Sensorless control of SRM based on a simple expression of magnetization characteristics

Switched reluctance motors (SRM) have a simpler and more rugged construction than conventional ac motors, and hence are suitable for low‐cost variable‐speed drives in many industrial applications. However, the need to use a traditional position sensor for their control is one of the disadvantages of SRM from the standpoints of cost, size, and reliability. For practical use, there is a need for sensorless drive of SRM. This paper describes position‐sensorless control of SRM based on a simple expression of their nonlinear magnetization characteristics. Successful experiments using a 1.5‐kW, 5400‐rpm SRM with a 6/4 pole configuration have verified the practicability of the proposed sensorless control scheme. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(2): 52–60, 2001     

Sensorless control of SRM using magnetizing curves

Among various variable speed drives, switched reluctance motors (SRMs) have been found to be competitive with traditional ac and dc motors because of their simple construction and drive electronics. However, the necessity of using a shaft‐mounted position sensor is one of the drawbacks of the SRM from the standpoint of cost, size, and reliability. Position sensorless SRM drives are expected to solve these problems. This paper presents a method of position sensorless control based on a simple fuzzy model of nonlinear position‐dependent magnetizing curves. The sensors needed for the drive are one voltage sensor and one current sensor. Experimental studies using a 1.5‐kW, 5400‐rpm SRM with a 6/4 tooth configuration show that the maximum error of rotor position estimation is less than three mechanical degrees in the 1:20 speed range under any load conditions. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(2): 60–68, 2001     

Position sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using extended electromotive force

Driving a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) requires the rotor position information to control the motor torque, and this is generally detected by mechanical position sensors such as an encoder or a resolver. However, these sensors increase the machine size and the cost of the drive, and reduce reliability of the system. Therefore, many papers about position sensorless drive method of PMSM have been published. This paper presents a position sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). A mathematical model of IPMSM using the extended electromotive force (EMF) in the rotating reference frame is utilized to estimate the rotor speed and position. This model has a simple structure integrating position information into the extended EMF term. Therefore, the sensorless control based on the mathematical motor model can be implemented simply. The estimation method proposed is based on the principle that the error of the current is proportional to that of extended EMF. This method was carried out using a 6‐pole, 400‐W, 1750 r/min test motor system. It was found that sensorless speed control was achieved from 80 r/min to 1800 r/min under 0 to 100%loads. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(3): 41–48, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20406     

基于传感器集成概念的永磁同步电机转子位置检测

在分析高频信号激励下永磁同步电机数学模型的基础上,提出了一种基于电机凸极跟踪的转子位置估算自检测方法;讨论了利用高频信号注入、外差法及转子位置跟踪观测器等转子位置检测原理,并应用这种位置检测方法建立了永磁同步电机无位置传感器矢量控制系统的仿真模型。仿真研究表明,上述凸极跟踪方法能在永磁同步电机全速范围(包括零速和极低转速)准确地观测出转子的位置,是一种基于传感器与电机集成概念的无传感器交流调速系统,具有较好的静、动态性能。     

Position Sensorless Control for IPMSM Based on Extended EMF and Voltage Injection Synchronized with Pulse‐Width Modulation Carrier

This paper presents a new position sensorless control system for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). The proposed method is based on the extended electromotive force (EMF) and voltage injection synchronized with a pulse‐width modulation carrier. The proposed method does not need to switch the estimation method by speed in order to estimate the magnetic pole position by extended EMF, even at low speeds. Further, the amplitude of the superimposing voltage is changed according to the extended EMF; the applied voltage is not saturated in the high‐load and high‐speed regions. The effectiveness of the proposed sensorless control system was verified experimentally.     

