 3 1/2 years. Observed waveforms can be classified into three types of single polarity (positive or negative), both polarities (which change from positive to negative or negative to positive), and pulsive waveform. The causes of these lightning overvoltages which were estimated from striking points are shown as follows: (1) Induced lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage distribution lines. (2)   Electric potential rise due to discharge of surge arresters or current of overhead ground wire. (3)   Shift of lightning overvoltages from high‐voltage side of transformer to low‐voltage side, which is due to electromagnetic induction. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(4): 66–75, 2000     

Transient analysis of a crossbonded cable system underneath abridge

Transients on a crossbonded cable installed underneath a bridge and connected with overhead lines are analyzed using the EMTP (ElectroMagnetic Transients Program). Calculated results of the sheath voltages on a system composed of only a cable show that the maximum overvoltages on the cable installed underneath the bridge, which is a kind of overhead cable, are higher by about 2.5 times than those on an ordinary underground cable. The iron framework of the bridge, which is simulated as parallel overhead conductors to the cable, reduces the overvoltages by about 20% to 50% due to mutual coupling. When overhead lines are connected to the cable system at both terminals, the sheath overvoltages are reduced to about 20% of those in the case of the cable system alone, but the reduction by the iron frameworks of the overvoltages becomes less pronounced. It is emphasized that special attention should be paid to the insulation coordination of a crossbonded cable installed to a bridge     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of oil-immersed transformers under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - definition of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms and insulation characteristics for waveforms including pulses

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of oil-immersed transformers and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability in its insulation performance, it is necessary to grasp in an organized way the insulation characteristics under non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms encountered in the field and compare them with the characteristics under the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. As described in this paper, the first step in a series of study for the purpose above was taken by analyzing lightning surge waveforms and restriking surge waveforms such as disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations and identifying four typical non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.24 to 1.0 MHz. Then, two of these non-standard lightning impulse waveforms, the single-pulse waveform which is the most basic type and the waveform with a pulse in the crest and a subsequent flat section, were used to measure the breakdown voltage and the partial discharge inception voltage while changing the parameters, on three models that represent the insulation elements of windings of oil-immersed transformers. Then, the resultant average breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage durations, leading to a result of formulating them in a unified way. In the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher, marking 52% at the maximum, than those under standard lightning impulse waveforms in all the cases, suggesting a possibility of lowering the insulation specifications of an oil-immersed transformer     

Maximum lightning overvoltage along a cable due to shielding failure

This paper analyzes the maximum lightning overvoltage due to shielding failure along a cable inserted in an overhead line. The cable is protected by surge arresters at both ends and the maximum voltage appears normally somewhere along the cable. The maximum voltage can for severe cases of lightning overvoltages be found by calculating the voltage at a limited number (e.g. 10) of equidistant positions along the cable.     

基于波形比较的架空配电线路故障离线定位自动计算方法

现有的架空配电线路在线故障定位方法存在只能确定故障区段的不足,离线故障定位方法则存在故障定位灵敏度低与精度差的问题.针对上述问题,建立高压脉冲冲击线路响应模型,通过分析故障线路电流分布特征与波形差异,提出了一种基于波形比较的架空配电线路故障离线定位自动计算方法.该方法使用高压脉冲信号发生器向故障线路注入直流脉冲信号,以相关系数作为波形相似程度的判别依据,通过分析不同测量点电流波形与基准电流波形的相似性差异,实现了故障定位的自动计算,解决了故障尤其是经高阻接地故障定位灵敏度低的问题.分析了不同磁场测量方式与基准信号参考点的选取对故障定位精度的影响,完善了故障离线定位体系,提高了定位精度.仿真以及实际试验表明,该方法可有效实现故障点的精确定位.     

架空输电线路雷击感应过电压耦合机理及计算方法分析

目前国内雷击杆塔时的电感模型计算方法与国外通用的波阻抗计算方法有很大不同，计算结果出入较大。文章探讨了雷击架空线路附近地面(感应雷)与雷击杆塔时架空线上产生的感应过电压的异同点，认为二者，一个主要是电磁场的耦合，一个主要是线路的耦合；但雷电对架空线的影响都体现在雷电通道中电流和电荷对架空线的影响。场路耦合是统一的，实际应用中不能重复计算这两种影响。此外电感模型的计算误差是由电感对电流的微分响应造成电压损失产生的。并用工程实例计算结果证明了上述结论的正确性。     

Performance of MOV arresters during very close, direct lightningstrikes to a power distribution system

In 1996, at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida, the responses of MOV arresters in an unenergized test distribution system, composed of an overhead line, underground cable, and padmount transformer with a resistive load, were measured during very close, direct lightning strikes to the overhead line. Arresters were installed on the overhead line at two locations 50 m apart (on either side of the strike point) and at the primary of the padmount transformer which was connected to the line via the underground cable. We obtained arrester data for this test configuration from two lightning flashes (containing a total of five strokes) which were artificially initiated from a natural thunderstorm, using the rocket-and-wire technique. We present the simultaneously-recorded arrester discharge current and voltage waveforms from one lightning stroke for one of the two arresters on the line and for the arrester at the transformer primary. Additionally, we estimate the energy absorbed by the arrester on the line as a function of time for the first 4 ms of the lightning event. The records presented are representative of those for all five strokes     

