The effect of a finite-distance signal source on a far-fieldsteering Applebaum array-two dimensional array case

Approximate expressions are obtained for the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) expressed in terms of the finite signal distance and signal direction for a finite-distance signal source's effect on the performance of a far-field steering two-dimensional Applebaum-type adaptive array. The expression is shown to be consistent with the actual simulated value. Using that expression, a simplified rule is obtained to determine the distance between the signal source and the array center at which the output SNR loss is given by a specific value. The SNR value so obtained varied with two-dimensional signal direction. The analysis for the case of an arbitrarily located array is presented, followed by the cases for rectangular, circular and elliptical arrays. It was found that this distance associated with the given SNR value is always less for a rectangular array than that of a linear array when the total number of array elements for both are equal and the performances of an elliptical array are similar to those of a circular array     

Removal of the finite-distance source effect on the Applebaum array

The effect of a finite-distance signal source on the performance of an Applebaum array has been studied extensively in the literature. It has been concluded that unless the Applebaum array is focused at the exact source location, the degradation of the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) becomes unacceptable. The automatic focusing technique (AFT), developed for long-wavelength imaging systems using nonadaptive linear arrays, is extended here to focus adaptive arrays such as the Applebaum type. Thereafter, the far-field steering vector is used successfully to form a beam approaching the desired signal while suppressing the interferences. Substantial improvements in data processing have been achieved through the use of a partial convolution in the frequency domain. It is also demonstrated that the AFT can be used when the signal source range lies in the beginning of the Fresnel region of a nonadaptive linear array with negligible loss in the output SNR     

水下目标方位估计的克拉美-罗界研究

该文首次给出了任意平面离散阵列对水下窄带源和宽带源进行近场测距的克拉美-罗界(CRB),并进一步全面地推导了相应远场测向的CRB表达式。由此揭示了近场测距和远场测向的CRB的影响因素和特点:(1)两者的影响因素均可分为两部分:阵列相关因素,如阵列结构和阵列孔径等;目标信号相关因素,如目标的相对方位、信号频率、带宽和信噪比等。(2)两者均与信号带宽和谱密度函数构成的一个联合量成反比。(3)近场测距的CRB与目标距离的四次方成正比。(4)近场测距的CRB与基阵参考点的选择有关,而远场测向的CRB则与其无关。(5)对于均匀直线阵,近场测距CRB大致与阵列孔径的五次方成反比,而远场测向CRB则大致与阵列孔径的三次方成反比;对于均匀圆周阵,两者均与阵列孔径成反比,且与目标的相对方位无关。Monte-Carlo仿真结果验证了理论分析和上述结论的正确性。该文CRB不仅给出了近场测距和远场测向的最佳估计性能,而且为阵列及信号的设计提供了理论指导,以达到最优的测距和测向效果。     

Analysis of a signal estimation algorithm for diversely polarizedarrays

The problem of separating and estimating the waveforms of superimposed signals received by a diversely polarized array is considered. Signal estimation is accomplished by a two-step procedure: (1) The directions of arrival and polarization parameters of all the signals are estimated using an eigenstructure-based technique; (2) The estimated signal is obtained as a linear combination of the array outputs, with weights that are computed from the estimated direction/polarization parameters. The objective is to analyze the quality of the estimated signal in terms of the output signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Closed-form expressions are derived for the output SIR and SNR of a general diversely polarized array. By evaluating these expressions for selected test cases it is shown that polarization sensitive arrays can provide significantly higher output SIR and SNR than uniformly polarized arrays. The performance improvement is especially significant for closely spaced sources with sufficiently different polarization characteristics     

用于被动声纳微弱目标检测的宽带最大信噪比方法

本文尝试利用匹配场处理中的能量匹配思想，对阵列波束形成进行优化，用于解决水下目标被动声纳微弱信号检测问题。首先，本文对比了基于线性非相干、MVDR非相干、线性相干和MVDR相干四种匹配场处理器的检测方法的性能，之后分析推导了线性非相干处理器的输出信噪比和输出功率，得出了在声源频谱起伏增大时线性非相干处理器的检测能力会下降的结论。为了得到更高的输出信噪比，本文提出了最大信噪比处理器，在理想情况下可以在处理带宽上达到最高的输出信噪比。最大信噪比处理器没有通过归一化消除声源的影响，而是利用声源频谱的估计值和拷贝场直接对接收数据进行匹配。本文证明了最大信噪比处理器的检测能力优于线性非相干处理器，并且通过仿真实验进一步验证了这个结论。      

最大SNR准则的共形阵列波束合成方法

相控阵波束合成的最终目的是提高接收信号的信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR),但是由于共形阵阵面是弯曲的,各个阵元具有不同的接收SNR,把所有阵元移相后直接进行波束合成并不能保证获得最大SNR。在考虑单元方向图影响情况下,通过对共形相控阵天线接收SNR解析表示,采用迭代方式对阵元是否接入波束合成进行判断,确保了天线具有最大SNR输出。计算机仿真证实了阵元选择方法的正确性。     

