热管式气液固三相固定床鼓泡反应器的传热性能

为了研究热管式气液固三相固定床鼓泡反应器的传热性能,在一内径为50 mm、高800 mm床内充以多孔填料,内插一根φ16 mm×2 mm的水-不锈钢热管的固定床反应器中,用并流向上的热水和氮气进行传热试验研究.研究结果表明：传热量随气相速度u_g增大而增多,在气相速度达到某一数值后,气相速度对传热的影响不显著;并采用最小二乘法拟合得到了试验条件下固定床鼓泡反应器床层与热管加热段管壁之间传热系数的经验计算式.所得到的方程得到了热模试验的验证.     

新型热管反应器在轻烃醚化中的研究及应用

将热管技术与催化反应器结合,构建了蛇形回路热管反应器。利用该反应器,进行了轻烃醚化工业侧线试验,考察了进料温度、液相体积空速、冷却水流量、进料浓度对反应结果的影响;测定了催化床层的轴向温度分布。利用反应器数学模型并结合试验数据,采用下山单纯形最优化方法获得了床层对热管的传热膜系数准数关联方程。所开发的新型热管反应器在2万t/a甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)生产装置的扩能改造中应用成功。     

A COMPARISON OF A NOVEL RECUPERATIVE CONFIGURATION AND CONVENTIONAL METHANOL SYNTHESIS REACTOR

Coupling energy-intensive endothermic reaction systems with suitable exothermic reactions improves the thermal efficiency of processes and reduces the capital cost of the reactors. In this study, a steady-state heterogeneous model for a novel thermally coupled reactor, containing methanol synthesis reactions and cyclohexane dehydrogenation, was developed. This heat exchanger reactor consists of two fixed beds separated by a wall, where heat is transferred across the surface of the tube from the exothermic into the endothermic side. The co-current mode is investigated, and the simulation results are compared with corresponding data for an industrial methanol fixed bed reactor operated at the same feed conditions. The results show that although methanol productivity in the thermally coupled reactor is not higher than that in the conventional methanol reactor, benzene is also produced as an additional valuable product in a favorable manner, and autothermality is achieved within the reactor. This novel configuration can increase the methanol synthesis temperature at the first part of the reactor for higher process rates and then reduce the temperature at the second part of reactor for increasing thermodynamic equilibrium; those are two key issues in methanol reactor configurations. The influence of inlet temperature, molar flow rate, and shell diameter of the endothermic stream on reactor behavior is investigated. The results suggest that coupling of these reactions in co-current mode could be feasible and beneficial. Experimental proof-of-concept is needed to establish the validity and safe operation of the novel reactor.     

水循环式热泵干燥装置的性能分析

水循环式热泵干燥装置是指热泵和干燥部分通过水循环耦合而成的热泵干燥系统，是一种中小型热泵干燥装置的结构型式。对水循环式热泵干燥装置的开机过程、调控特性、能源效率进行了分析，相关结论可为推广应用提供参考。     

城市污水低位热能回收利用的研究

利用污水水源热泵,可回收城市污水的低位能源。回收的能源可用于制热或制冷。通过将污水水源热泵与地下水水源热泵系统和燃气+空调供冷相结合的供能方式进行比较得出结论,综合各项费用污水水源热泵最省,地下水水源热泵次之,燃气+空冷空调系统的费用最高。     

基于金属氢化物高温蓄热的氢热耦合传递机理

目前大多数可再生能源如太阳能具有间歇性和不稳定性的问题,因此高效蓄热技术成为了发展太阳能的一个关键途径。金属氢化物高温蓄热技术作为热化学蓄热中最有前途的方法之一,受到了人们的广泛关注。为了实现金属氢化物高温蓄热技术的工程应用,明确其氢热耦合传递机理至关重要。本研究采用数值模拟的方法,通过建立反应器的多物理场耦合模型,讨论了不同时刻下床层内部参数的分布,得到了反应锋面的形成和移动机理以及非均匀反应的形成机理;此外,结合反应器内部氢压、接触热阻和床层热阻的变化规律,明确了不同阶段下金属氢化物高温蓄热技术的控制环节;最后,依据金属氢化物高温蓄热技术的工程应用挑战,提出了相应的研究策略。     