Sensorless IPMSM position estimation based on multi SVPWM with elimination of inverter nonlinear effects

This paper presents a position‐sensorless interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) control system at low and zero speed based on a multi‐space‐vector pulse‐width modulation (MSVPWM) pattern with the elimination of nonlinear inverter effects. In conventional sensorless methods based on the MSVPWM pattern, the high‐frequency (HF) components of voltage and current are used to estimate the rotor position information. However, the inverter nonlinear effects, such as forward voltage drops and deadtime, distort the HF components of the voltage and current so that an error occurs in the position estimation. Therefore, an improved position estimation scheme is developed in this paper. The compensated HF components of the voltage taking account of the inverter nonlinear effects can be used to decrease the estimation error. The proposed method can be implemented without increasing any hardware cost. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

内置式永磁同步电机转子初始位置估计方法

针对无位置传感器永磁同步电机控制系统起动运行困难的问题,提出一种基于混合信号注入的内置式永磁同步电机改进转子磁极初始位置估计方法.采用注入高频旋转电压信号的方法检测磁极位置,设计一种通过PI跟踪观测器对所构建磁极位置误差信号进行控制的方案,当误差调节至零时将获得磁极位置初判值,降低了算法的复杂性.以磁极位置初判值为矢量角,往定子绕组注入2个方向相反的脉冲电压矢量,通过比较直轴电流大小可以简单、有效地判断出磁极极性,实现对位置初判值进行校正,从而获得转子初始位置估计值.应用所提出的估计方法对一台22kW内置式永磁同步电机进行实验,得到转子位置电角度平均估计误差为4.6°.     

Potentiality of a new minimum‐order back‐EMF state observer taking acceleration into account for sensorless vector control of permanent‐magnet synchronous motors

This paper proposes new sensorless vector control methods for permanent‐magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), which are based on a new minimum‐order back‐EMF state observer taking acceleration into account, and examines potentiality of the improved back‐EMF observer through experiments. Conventional sensorless vector control methods for PMSMs using an estimate of back‐EMF are established under the assumption of constant speed or zero acceleration, and consequently cannot operate properly at modes requiring rapid speed change especially in low speed region. On the other hand, the proposed back‐EMF observer has the following features: (1) it is a new back‐EMF state observer taking acceleration into account and requiring no additional approximation to motor mathematical model; (2) it is a minimum‐order state observer; (3) it utilizes motor parameters in the simplest manner; (4) it can be applied to both salient‐pole and non‐salient‐pole PMSMs; (5) it can be realized in both rotor and stator reference frames. Detailed designs and analyses for the improved state observer and the sensorless vector control systems in both rotor and stator reference frames are given. In relation to the sensorless vector control systems, this paper newly proposes a double‐integral‐type PLL method and an integral‐feedback‐type acceleration/speed estimation method. Their potentialities are examined through experiments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(4): 78–92, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ eej.20630     

永磁同步电机无位置估计误差的滑模观测器无速度传感器控制方法

传统滑模观测器(SMO)无速度传感器控制方法在电机的运行速度出现较大变化时,对位置的估计会出现稳态误差。为了消除位置的估计误差,提出了一种带有反动电势修正的SMO无速度传感器控制方法。反电动势的修正律基于永磁同步电机(PMSM)的d-q轴电流模型。即使电机运行在速度大幅波动的情况下,也能保持位置估计误差为零,且该方法计算增量较小,易于实现。将所提出的方法在1台1.5 kW的PMSM上进行了仿真和试验,结果验证了位置估计误差能有效地收敛至零。     

Control Method for Harmonic Voltage Injection to Achieve Noise Reduction in Position‐Sensorless Control of Permanent‐Magnet Synchronous Motors at Low Speeds

In this study, we examine the relationship between harmonic voltage injection, acoustic noise, and position estimation performance in a PMSM when a position‐sensorless control method involving harmonic voltage injection is used at low speeds. Further, we propose a novel control method for voltage injection; this method can be used to reduce acoustic noise in the motor. The proposed control method is verified by performing numerical simulations and carrying out experiments using a four‐pole, 2‐kW, 2100‐rpm IPMSM (interior permanent‐magnet synchronous motor). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 49–56, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21246     

Position and speed sensorless control for IPMSM based on estimation of position error

