创造商业与休闲的复合空间——永川光华世纪广场设计

本文以永川光华世纪广场为例,针对中小城区繁华地段建设城市广场提出一种有效的设计方法———以筑台架空的形式使此类广场产生多维空间,使商业与休闲相结合,发挥场地效益。     

Understanding the Legacy of Pedestrian Malls

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In the postwar period, cities in the United States installed pedestrian malls to support downtown retail as suburbanization lured shoppers to malls on the periphery. Many cities removed their malls after downtown retail continued to falter. This failure has fostered a negative perception of pedestrian malls among city planners and the general public. In this research I re-examine pedestrian malls as public space and ask why some cities removed their malls while others remain. I compiled a catalog of all 140 pedestrian malls built between 1959 and 1985 that provides the data to understand the full scope of the phenomenon during this era. The catalog also includes data that tests hypotheses about why some pedestrian malls survived, including climate, proximity to a university, and nearby population. I supplement the catalog with a survey of pedestrian mall managers to understand the role of renovation and management in their survival. The results show pedestrian malls are more likely to survive in places with temperate climates, near universities, and in growing cities, though there are exceptions. City governments or business improvement districts actively manage many remaining malls, and programming and periodic renovations have helped them remain vibrant.

Takeaway for practice: Old pedestrian malls failed because cities installed them to save retail and did not consider the fundamentals of placemaking when siting and designing them. Many remaining pedestrian malls are in areas with high pedestrian volumes. Cities have continued to design and manage these spaces according to best practices. Planners considering new pedestrian spaces should not be deterred by the history of old pedestrian malls, as long as they choose their site carefully and manage the space to keep it safe, clean, and inviting.     

Restricted Mobilities: Access to,and Activities in,Public and Private Spaces

Privatization of public spaces in the contemporary city has increased over the past few decades, but only a few studies have approached this trend from a mobility perspective. Therefore, this article seeks to make a contribution to the field by exploring two Australian examples of private spaces in the city, gated communities and shopping centres, through the ‘mobility’ lenses. The article illustrates how different mobility systems enable and/or restrict public access to private–public spaces, and it points out that proprietary communities create an unequal potential for human movement and access in the city. The main argument in the article is that many mobility systems enable specialization of places that are targeted at a special section of the population. This means that various forms of mobilities (e.g. automobility, virtual mobile communication technologies) not only create new opportunities for urban life, but also serve as one of the most critical components in the production of new exclusion and stratification. In conclusion, the article therefore suggests that future urban research and planning also need to apply the mobility perspective in order to understand the mechanisms between flows of movement and the understanding fixed spaces in the cities, and how different mobility systems play an important role in sustaining the exclusiveness that often characterizes private/public spaces. Likewise, from a mobility perspective, the specific consequences that the proprietary communities have on the surrounding communities seem to be an important further question for research and planning.     

America cannot afford to abandon its cities

When and where is local development not possible? When should places be assisted in their decline? When should they be enabled to develop? In this article I argue that public authorities should rarely give up on economic development in neighbourhoods, cities and regions that have been damaged by decline and decay. Such equitable policy is the decent thing to do, it protects even those who are better off, and in the long run it is efficient for the whole society. Using examples mainly from the United States, the paper argues that public policy often pushes in the opposite direction, working to make poor places and poor people invisible and to subsidize precisely those who need assistance the least. Better policies are available, but they are complicated politically and global trends mitigate against them.     

Public space and the challenge of urban transformation in cities of emerging economies: Jeddah case study

Urban planning, design guidelines and new management practices have radically transformed public spaces in many countries. With fresh development decisions, urban spaces change spatially. This may improve places, increasing prosperity and extending expectations of modernization in many cities. However, widespread public disillusion and failures to produce environments reflecting local values can collectively shape public areas. This article contributes to debate about dynamism in such spaces. It explores how modernist approaches to planning and design alongside fractures in management practices in emerging cities have shaped the quality urban space. We use Jeddah as a radically re-planned city in a rapidly developing economy, but one where largely unusable public spaces have failed to meet people's everyday needs and aspirations. Our investigation – based on extensive literature reviews, documentary analyses, morphological survey, photographic and qualitative surveys – provides a better understanding of the role of a proactive urban design for promoting environmental quality. This helps resolve the multiple challenges confronting public space provision.     