热管式气液固三相固定床鼓泡反应器试验研究

为了研究热管式气液固三相固定床鼓泡反应器的性能,在一内径为50 mm、高800 mm床内装填多孔填料,内插一根16 mm×2 mm的水-不锈钢热管的反应器中,对2乙-基己烯醛选择性加氢反应进行试验研究,并进行模拟计算。结果表明:在取消外循环的条件下,反应器具有良好的床层温度分布,反应能够得到较高的转化率和良好的选择性。对提高经济效益和设备安全性能具有一定意义。     

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN THE ADSORBENT BED OF AN ADSORPTION HEAT PUMP

The heat and mass transfer equations governing an adsorbent bed in an adsorption heat pump and the mass balance equation for the adsorbent particles in the adsorbent bed were solved numerically to simulate the cycle of a basic adsorption heat pump, which includes isobaric adsorption, isosteric heating, isobaric desorption, and isosteric cooling processes. The finite difference method was used to solve the set of governing equations, which are highly nonlinear and coupled. The pressures of the evaporator and condenser were 2 and 20 kPa, respectively, and the regeneration temperature of the bed was 403 K. Changes in the temperature, adsorptive pressure, and adsorbate concentration in the adsorbent bed at different steps of the cycle were determined. The basic simulated cycle is presented in a Clausius-Clapeyron diagram, which illustrates the changes in average pressure and temperature of the adsorbent bed throughout the cycle. The results of the simulation indicated that the most time-consuming processes in the adsorption heat pump cycle were isobaric adsorption and isobaric desorption. The high thermal resistance of the bed slows down heat transfer, prolonging adsorption and desorption processes.     

复合热源太阳能热泵热水系统性能模拟

提出了一种复合热源太阳能热泵热水系统,通过阀门切换,可以根据不同的天气状况改变运行模式,以空气和太阳辐射作为热源制取生活用水。针对设计的150 L热水系统建立了数学模型,对不同运行模式下的性能进行了计算机模拟分析,分析了太阳辐射强度及环境温度对系统性能的影响,并计算了系统的全年运行状况。从模拟结果可以看出,热泵串联集热器模式（HP+SC）比集热器串联热泵模式（SC+HP）耗时稍长,但COP更高,各月总热效率前者略高于后者。COP及总热效率均随太阳辐射强度及环境温度的升高而升高。在4～10月的晴朗天气下,应尽量优先采用集热器模式（SC）,仅在完全没有太阳辐射时才使用热泵模式（HP）。     

双水箱热泵热水系统的构建及性能

储水型单水箱热泵热水系统在使用过程中存在自来水补水与水箱原有热水混合并由此导致水箱热水温度下降、热泵循环加热水温起点高,机组平均加热效率难以提高的问题。为此,提出了一种双水箱（加热水箱和储水水箱）热泵热水系统,冷水补水首先进入加热水箱,在其中被热泵机组加热到设定温度后,再送至储水水箱以供给用户侧,从而避免冷热水混合造成机组效率较低的问题。深入分析了双水箱热泵热水系统的系统构成和工作原理,并将其应用于某大学学生宿舍空气源热泵热水系统,同时对双水箱热泵热水系统开展性能实验研究。结果表明,与单水箱热泵热水系统相比,补水水温越低,目标加热水温越高,双水箱热泵热水系统节能效果越显著,当加热水箱初始加热水温与目标加热水温分别为14℃和55℃时,双水箱空气源热泵热水系统的效率比单水箱空气源热泵热水系统提高19.31%以上。     

氯化钙-甲醇化学热泵循环特性的模拟与分析

本文应用模型化方法研究了装料量为3 kg氯化钙的实验室规模氯化钙-甲醇化学热泵的循环特性,结果表明:热泵系统的供热、制冷性能系数可分别达到1.55和0.57左右。系统的性能对反应器的传热参数及其热容量非常敏感。采用强化反应器传热和降低其热质的方法,可有效地提高系统的性能系数,增大系统的供热、制冷能力。     

Assessment of the role of thermally induced gas flow inhomogeneities in fixed bed reactors

The paper presents results of a numerical solution of the equation of motion of gas in a fixed bed catalytic reactor. The equation was formulated so as to reflect the effects on the velocity field of variable local temperature in the bed through the temperature dependences of density and viscosity of the flowing gas. The temperature field used for the calculation was obtained from experiments with catalytic oxidation of ethane in a laboratory fixed bed reactor, 4 cm in diameter, packed with 0.4 cm catalyst particles.