面向二元麦克风小阵列改进的广义旁瓣抵消器语音增强算法

二元麦克风小阵列在手机、助听器等受空间、成本以及运算能力限制的设备中被广泛研究用以提高目标语音质量。二元麦克风小阵列中语音增强算法主要包括波束形成方法以及相干性滤波器方法。波束形成方法的思想是利用目标声源相对阵列的位置关系获取相应的时域和空域信息,可以保留目标声源方向的信号而抑制其他方向的干扰信号;相干性滤波器方法则通过阵元间不同信号的相关性进行噪音抑制。考虑这两种类型方法的优点,本文提出一种面向二元麦克风小阵列改进的广义旁瓣抵消器语音增强算法,通过在广义旁瓣抵消器的固定波束形成支路上使用相干性滤波器,提高固定波束形成输出信号的信噪比,然后在广义旁瓣抵消器自适应支路利用阵列的时域和空域信息对固定波束形成支路输出的信号中残余噪音进行估计,进而获得增强后目标输出信号。仿真和实际试验表明,本文提出的算法明显优于单独使用小阵列波束形成算法和相干性滤波器算法。      

Maximum likelihood signal estimation for polarization sensitivearrays

The authors consider the problem of separating and estimating the waveforms of superimposed signals received by a polarization-sensitive array. Signal estimation is accomplished by a two-step maximum likelihood procedure: (i) The directions of arrival and polarization parameters of all the signals are estimated. (ii) The estimated signal is obtained as a linear combination of the array outputs, with weights which are computed from the estimated direction/polarization parameters. The objective of this study is to analyze the quality of the estimated signal in terms of the output signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Closed-form expressions are derived for the output SIR and SNR of a general diversely polarized array. By evaluating these expressions for selected test cases it is shown that polarization-sensitive arrays can provide significantly higher output SIR and SNR than uniformly polarized arrays. The performance improvement is especially significant for closed spaced sources with sufficiently different polarization characteristics     

Adaptive arrays: A new approach to the steady-state analysis

Our main goal is a closed-form expression for the steady-state output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ann-element adaptive array excited by one desired narrow-band signal andK - 1narrowband jammers. This is facilitated by representing each excitation by a complexn-dimensional vector-the excitation vector. We show that the important system parameters are functions of scalar products of pairs of these exctiation vectors. In particular, the normalized output SNR of the array is shown to be the ratio of determinants whose elements involve these scaler products. Such determinants are also shown to be involved in the expressions for the optimal array weights.     

用于ADS-B解交织的高增益稳健PA算法

广播式自动相关监视(Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast,ADS-B)是基于全球卫星定位系统的航空器运行监视技术,由于ADS-B信号随机接入的广播方式和不断增加的空域流量,不可避免会带来信号交织问题,造成解码信息错误或丢失。本文基于正交投影（Project Algorithm,PA）,利用天线阵带来的信号处理增益,提出了一种高增益稳健的解交织算法:首先利用PA估计源信号的导向矢量,然后结合Capon波束形成算法,提高解交织信号的输出信噪比,考虑导向矢量的估计误差,本文将稳健波束形成（Robust Capon Beamforming,RCB）算法应用于此,从而进一步提高解交织算法的稳健性。仿真和实采数据结果均验证了本文所提算法能够较稳健地提高解交织信号的输出信噪比。      

提高二极管激光阵列外腔锁相效率的实验研究

采用1/4 Talbot外腔实现宽条二极管激光阵列的锁相,在工作电流是35 A时,获得7.56 W的锁相输出功率,输出光束的远场图像是多瓣结构,锁相前后输出光的光谱宽度从2.0 nm压缩到0.2 nm。腔内插入焦距大约为5倍腔长的柱透镜,在相同电流下获得8.75 W的锁相输出功率,输出光的远场图像是多瓣结构,输出超模的数目有所减少,能量向中部集中,输出光的光谱宽度是0.2 nm。     

Evaluation of adaptive phased array antenna, far-field nullingperformance in the near-field region

A theory for analyzing the behavior of adaptive phased array antennas illuminated by a near-field interference test source is presented. Conventional phased array near-field focusing is used to produce an equivalent far-field antenna pattern at a range distance of one to two aperture diameters from the adaptive antenna under test. The antenna is assumed to be a linear array of isotropic receive elements. The interferer is assumed to be a bandlimited noise source radiating from an isotropic antenna. The theory is developed for both partially and fully adaptive arrays. Results are presented for the fully adaptive array case with single and multiple interferers. The results indicate that near-field and far-field adaptive nulling can be equivalent. The adaptive nulling characteristics studied in detail are the array radiation patterns, adaptive cancellation, covariance matrix eigenvalues, and adaptive array weights     

Analysis of phase-focused near-field testing for multiphase-centeradaptive radar systems