Cities,Sports, and Economic Change: A Retrospective Assessment

Through the 1970s and 1990s virtually all central cities and many larger suburban and edge communities focused downtown economic development efforts on some aspect of the hospitality sector. Associated with this trend, the building of facilities for professional sports teams has been a cornerstone of redevelopment programs for almost 30 years. Smaller cities that watched the efforts of Baltimore, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Indianapolis, and Phoenix have now focused their attention on minor league teams and “second tier sports.” Cities rely on sports facilities for redevelopment strategies even though numerous independent analyses indicate that these structures and teams are not correlated with regional economic development. If sports facilities shift economic activity to an area that needs redevelopment, then the issue is not whether overall economic activity increased or decreased, but whether the vitality or centrality of the downtown area was enhanced or sustained. Through an examination of outcomes for four cities, the ability of a sports strategy to affect development patterns is assessed.     

Baku formula 1 city circuit: exploring the temporary spaces of exception

Since 2016 Baku, Azerbaijan has become the newest addition to the Formula 1 Championship. Organized in the downtown Baku, the F1 European Grand Prix has brought transformations in physical and regulatory terms by imposing temporary rules and restrictions to host this motorsport event. The result was a disruption to the local population's daily practices in the areas directly impacted by the race, as access to such areas were only made available to F1-related visitors and staff, and beyond for weeks leading up to the event. Through on-site observations and in-depth interviews in Baku, this paper explores the role mega-events, such as the F1 race, play in transforming cities and examines it's temporary and longer-term legacies. Theoretically, these processes are analyzed through Giorgio Agamben's concept of the state of exception, which theorizes the abandonment of the rule of law and introduction of an exceptional legal regime in the name of public good. The paper argues that mega-events produce spaces of exception in its host cities by declaring temporary regulations that are tailored towards the needs of the events rights holders and their commercial partners, along with national elites, normalizing the exceptional procedures and compromising the daily activities of locals in the spaces appropriated for the event.     

Pedestrianization Strategies for Downtown Planners: Skywalks Versus Pedestrian Malls

Enhancing pedestrian activity is usually an important goal of downtown development plans. Two leading strategies for separating pedestrians from vehicular traffic are outdoor pedestrian malls and enclosed skywalk systems. Each strategy presents a different set of potential benefits and problems. This article compares pedestrian malls and skywalks in terms of their urban design, economic impacts, transportation and access, and contribution to downtown image. The article concludes with a series of questions that planners need to address before formulating recommendations for their downtown.     

DOWNTOWN REDEVELOPMENT AS AN URBAN GROWTH STRATEGY: A Critical Appraisal of the Baltimore Renaissance

ABSTRACT: Since the early 1970s, Baltimore has been heralded as a model of how declining, older U.S. cities can be revitalized Baltimore's economic development strategy has hinged on the creation of a “good business climate”; the linchpin of the strategy has been the redevelopment of downtown into the “corporate center” of a new Baltimore economy based on advanced services and tourism. Despite the favorable publicity accorded Baltimore's transformation, systematic analysis of social and economic trends suggests that corporate center-business climate redevelopment has done little to boost aggregate levels of prosperity in the city. Moreover, the Baltimore strategy has generated uneven patterns of growth and exacerbated urban dualism Baltimore has become “two cities”: a city of developers, suburban professionals, and “back-to-the-city gentry who have ridden the downtown revival to handsome profits, good jobs, and conspicuous consumption; and a city of impoverished blacks and displaced manufacturing workers, who continue to suffer from shrinking economic opportunities, declining public services, and neighborhood distress. The article explores three main reasons for these results: (1) business domination of Baltimore's public-private “partnership,” (2) the absence of explicit mechanisms linking downtown redevelopment to the revitalization of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, and (3) the inherent pitfalls of building an urban economy on downtown-centered corporate services and tourism. The article concludes by briefly examining the implications of the Baltimore case for the general problem of how to generate equitable, sustainable economic development in older U.S. cities.     