The computed velocity field in the reactor is thus only approximate as, rigorously, the equation of motion is coupled with the heat and mass balances of the reacting species. Nevertheless, the estimated velocity field induced by the inhomogeneous temperature field indicated severe inhomogeneities of the axial velocity component which in the wall region exceeded the value on the reactor axis by about 50%. Additional convective heat fluxes induced by the temperature field amounted to as much as 20% of the radial heat dispersion flux. This contribution, however, must be expected to be substantially larger in reactors with larger reactor to particle diameter ratio and at higher gas velocities.

Rigorous forms of the model equations are suggested, accounting simultaneously for the thermally induced and variable void fraction induced flow inhomogeneities in the reactor as well as corresponding forms of heat and mass balances to be solved simultaneously.     

Optimal design of a thermally coupled fluidised bed heat exchanger reactor for hydrogen production and octane improvement in the catalytic naphtha reformers

The present study combines simultaneously the definition of fluidisation and process intensification (thermally coupled heat exchanger reactor) concept and determines the optimum operational conditions in both sides of the reactor, using Differential Evolution (DE) optimisation approach. The exothermic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline takes place in a set of tubular reactors which is placed inside the naphtha reactors and thermally handle the endothermic reaction of reforming. A single objective function consists of four terms including aromatic mole fraction of the reformate and hydrogen production from each reactor in the endothermic side as well as the total molar flow rate of aniline and nitrobenzene conversion in the exothermic side is defined. Seven decision variables such as inlet temperature of exothermic and endothermic sides, exothermic molar flow rates for the first and the second reactors and the number of tubes are considered during the optimisation procedure. Temperature constraints have been considered in both sides during the optimisation in order to reduce the possibility of rapid catalyst deactivation by sintering. Results show approximately 464.4 and 598.9 kg/h increase in aromatic and aniline production rates in optimised thermally coupled fluidised bed naphtha reactor (OTCFBNR) compared with non‐optimised case (TCFBNR), respectively. Such a theoretical study is necessary prior to designing new pilot plants and revamping industrial units. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

化学聚合法强化吸附剂热传导

采用化学聚合法强化吸附剂——沸石颗粒的热传导性能,利用苯胺单体在沸石颗粒表面氧化聚合,使少量的聚苯胺形成均匀连续的导热性能好的高分子材料网,在实验条件下可使该种吸附剂的有效导热系数提高到原来的4倍多。同时,将强化后的吸附剂挤压成型,进行强化吸附床层的传热研究,结果表明堆积密度为原来的1.5倍的成型块,其有效导热系数比原来提高30％,对比混合法的实验和数据分析表明,化学聚合法较物理混合法效果更明显,是一种适宜吸附剂热传导强化的新途径。     

无霜空气源热泵系统冬季运行性能实验

为了解决传统空气源热泵系统冬季运行室外换热器结霜温度,提出了一种溶液除湿型无霜空气源热泵空调系统。该热泵系统在冬季可以无霜高效运行的同时夏季性能也有所提高。通过搭建该系统实验平台,研究了室外空气干球温度、湿度、供热水温度、供热水流量、溶液流量、溶液质量分数、室外空气流量等对冬季工况系统供热性能的影响,还研究了溶液流量、溶液温度、室外空气流量等对冬季工况系统再生性能的影响,得出了室外空气湿度、溶液质量分数对系统的供热性能影响较小,随着室外空气干球温度、供热水流量、溶液流量、室外空气流量等参数的升高和供热水温度的减小,系统供热性能逐渐增大最高可达3.11,而随着溶液流量、空气流量等参数的升高和溶液温度的减小,系统再生性能逐渐增大最高可达4.03,系统供热综合COP在实验工况相较逆循环除霜系统有所提升,实验验证了该系统适用于低温高湿地区。     

