热处理对热锻模材料GH4698组织和性能的影响

研究了不同固溶温度和和冷却方式对GH4698合金的组织、室温性能、高温性能及断裂韧性的影响.结果表明:1030℃低温固溶,合金获得细小均匀的晶粒尺寸;1030℃固溶+炉冷,γ相初始尺寸偏大,屈服强度偏低,而1030℃固溶后空冷可以获得960 MPa室温屈服强度和750 MPa的750℃高温屈服强度,750℃高温断裂韧性...     

影响TC4ELI合金断裂韧性的因素

比较不同显微组织条件下TC4ELI合金的断裂韧性,并从断裂韧性本质定义的角度分析影响材料断裂韧性的因素.不同状态下TC4ELI合金断裂韧性值表明,片层组织具有较高的断裂韧性,且断裂韧性大体上随屈服强度的升高而降低.从疲劳裂纹尖端塑性区的角度阐述了影响材料断裂韧性的因素.     

基于XFEM的残余应力场下SCC裂纹扩展特性研究

焊接残余应力是引发核电一回路安全端异种金属焊接接头应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因。借助ABAQUS软件中的扩展有限元方法(XFEM),利用预定义温度场加载法建立了残余应力场下异种金属焊接接头模型,基于最大主应力判定准则实现了材料的裂纹扩展模拟,初步探究了残余应力场下不同初始长度、不同位置裂纹的扩展规律。结果表明,在残余应力场下,裂纹扩展过程中扩展路径总是偏向于材料屈服极限较小的一侧,初始裂纹长度越短,其扩展能力越强;裂纹处材料区屈服极限越小,裂纹扩展能力越强,且材料交界处裂纹的扩展能力总是大于两侧材料区内部裂纹的扩展能力。     

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OR YIELD STRENGTH OF LOW CARBON STEEL

材料的断裂韧性和对温度的依赖关系是工程断裂分析中的一个重要问题.本文分析断裂韧性和屈服强度对温度的依赖关系的相似性,并从裂纹顶端塑性功耗探讨两者之间的关系,还讨论了从屈服强度的温度依赖性推知某些材料断裂韧性的温度依赖性的可能性.     

低碳钢的断裂韧性和屈服强度的低温温度依赖性

材料的断裂韧性和对温度的依赖关系是工程断裂分析中的一个重要问题.本文分析断裂韧性和屈服强度对温度的依赖关系的相似性,并从裂纹顶端塑性功耗探讨两者之间的关系,还讨论了从屈服强度的温度依赖性推知某些材料断裂韧性的温度依赖性的可能性.     

强度失配焊接接头的裂纹尖端张开位移数值分析

采用有限元方法对平面应变条件下含裂纹不同强度失配的平板拉伸焊接接头进行了弹塑性分析,研究了焊缝与母材强度失配、裂纹长度、母材应力应变曲线类型等因素对焊接接头裂纹尖端张开位移的影响.结果表明,强度失配系数增大,焊接接头裂纹尖端张开位移值降低,裂纹长度越短,强度失配的影响越显著.母材无屈服平台时,裂纹尖端张开位移随外加应变的增大呈单调上升趋势,母材有屈服平台时,在高匹配或者裂纹长度较短时,裂纹尖端张开位移曲线会出现阶段性变化,这主要是由于母材形变硬化滞后焊缝变形所产生的.     

某些制造因素对焊接构件强度的影响

采用全面屈服准则通过实验直接研究和评定了室温下焊缝匹配、应变时效和热处理对焊接构件强度的影响。试验结果表明,对于A131钢和A537钢来说,高匹配焊缝金属增加得到全面屈服的可能性,这意味着针对母材适当地选择焊缝金属可得到较大的焊缝允许缺陷或极限裂纹尺寸a_(cr)值。同时因为一些因素,象应变时效和热处理能改变焊缝匹配程度,因而它们也将影响焊缝的a_(cr)值。     

单边缺口拉伸试样的断裂韧性计算方法对比

在工程临界评估（engineering critical assessment）中,裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD值）的精确性将极大影响设计安全裕度与服役寿命.单边缺口拉伸（SENT）试样裂纹尖端的应力应变场与管道在实际服役状况下相似,被认为比较适用于测量管道CTOD值.目前有几种针对SENT断裂韧性的计算方法,但是并没有统一的标准.文中采用API X70管线钢,进行SENT试样断裂韧性试验并对比各计算方法与双刀口法之间的区别.采用Crackwise 4.0评估了不同计算方法得到韧性值对裂纹极限尺寸的影响.结果表明,几种CTOD计算方法相较于双引伸计法都有较大误差,断裂韧性的精确度对于ECA评估极限裂纹尺寸有极大影响.     