FROM A PUBLIC RE-CREATION TO PRIVATE RECREATION: The Transformation of Public Space in South Street Seaport

ABSTRACT: This article documents the development process involved in transformating South Street Seaport, on the east side of Lower Manhattan, from an open-air museum and public space to a privately controlled and commercialized space. It criticizes the “Disneyfication” literature that has attempted to describe this type of transformation for its focus solely on the designs of spaces—and not on their social production. The article then describes the political and economic forces that have led to the production of spaces like South Street Seaport in American cities in the last 20 years. It concludes by discussing the nature and role of public spaces in democratic societies.     

旧城街道的生与死：北京旧城特色街道空间形态研究

街道是城市重要的公共空间,也是体现城市特色、城市生活的重要场所。本文通过对北京旧城街道的系统调查和研究,总结出针对特色街道空间研究的理念和方法,在此基础上对北京旧城街道进行分类和梳理,进而提出有步骤的保护和发展策略,从而激活北京旧城特色城市空间。     

World cities or great cities? A comparative study of five Asian metropolises

Few researchers have studied world cities from the perspective of sustainable development. This paper argues that in this era of globalization cities should aspire to be great cities, rather than just world cities. Great cities are places with an enlightened mode of governance; where technological and economic advancement sustain global and local development, thereby enriching socio-economic, human, cultural and environmental capital. Informed by this conceptual framework, and with the help of experts and participants in two public fora, a set of indicators was developed for benchmarking cities of the world. This study compares and contrasts five globalizing metropolises in Asia: Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taipei and Shanghai. It is found that through progressive globalization, these cities have accumulated considerable economic wealth to build world class infrastructure. However, their ability to address sustainability concerns such as developing an enlightened mode of governance to nourish social and environmental capital remains diverse and less certain.     

Quality Construction of Public Space from the Perspective of Human Settlement: A Case Study of Public Space in the Downtown Area of Mianyang City,Sichuan Province

Concept, connotation and property of urban public space were interpreted, guidance of human settlement science for the construction of urban public space analyzed. Taking quality construction of public space in the downtown area of Mianyang City for example, this paper proposed that urban public space should be constructed from the perspective of human settlement to create positive spaces that satisfy human needs, ensure sustainable development of urban public spaces, and drive the development of a harmonious and prosperous city.     

A framework for governance of public green spaces in cities

Public authorities that seek to transfer the cost of managing green spaces to the private sector face apprehension about the extent of community input in managing of public green spaces in cities. In practice, the governance arrangements for managing public green spaces are neither a purely private or public sector responsibility. They are part of complex and contested governance schemas that involve multiple stakeholder groups with varying interests and responsibilities. This paper proposes a simple framework to support different modes of governance appropriate for the management of public green spaces in cities. The framework classifies stakeholders’ desires for engagement based on ecosystem service characteristics defined on a spectrum of excludability and rivalry. The framework is applied to case studies in Australia and Canada. Finally, we discuss the new insights for governance arrangements for public green space management in cities.     

‘Fourth places’: the contemporary public settings for informal social interaction among strangers

This paper introduces ‘fourth places’ as an additional category of informal social settings alongside ‘third places’. Through extensive empirical fieldwork on where and how social interaction among strangers occurs in the public and semi-public spaces of a contemporary masterplanned neighbourhood, this paper reveals that ‘fourth places’ are closely related to ‘third places’ in terms of social and behavioural characteristics, involving a radical departure from the routines of home and work, inclusivity and social comfort. However, the activities, users, locations and spatial conditions that support them are very different. They are characterized by ‘in-betweenness’ in terms of spaces, activities, time and management, as well as a great sense of publicness. This paper will demonstrate that the latter conditions are effective in breaking the ‘placelessness’ and ‘fortress’ designs of newly designed urban public spaces and that, by doing so, they make ‘fourth places’ sociologically more open in order to bring strangers together. The recognition of these findings problematizes well-established urban design theories and redefines several spatial concepts for designing public space. Ultimately, the findings also bring optimism to urban design practice, offering new insights into how to design more lively and inclusive public spaces.     