移动床中内构件对煤热解反应过程调控作用

在外热式内构件（多级折流板和多段集气管）移动床反应器内研究了淖毛湖煤的热解特性,并与常规固定床反应器中煤热解行为进行对比,考察了两反应器内的传热速率以及热解温度对产物分布、热解气组成、焦油组成和品质等影响规律。结果表明：在450℃低温热解时,煤颗粒在内构件移动床内的升温时间比固定床缩短了60%以上,内构件具有显著提高反应器内颗粒间传热速率的作用。随着热解温度的升高,热解气中的C₂H₄/C₂H₆和C₃H₆/C₃H₈的比值变大,挥发分的二次反应程度加大,但裂解程度低于固定床。内构件移动床中的焦油产率随温度的升高先增加后降低,在550℃时达到最高为10.8%（质量分数）,比固定床增高约28.6%。当热解温度越高时,移动床所产焦油中的沥青质组分含量越低,在750℃时焦油中轻质组分质量分数达到85.17%,脂肪烃含量降低到了28.00%。通过与固定床对比,揭示了内构件（多级折流板和集气管）调控淖毛湖煤热解反应并提高热解焦油产率和品质的作用。     

二氧化碳热泵技术的发展及应用案例分析

CO₂跨临界热泵循环,其制冷剂工质为CO₂,不可燃,无毒,无刺激性气味,零臭氧层破坏能力（ODP=0）以及微乎其微的温室效应（GWP=1）而对环境无害,可从工业生产中回收,逐渐成为被广泛应用的热泵技术。本文从国内外CO₂热泵技术的研究现状及应用现状出发,总结概述了目前典型的CO₂热泵循环系统应用案例,如单级压缩供给加用热水系统、双级压缩带中间补气供给家用热水系统、家用供暖及供给热水于一体的双热泵单元家电辅热系统、大型公用建筑用CO₂热泵系统,并从系统层面对影响CO₂热泵循环系统效率的相关热力学参数进行循环分析,如水箱进出水温度、气冷器水流量、系统的制冷剂充注量等参数的控制。以期为未来CO₂热泵技术在中国的发展、进一步研究和应用设计提供一些参考和依据。     

热管式脱氢反应器研究与试验

介绍了热管式反应器在乙苯脱氢和环己醇脱氢反应中应用的试验过程和结果。单管试验和中试结果都表明,热管式反应器具有比较高的反应转化率、选择性和收率,热管等温反应器床层温度均匀,没有列管式反应器内吸热反应过程中的冷点,相同转化率时,热管式反应器床层高度低,催化剂用量少,生产能力大,能耗低。     

基于金属氢化物的热能-机械能转换系统的研究进展

金属氢化物是近年来在节能方面应用较为广泛的一种高性能材料.简述了热能-机械能转换系统的工作原理以及其具体的应用方式,如热机、氢压缩机和太阳能水泵等,存在合金储氢量低、易中毒、反应床传热传质性能不佳及整体效率低下等主要问题,并对氢化物热能-机械能转换系统进行了展望.     

太阳能-空气复合热源热泵热水系统

针对光伏发电效率较低和空气源热泵在寒冷地区应用中存在的问题,研发了一种新型复合蒸发器,将平板微热管阵列太阳能光伏光热（PV/T）集热器与空气源热泵相结合,组成新型太阳能-空气复合热源热泵热水系统。并对该热水系统在不同运行工况下的水箱水温、吸排气压力、压缩机功率和性能等进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在环境温度分别为5、10和15℃的条件下,热泵加热73 L水,水温从15℃加热到50℃时,双热源运行工况的加热时间比单空气热源运行工况依次缩短了5.14%、10.29%和11.38%, COP依次提高了5.99%、9.28%和11.96%。