大线能量焊接耐火耐候建筑用钢的研制及应用

对大线能量焊接耐火耐候建筑用钢WGJ510C2的力学性能、焊接性能及其典型应用进行了研究.试验结果表明:该钢具有优良的综合力学性能,在600℃温度下的屈服强度均高于其室温下屈服强度的2/3,完全满足建筑结构用钢耐火安全性的强度许用指标;该钢具有低的焊接冷裂纹敏感性,能承受大线能量(50～100 kJ/cm)焊接;该钢在大型建筑应用中的实际效果良好.     

焊缝非匹配海管表面缺陷的安全评定

采用欧洲共同体提出的工业结构完整性评定方法（SINTAP），对给定裂纹尺寸和载荷条件下的EH36管线钢焊接接头焊趾处的表面裂纹进行评定：由拉伸试验得到的焊缝和母材的屈服强度比值大于10％，确定此次评定适用于SINTAP第二级评定，并给出二级评定图，计算结果表明，在裂纹深度α=2.2mm，在极限裂纹长度范围内变化的裂纹，其对应的评定点均落在评定曲线定义的范围内。这说明含有该范围内裂纹的缺陷是可以验收的。比较评定结果发现，裂纹深度方向上的变化较长度方向上的变化对评定结果产生的影响更明显。     

Micromechanism of Cleavage Fracture of Weld MetalsEI北大核心CSCD

Cleavage fracture is the most dangerous form of fracture. Cleavage fracture usually happens well before general yielding at low nominal fracture stress and strain. Cleavage fracture is often spurred by low temperature and determines the toughness in the lower shelf temperature region. This paper describes a new framework for the micromechanism of cleavage fracture of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel weld metals. Cleavage fracture not only determines the impact toughness in the lower shelf but also plays a decisive role on the impact toughness in the transition temperature region. The toughness is determined by the extending length of a preceding fibrous crack which is terminated by cleavage fracture. Three non-stop successive stages, i.e. crack nucleation, propagation of a second phase particle-sized crack across the particle/grain boundary, propagation of a grain-sized crack across the grain/grain boundary are explained. The "critical event" of cleavage fracture is emphasized which offers the greatest difficulty during crack formation and controls the cleavage process. The critical event indicates the weakest microstructural component and its critical size which specifies the local cleavage fracture stress sigma(f) for cleavage fracture. In toughness-study it is paramount important to reveal the critical events for various test specimens. Three criteria for crack nucleation, for preventing crack nucleus from blunting and for crack propagation are testified. An active region specified by these criteria is suggested where the combined stress and strain are sufficient to trigger the cleavage fracture. It can be used in statistical analyses. A case study, using the new framework of micromechanism for analyzing toughness of 8% Ni steel welding metals is presented to analyze the experimental results.     

X70管线钢不同温度下断裂韧性实验研究

以三维弹塑性断裂理论为基础，对有限厚度板裂纹端部应力场、三维应力约束进行了分析，通过对不同厚度、不同初始裂纹长度在不同温度下三点弯曲试件的断裂韧性测试断口观测和理论分析获得如下结果：离面约束对裂尖应力场及断裂韧性有强烈的影响；断口均产生分层裂纹，其位置、大小和数量与试样厚度、温度和裂纹初始长度有关；温度较低时，分层裂纹距主裂纹根部一定距离，分层裂纹宽度较小，对厚度效应影响较小；温度较高时，分层裂纹首先出现在主裂纹根部，分层裂纹宽度较大且充分张开，降低了试样的有效厚度，对X70管线钢进行性能评价时必须考虑管道壁厚、层裂和环境温度的耦合作用。     

预应变下高强结构钢低温断裂性能

为了测试高强结构钢Q420力学性能和断裂韧度,对其原材料和塑性变形材料分别进行了不同温度下的拉伸试验和断裂韧性试验.结果表明,结构钢的断裂韧性随着温度的降低显著减小,使其倾向于脆性断裂;而预应变虽然提高了钢材的屈服强度与抗拉强度,但显著降低了钢材的塑性及断裂韧性,进一步增加了脆性断裂发生的可能性.同时利用有限元分析得出...     