Housing Market Renewal in Liverpool: Locating the Gentrification Debate in History,Context and Evidence

This paper places the Housing Market Renewal programme in Liverpool in its historical context, highlighting a mismatch between the supply and demand for housing which has existed for four decades. This disequilibrium produced an environment where successive waves of neighbourhood abandonment occurred from the late 1970s despite significant public policy interventions. The implementation of the Housing Market Renewal programme has stimulated a debate about the extent to which the public sector interventions are leading to the gentrification of poor neighbourhoods. The paper finds that there is no evidence of gentrification in older neighbourhoods, however, inflows of capital rather than middle-class residents have altered the physical development of the city to an extent that the housing choices of all income groups have been affected. The paper concludes that critical gentrification research should take account of historical development and wider housing market change to remain relevant to the debate about the changing social and economic structure of cities.     

Urban development around bus rapid transit stops in seven cities in Latin-America

Although bus rapid transit (BRT) has become a popular transportation innovation worldwide, little is known about the built environment around the stops of these systems. A typology of urban development around 81 BRT stops in 7 cities in Latin America was developed and their daily BRT ridership examined. Primary and secondary data collected around the stops were the basis for factor and cluster analyses. Ten stop types were identified, with some types including attributes consistent with expectations of transit-oriented development areas. Other stops captured conditions prevalent in many cities in Latin America: mixed land uses, informal housing distant from activity nodes, large commercial developments, and a relative absence of green spaces open to the public. Confirming expectations, stop types with a higher transit orientation were more likely to have higher ridership than other stops such as those burdened by incompatible land uses and barriers to station access.     

Quality of public space and sustainable development goals: analysis of nine urban projects in Spanish cities

The starting point of this research is the urban model promoted by the United Nations through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The importance of public spaces is especially highlighted in Goal 11.7: “provide universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible, green, and public spaces.” The quality of public spaces can be properly assessed by reconsidering the quality indicators and investigating their development potential, which is the main focus of our research. This study is based on a theoretical and methodological reflection on the quality of public space, considering the contributions of some contemporary urban traditions and a few recent experiences. From this perspective, a variety of public space projects developed in the European sphere have been selected and analyzed. The quality parameters identified in this initial analysis were then applied to the analysis of nine representative case studies in three Spanish cities (Madrid, Barcelona, and Zaragoza). The main goal is to propose a methodology that helps to evaluate the quality of those public spaces and determine its relationship with the safety, accessibility, and inclusiveness conditions they offer.     

The Film Industry and South African Urban Change

Internationally there has been considerable discussion on the role that creative industries play as a strategy by which post-Fordist cities can revive stagnant urban economies. Among those sectors of the economy that form part of the creative industries, the filming sector counts as one. On the whole, these debates have been conducted with reference to the post-industrial cities of the north. Little attention has been placed on the role of the filming sector in the developing south generally, its spatial distribution, and its relationship to other economic and social geographies in those urban places. The paper provides a spatial analysis of the filming industry in urban South Africa and relates it to general economic and social geographies in two South African cities that have identified the filming industry as a key development strategy. In addition, an agenda for future research, in particular pertaining to urban South Africa is outlined. It is concluded that there is a broader urban planning and geography project at hand. Questions need to be asked about how the filming industry interacts with other government programmes and the ongoing transformation of physical and symbolic spaces in urban South Africa.     

Update Planning and Design Concepts of Taiping Old Downtown Areas in Shuangliu

China has witnessed unprecedented rapid and massive urbanization in recent years, and the urbanization has infl uenced almost all corners of the country, which is a natural process and necessary result of the social and economic development. Development and expansion of cities has been the keynote of the contemporary era. Meanwhile, existence and future development of traditional urban areas that have gone through the long-term natural development have been faced with serious crisis. This paper focused on the relative constancy and changeability of major elements in the natural evolution of traditional cities and towns, so as to explore an organic development mechanism, and make a daring attempt in update planning of old downtown areas of Taiping Town in Shuangliu County. On this basis, the paper aims at exploring a new development concept for common cities and towns that balances inheritance and innovation.