交流斩波器输出电压瞬时值重复控制研究

介绍了一种在输出电压平均值控制基础上引入瞬时值重复控制的交流斩波器。该交流斩波器输出电压采用均值闭环控制,以使输出电压有效值保持稳定。为了克服由于电网电压瞬变或负载突变造成的输出电压瞬时变化,在均值闭环控制环的前向通道上引入基于重复控制思想的瞬时值前馈补偿控制,从而使输出电压波形无瞬变。搭建了交流斩波器的实验平台验证所采用的控制方法,控制部分采用ATmega128单片机作为核心,均值PID调节器、重复控制的前馈补偿控制器等均在该单片机中数字实现。实验结果表明,所采用的控制方法能有效地抑制输入电压变化、输出负载变化等扰动,使输出电压波形稳定。     

某500 kV线缆混合线路的故障定位方案

针对某500 kV线缆混合输电线路,通过现场实测其内部各段工频参数和波阻抗,分析其分布特性及行波在输电线的传播特性,发现各段工频参数极不均匀,且各段的零序补偿系数之间、波阻抗之间也相差较大;内部固有行波反射点较多,在线缆连接处反射系数较大.根据以上特点,提出分两步的两端阻抗法和分段两端行波法对该输电线路进行故障定位,并基于当前设备条件进行技术经济比较,对线缆混合输电线路推荐采用分段两端电流行波法,可以有效地提高了线缆混合线路故障测距精度.     

Fault-locating method using harmonic components of the arc-voltage waveform

This paper describes a new type of the fault-locating method by using voltage and current values measured in a substation or transmission lines. This method is based on the impedance method and consists of the following items: (1) analysis of harmonic components in voltage waveforms measured in the substation; (2) estimation of the arc fault voltage on the lines; (3) calculation of the line impedance voltage drop; and (4) determination of the fault-locating distance. The availability of this method was confirmed by arc fault tests on 6-kV cable and overhead distribution lines. As a result, the fault-locating error of this method was proved to be roughly less than 10 percent.     

Evaluation of Breakdown Characteristics of Gas Insulated Switchgears for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms - Breakdown Characteristics for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms Associated with Lightning Surges

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding paper, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. In this paper, the dielectric breakdown voltage - time characteristics were measured under several different conditions mainly for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gaps that represent an insulation element of a GIS toward four kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms associated with lightning surges. As a result, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 3% to 32%.     

计及地线耦合的利用架空线路测量接地网接地阻抗的方法

在利用架空线路测量接地网接地阻抗时,未断开接地网与架空地线的连接构架会使通过接地网流入大地的电流小于实际注入电流,且经过地线的分流电流由于架空地线与相线间的电磁耦合效应会在线路中产生干扰电压。因此提出在测量接地网对地电压和实际注入电流时,同步测量地线电流以减小分流效应造成的误差;并通过多次测量的数据建立数学模型进行计算,以减小测量线路与地线的电磁耦合效应产生的感应电压对接地阻抗测量产生的影响。仿真结果表明,在电压极之前的杆塔与地线绝缘或者直接相连的杆塔数目较少的情况下,所提测量方法能有效减小用架空线路测量接地网接地阻抗时地线分流造成的接地阻抗测量误差。     

Effect of transformer sizes and neutral treatments on theelectromagnetic transients in transformer substations

This paper deals with the electromagnetic transients in transformer substations. The substation can have more than one transformer. Generally, these parallel-connected transformers can be of different sizes and neutral treatment. The substation is fed from a high-voltage overhead transmission line (or cable). Emphasis is given to the substation terminal voltage, the transformers' neutral voltages (if their neutrals are not directly earthed) as well as the internal distribution of transient voltages along the transformers' windings, following a typical external double-exponential surge voltage. The distributed parameter transient analysis is done in the s-domain, and then followed by a numerical Laplace inverse transform technique to get the distributions in time domain     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - analysis and generation circuit of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms in actual field

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In this paper, first, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Next, high-voltage circuits that generate these non-standard lightning surge waveforms were designed and constituted using EMTP (electro magnetic transients program) based on a circuit with a gap, inductors, and resistors connected in series and resistors and capacitors connected in parallel. Further, circuits were actually constructed, to obtain voltage waveforms approximately equal to those designed. Finally, the dielectric breakdown voltage-time characteristics were measured under several different conditions for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gap that represents an insulation element of a GIS. As a result, it was found that, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 6% to 32%     

电力电缆故障冲闪测试放电回路建模

对电力电缆故障冲击高压闪络测试(简称冲闪测试)系统的放电响应进行了研究.在只考虑暂态低频分量信号的条件下,利用电缆的均匀传输线T型等效网络,建立了冲闪测试放电回路的集中参数电路模型.根据电缆的结构和材料参数.以及电缆集中参数与其分布参数之间的关系,推导了模型的电流、电压响应近似表达式.以及电流响应的衰减系数和振荡频率表...