Airborne or spaceborne radar systems often require tests before deployment to verify how well the system detects targets and suppresses clutter and jammer signals. The radar antenna diameter can be large and thus the conventional far-field test distance is impractical to implement. The theory and simulations of phase-focused near-field testing for adaptive phased array antennas is discussed. With near-field source deployment, standard phased-array near-field phase focusing provides far-field adaptive nulling equivalent performance at a range distance of one aperture diameter from the adaptive antenna under test. Both main beam clutter sources and sidelobe jammer sources are addressed. The phased array antenna elements analyzed are one-half wavelength dipoles over the ground plane. Bandwidth, polarization, array mutual coupling, and finite array edge effects are taken into account. Numerical simulations of an adaptive antenna that has multiple displaced phase centers indicate that near-field and far-field testing can be equivalent     

Circular array design based on Bayesian Cramer–Rao bound

Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing - In this paper, we consider circular array design in the presence of a far-field or a near-field signal source. The location of the source is...     

球源空间均匀分布阵的空间辐射场特性研究

定义了球源空间均匀分布阵的概念，从理论上推导了球源空间均匀分布阵远场声压和指向性公式，分析了它们与场点的位置、球源个数、相邻球源中心间距、波数及球源表面振速等因素的关系。并且对它们的关系作了仿真实验。在理论与仿真分析的基础上，给出了球源阵的设计原则：(1)根据球源空间阵大小的实际需要，确定球源个数和布阵方式；(2)球源本身的半径或体积尽可能选小一些，这样可减小阵的体积，以便尽可能增加球源个数并增强指向性；(3)在球源半径一定的条件下，相邻球源中心间距应尽量减小，最小到为球源直径的两倍。     

Fading effects on antenna arrays in cellular communications

In future application of antenna arrays to wireless communications, it is envisioned that known signal waveforms (e.g., synchronization data stream) will be used for estimating the array response for all the relevant links. Once the array response is known, it will be used for separation and reconstruction of the unknown data stream. Since the array response matrix is estimated with finite precision, we examine the error effects on the signal reconstruction errors. The results are presented in the form of output signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for uncorrelated signals. We obtain closed-form expressions for the average output SNR and SIR for Rayleigh, Ricean, and Nagakami fading. It is shown that in the presence of slowly fading channels, the diversity advantage of the array decreases as the number of signals (or interferers) increases     

阵列天线在UXB系统标校中的应用

测量船基地现有标校塔与测量船距离只有980 m,无法满足高频段统一X频段（UXB）系统天线的远场标校距离条件。针对这一难题,提出了一种利用阵列天线合成准平面波的方法,实现在近场距离条件下的远场标校。在现有标校塔上架设安装阵列天线设备,利用16个单喇叭天线组成4×4的天线阵,并通过控制单个喇叭天线元的幅度和相位,使得传播到测量船UXB天线口面处由阵列天线合成的电磁波是准平面波,满足X频段天线远场标校要求。综合运用最优化理论和遗传算法,对阵列天线元的幅度和相位权值进行调节和优化,使得合成的电磁波更为接近准平面波。计算机仿真实验和外场条件下的实际测试均验证了该方法生成的准平面波能够满足UXB天线远场标校要求。     

基于矩阵差分的远场和近场混合源定位方法

混合源定位在无源雷达中发挥着重要作用.针对均匀圆阵下基于相位差方法的定位精度较低的问题,该文提出基于矩阵差分的远场和近场混合源定位方法.首先,利用二维多重信号(2-D MUSIC)分类方法估计出远场源的方位角和俯仰角;随后,利用协方差矩阵差分方法提取出近场源差分矩阵,通过改进的类旋转不变估计信号参数(ESPRIT-li...     

Far-field uncertainty due to random near-field measurement error

Recent planar near-field scanning tests with ultralow-sidelobe antennas have confirmed that random near-field measurement errors will ultimately limit the accuracy of far-field patterns. A formulation is outlined for estimating the spectral signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) arising from noncorrectable near-field random measurement errors. The formulation applies to arbitrarily directive test antennas and probes-even nulling probes. A far-field parameter, called the scan plane coupling factor, may be computed directly from the near-field data, and then used to form the spectral SNR. The accuracy of the spectral SNR is confirmed by simulation and by actual tests with low-sidelobe AWACS array antenna     

基于重加权?1范数惩罚的远近场混合源定位算法

现有信源定位方法大多假定信源是远场源或近场源,而实际定位系统中往往存在远场源和近场源共存的情况。为实现远、近场源分离及高精度信源定位,本文在稀疏信号重构理论框架下提出了一种新的远近场混合源定位算法。该算法利用阵列协方差矩阵反对角线元素和重加权l1范数惩罚获得所有信源的到达角（Direction Of Arrival, DOA）估计。在DOA估计的基础上,根据远场与近场源距离参数位于不同区间的特点利用一维搜索实现远、近场源分离以及近场源距离参数的估计。从理论角度分析了重加权l1范数惩罚算法的重构性能。本文所提算法不仅同时适用于高斯和非高斯信号,而且无需多维搜索和参数配对,也无需信源数的先验信息,同时还可以获得较好的定位精度。计算机仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性。