In most variable‐speed drives of PMSM, some type of shaft sensor such as an optical encoder or resolver is connected to the rotor shaft. However, such sensor presents several disadvantages such as drive cost, machine size, reliability, and noise immunity. Therefore, the sensorless control of PMSM is desired and various sensorless control strategies have been investigated. This paper presents a novel sensorless control strategy for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). A new model of IPMSM using an extended electromotive force (EMF) in the rotating reference frame is utilized in order to estimate both position and speed. The extended EMF is estimated by the least‐order observer, and the estimation position error is directly obtained. The proposed scheme corrects the estimated position and speed so that the estimation position error becomes zero. The proposed system is very simple and the design of the controller is easy. Several drive tests are carried out and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed sensorless control system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 144(2): 43–52, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www. interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10180     

基于线间反电动势的无刷直流电机转子位置估算

在对传统的反电动势过零法和转子磁链G函数法估算转子位置分析的基础上,提出了一种利用线间反电动势过零原理并构造F函数来对转子位置进行估算的全新方法,并用于无位置传感器无刷直流电机控制。对线间反电动势过零检测与转子位置信号之间的对应关系进行了深入的分析,揭示了每一个线间反电动势的过零点即为对应的换相点。利用线间反电动势的倒数构造F函数来估算换相时刻。仿真结果表明,提出的转子位置估算方法计算简单方便,具有较高的精度,可以在全速范围内实现对转子位置的准确估算。     

Sensorless controls of salient‐pole permanent magnet synchronous motors using extended electromotive force models

In this paper, we propose a new mathematical model for synchronous motors and a sensorless control method based on it. To control permanent magnet synchronous motors, knowledge of rotor position and velocity are necessary. Heretofore, expensive sensors have been used to detect rotor position information. Although many sensorless control methods based on the electromotive force (EMF) have been developed for non‐salient‐pole permanent magnet motors, they cannot be applied for salient‐pole motors without approximation because of complications in the mathematical model; this is turn may lead to problems of instability. To solve this problem, we propose an extended electromotive force model for synchronous motors. The proposed model has a simple structure, making position estimation possible without approximation. Experimental results show that the proposed model and method are valid. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(3): 55–64, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10257     

New sensorless vector control methods based on a new minimum‐order flux state observer in the “D‐module” for permanent magnet synchronous motors

This paper proposes new sensorless vector control methods that can be applied to both salient‐pole and non‐salient‐pole permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). The proposed method estimates the phase of rotor flux by the “D‐module observer,” which is newly developed for sensorless vector controls of PMSM. The “D‐module observer” has the following attractive features. (1) It is a new state observer requiring no additional approximation to the motor mathematical model. (2) It is a minimum‐order state observer. (3) Observer gain guaranteeing proper estimation in a wide operating range except for singular zero‐speed can be a simple constant, and can be easily designed. (4) It utilizes motor parameters in the simplest manner. (5) Its structure is very simple and is realized at the minimum computing cost. (6) It can be applied to both salient‐pole and non‐salient‐pole PMSM. (7) It can be realized in both rotor and stator reference frames. Detailed designs and analyses for the “D‐module observer” and “D‐module observer”‐based sensorless vector control systems in both rotor and stator reference frames are given. Their validity and usefulness are examined and confirmed through extensive experiments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 151(2): 46–62, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20046     

基于载波注入的凸极永磁同步电动机无传感器控制

为了解决凸极永磁同步电机低速和零速时的转子位置估计问题，提出了一种载波注入的无传感器控制方法。在电机定子端注入高频正弦载波电压信号，利用空间凸极跟踪技术，从载波电流中取出位置估计的误差信号，再经过卡尔曼滤波器的处理，得到位置和速度估计信息。载波的恢复即高频信号的解调则通过一个带有外差作用的二阶低通滤波器来实现。仿真结果证实了这种方法的可行性，它适用于凸极永磁同步电机低速和零速时的转子位置和速度估计。     