Investigations on the microstructure and room temperature fracture toughness of directionally solidified NiAl–Cr(Mo) eutectic alloy

The microstructures and room temperature fracture toughness of directionally solidified NiAl-xCr-6Mo (x = 28, 32 and 36 at%) alloys were investigated. Fully eutectic microstructure could be obtained in the alloys over a wide composition range. High temperature gradient could increase the planar/cellular transition rate and expand the eutectic coupled growth zone. The volume fraction of Cr(Mo) strengthening phase increased with the increasing content of Cr, accordingly, the fracture toughness of NiAl–Cr(Mo) alloys also gradually increased. The fracture toughness of 26.15 MPa m^1/2 was obtained in the NiAl-36Cr-6Mo hypereutectic alloy solidified at withdrawal rate of 10 μm/s and temperature gradient of 600 K/cm, which is the highest value in the NiAl–Cr–Mo alloy system until now. Well-aligned microstructure was beneficial to the enhancement of the fracture toughness, while the existence of primary phase seriously deteriorated the toughness. All the directionally solidified NiAl–Cr(Mo) alloy failed as brittle quasi-cleavage fracture. Some toughening mechanisms, such as crack bridging, crack nucleation, crack blunting, crack deflection, interface debonding and shear ligament toughening as well as linkage of microcracks were observed. In addition, mobile dislocation generated from the interface also had significant influence on the toughness.     

3Y-TZP陶瓷低温下相变与特殊的力学性能

研究了氧化钇稳定氧化锆(Y-TZP)陶瓷在室温至77 K间的抗弯强度与断裂韧性变化规律,发现与室温相比,强度和韧性皆有显著提高,且断裂韧性随温度下降的提高速率高于抗弯强度.通过X射线衍射定量相分析及扫描电镜观察,研究了低温下Y-TZP陶瓷断裂过程的相变规律,分析了低温增强应力诱导相变效应对低温下氧化锆陶瓷力学性能的影响,并揭示了一般陶瓷材料低温下可能发生的力学性能变化的规律.     

High cycle fatigue and fracture behavior of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy

The high cycle fatigue properties and fracture behavior of 2124-T851 aluminum alloy were investigated roundly, including the fatigue crack growth rate, fracture toughness and fatigue S--N curve. Furthermore, the fatigue crack growth rate was analyzed by fitting the curves. And the microstructure of the alloy was studied using by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscop1/2 The results show that the fatigue strength and the fracture toughness of 2124-T851 thick plate are 243 MPa and 29.6 MPa.m at room temperature and R=0. 1, respectively. At high cycle fatigue condition, the characteristics of fatigue facture were observed obviously. And the higher the stress amplitude, the wider the space between the fatigue striations, the faster the rate of fatigue crack developing and going into the intermittent fracture area and the greater the ratio between the intermittent fracture area and the whole fracture area.     

Fracture behaviour of diffusion bonded titanium alloys with strength mismatch

Abstract

The present study considers the effect of strength mismatch on the fracture behaviour of diffusion bonded joints between commercially pure (CP) Ti and Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64), including dissimilar joints and sandwich structures with strength undermatching and overmatching. The aim of the investigation is to determine the influence of the interlayer thickness (for both higher and lower strength interlayers) and the bond quality on the deformation behaviour and fracture toughness of the joints. The influence of mechanical heterogeneity (strength mismatch) on the fracture behaviour of the interface in dissimilar joints was also investigated. Round bars of CP Ti and Ti64 having a diameter of 40 mm were diffusion bonded as dissimilar butt joints and sandwich structures containing lower strength (undermatching) and higher strength (overmatching) interlayers of different thicknesses. Round transverse tensile specimens and standard four point bend (single edge notch bend) specimens were extracted from the joints via spark erosion cutting. The four point bend specimens were fatigue precracked to introduce a sharp crack after introducing machine notches at the centre of the interlayers in the sandwich structures and at the interface in the dissimilar joints, and tested at room temperature. Some specimens were also prepared with the crack positioned away from the interface to determine the effect of notch position on fracture behaviour. The effect of strength mismatch on the crack tip opening displacement fracture toughness parameter of the joints has been evaluated. Crack initiation, crack growth, and crack deviation processes have been examined and fracture resistance curves (R curves) constructed for the joints. These results were used to explain the influence of mechanical heterogeneity of the joints and interlayer thickness on fracture behaviour.     

Fracture behaviour and numerical study of resistance spot welded joints in high-strength steel sheet

Cross tension tests of resistance spot welded joints with varying nugget diameter were carried out using 980 MPa high strength steel sheet of 1.6 mm thickness. In proportion, as nugget diameter increased from 3√t to 5√t (where t is thickness), cross tension strength (CTS) increased while fracture morphology simultaneously transferred from interface fracture to full plug fracture. In cases of interface fracture, circumferential crack initiation due to separation of the corona bond arose at an early stage of loading. The crack opening process without propagation was recognized until just before fracture and then the crack propagated to the nugget immediately in a brittle manner around CTS. In full plug fracture, main ductile crack initiation from the notch-like part at the end of sheet separation occurred with the sub-crack initiated at an early stage. The ductile crack propagated toward the HAZ and base material to form full plug fracture. The mode I stress intensity factor was considered as a suitable fracture parameter because the circumferential crack behaved pre-crack for brittle fracture in the nugget region at the final stage. Based on the FE analysis, the mode I stress intensity factor was calculated as 116 MPa √m at CTS as fracture toughness for the nugget. With respect to full plug fracture, ductile crack initiation behaviour from the notch-like part was expressed by concentration of equivalent plastic strain. On the assumption that the ductile crack arose in critical value of equivalent plastic strain, the value was calculated as 0.34 by FE analysis. Reasonable interpretation for interface fracture and full plug fracture in the resistance spot welded joint was proposed due to first crack initiation by stress concentration, brittle fracture by using mode I stress intensity factor, and ductile crack initiation by using equivalent plastic strain.     

A model of heating a flux-cored wire in arc metallizing and analysis of the structure of the coating

Summary

This paper describes HAZ‐notched CTOD tests of multipass welds in SMYS = 420–460 MPa class high‐strength steels for offshore structural applications. The weld metal strength overmatch causes different fracture behaviour depending on the actual CGHAZ toughness. When the CGHAZ is completely embrittled, the weld metal strength overmatch leads to the lower bound critical CTOD value. This is due to elevation of the local stress in the CGHAZ caused by the restraint effect of the overmatched weld metal. The fracture surface is generally flat, and brittle fracture originates from the CGHAZ sampled by the fatigue crack front. A larger fraction of the CGHAZ along the crack front gives a smaller critical CTOD value. When the CGHAZ has moderate toughness, however, the weld metal strength overmatch may produce a higher critical CTOD value at brittle fracture initiation. This is due to crack growth path deviation towards the base metal. Plastic deformation preferentially accumulates to a greater extent on the softer base metal side before the critical stress conditions for brittle fracture initiation occur in the CGHAZ. This asymmetrical plastic deformation promotes deviation of ductile crack growth from the crack tip CGHAZ. In this case, the critical CTOD value does not always reflect the CGHAZ toughness itself.

A notch location nearer the weld metal sometimes causes fracture initiation in the weld metal if the fatigue crack tip samples the CGHAZ. Such experimental data do not reflect the real CGHAZ toughness.

The significance of the critical CTOD value obtained in the tests must be determined in the fracture toughness evaluation of the weld CGHAZ. This paper presents a procedure for evaluation of CTOD test results obtained for HAZ‐notched welds that considers the strength mismatch effect.     

含表面裂纹非匹配焊接接头的断裂行为

测试了两种超高强度钢低匹配接头母材、焊缝和热影响区的表面裂纹断裂韧性,比较了母材与热影响区的断裂韧度概率分布.同时采用有限元方法分析了匹配因子和裂纹位置对裂纹尖端张开应力和应力三轴度的影响.结果表明,当裂纹位于热影响区时,由于软焊缝使其应力三轴度降低,其断裂韧性明显好于母材;而当裂纹位于焊缝一侧时,匹配因子越高,距熔合线越远,则应力三轴度越低,断裂韧性越好;当裂纹位于焊缝中心时,两种匹配的断裂韧度相当.从而解释了试验结果.