无传感器内置式永磁同步电机低速运行转子位置鲁棒观测器

低速运行控制是无位置传感器内置式永磁同步电机(interior permanent magnet synchronous motor,IPMSM)控制系统的关键技术。为了改善无传感器IPMSM矢量控制系统的低速性能,研究了一种基于高频信号注入的转子位置鲁棒观测器,以使位置观测环节具有较强的抗负载扰动能力。在分析扰动转矩可能导致观测器收敛到磁极相反位置问题基础上,针对扰动转矩特性对转子位置鲁棒观测器的结构进行设计。根据阶跃式和斜坡式扰动转矩特性及位置观测误差期望指标,采用极点配置的方法对观测器反馈增益矩阵参数设计进行分析。通过IPMSM无传感器矢量控制系统验证了该转子位置鲁棒观测器的有效性。     

Four-Quadrant Sensorless Operation of Switched Reluctance Machine over the Wide Speed Range

Abstract

This paper presents four-quadrant sensorless control in switched reluctance machine (SRM) over the wide speed range. The proposed sensorless control technique could be employed not only at low speed with current chopping control (CCC) but also at high speed with angle position control (APC). At startup and low speed, the narrow voltage pulse is injected into the idle phases and the rotor position zone is determined by comparing the measured flux linkage with four flux linkage-current curves. The same flux linkage-current curves also can be adopted for rotor positions estimation at medium and high speeds. Two flux linkage-current characteristic curves in the inductance rising zone are employed to estimate the rotor position for motoring mode and the other two curves in the inductance falling zone are used to estimate the rotor position for braking mode. The experiments on a three-phase 12/8?pole SRM drive platform are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed sensorless control technique.     

基于脉振高频注入法的零低速永磁直线同步电机无位置传感器控制

针对零低速下永磁直线同步电机（PMLSM）的无位置传感器控制方法存在精度低、稳定性差、算法复杂等问题,提出了一种改进的脉振高频注入法的无位置传感器控制方法。在利用PMLSM饱和凸极性进行初步位置估计的基础上,提出了特殊位置校正和磁极判断的方法,从而简便地获得较为准确的动子位置,实现PMLSM零低速下的无位置传感器运行。在此基础上,利用Simulink对PMLSM无位置传感器控制进行仿真建模,并搭建样机试验平台进行试验验证。通过仿真和试验结果表明,所提方法可以准确、快速地检测出PMLSM动子初始位置和低速运行时的动子位置,保证电机平稳起动运行,且具有良好的位置估计精度和动态性能。     

“Disturbance observers in D‐module” for sensorless drive of synchronous motors—new phase estimation with zero phase lag

This paper proposes two new “disturbance observers in the D‐module” for sensorless drive of synchronous motors including permanent‐magnet synchronous motors and synchronous reluctance motors. The disturbance filter for the observers can estimate speed‐varying rotor phase (in other words, rotor position) with zero phase lag. It is constructed by means of “the filter in the D‐module,” which has the following desired characteristics for variable sensorless drive: (1) it makes distinction between positive and negative frequencies of two‐phase signals; (2) it can allow processing of the signals based on frequency polarities; (3) it can also change dynamically its center frequency of bandpass filtering according to rotor speed estimates; (4) its passband and transition can be designed independently; and (5) it can be easily realized. The new disturbance observers also have a generality such that they contain the recently proposed disturbance observer as a special case. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(3): 63–70, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20602     

An adaptive sliding-mode observer with a tangent function-based PLL structure for position sensorless PMSM drives

This paper proposes a position estimation strategy for the sensorless control of permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) based on an improved sliding-mode observer (SMO) and a tangent function-based phase-locked loop (PLL) structure. The improved SMO adopts a rotor speed-related adaptive feedback gain, and is able to derive a flux model-based estimator that contains rotor position and speed direction information. To extract accurate rotor position from the proposed SMO and reduce position estimation errors in both forward and reverse rotation of the PMSM, a tangent function-based PLL structure is established. The proposed SMO together with the PLL structure realises a solution to position and speed estimation for sensorless PMSM drives. Compared with the conventional back electromotive force (EMF)-based position estimator, the proposed position estimation strategy has advantages of simple design and robust estimation performance at a wider speed range. Effectiveness of the proposed method has been validated with simulations on virtual platform.