塔式反应器中1,2-二氯-4-硝基苯的催化合成

在自行设计的塔式氯化器中,以路易氏酸作催化剂,分子氯氯化对硝基氯苯合成1,2-二氯-4-硝基苯,根据该氯化过程特征,利用正交实验设计方法结合单因素实验考察了有关因素对氯化过程的影响,通过优化得到了最佳氯化工艺条件:m(催化剂)/m(对硝基氯苯)=5·5%~6·0%;氯气流量3·5~4·5mL/s;温度95~100℃;时间6h。在最佳工艺条件下,1,2-二氯-4-硝基苯的收率可达83·26%,并对实验结果进行了重复验证。     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) carbonate

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was reacted with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to prepare PVA carbonate (PVAC), which is considered to have three structures, cyclic carbonate (I), monocarbonate (II) and crosslinking carbonate (III). Though the reaction proceeded easily in dimethyl sulfoxide at 120 °C without any catalyst, the yield of the ethanol‐insoluble part of the products was less than that with the reaction containing a catalyst such as tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB). TBAB concentration did not affect the rate of carbonic esterification but affected the yield of the ethanol‐insoluble part. The rate of carbonic esterification increased with an increase in reaction temperature, and the activation energy of this reaction was 114 kJ mol⁻¹. Carbonic esterification under reduced pressure showed a larger degree of esterification than that of the reaction under atmospheric pressure. PVAC was soluble in water at a low degree of carbonic esterification (DC) but became insoluble as DC increased. The thermal property of PVA reduced by the carbonic esterification was improved as DC increased. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Selective oxidation of cyclopentene with H_2O_2 by using H_3PW_(12)O_(40) and TBAB as a phase transfer catalyst

The selective oxidation of cyclopentene by aqueous H_2O_2 using H_3PW_(12)O_(40) and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide(TBAB) as a phase transfer catalyst has been investigated. The results show that the presence of TBAB significantly improved the oxidation selectivity of cyclopentene. The effects of the reaction conditions on the conversion of cyclopentene were investigated in detail. The optimal reaction conditions are as follows: the H_3PW_(12)O_(40) to TBAB molar ratio, 1:1–1:3; H_3PW_(12)O_(40) to cyclopentene molar ratio,0.54:100–0.64:100; and molar ratio of H_2O_2 to cyclopentene, 1.6:1. The conversion reached to 59.8% in 4h at 35.0 °C, while the selectivity of glutaraldehyde was 38.0% and the selectivity of 1,2-cyclopentanediol was 55.6%. In addition, a route for oxidation of cyclopentene by aqueous H_2O_2 using a heteropoly acid and quaternary ammonium salt as a phase transfer catalyst was proposed.     

SYNTHESIS OF DIALKOXYMETHANE AT HIGH ALKALINE CONCENTRATION VIA PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS

The phase-transfer catalytic reaction (PTC) of 2,4,6-tribromophenol and dibromomethane by quaternary ammonium salt was carried out in a high alkali content of KOH/dibromomethane two-phase medium. A large conversion of 2,4,6-tribromophenol is obtained at a region of high KOH content. Dibromomethane acts both as the organic-phase reactant and the organic solvent; thus, no extra organic solvent is required. Two main products, i.e., α -bromomethyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (mono-substituted product) and bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxide)methane (bis-substituted product), were detected in the solution during the phase-transfer catalytic reaction. The active catalyst (tetrabutylammonium 2,4,6-tribromophenoxide, ArOQ), which was produced from the reaction of 2,4,6-tribromophenol, potassium hydroxide, and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB or QBr), is purified as the crystalline product from the reaction solution. A kinetic model is developed to describe the behaviors of the two organic-phase reactions on the basis of the experimental observation. The two intrinsic rate constants of the two organic-phase reactions, which are the rate-determining steps of the whole reaction system, are determined. Effects of the reaction conditions, such as agitation speed, amount of water, amount of TBAB catalyst, temperature, and amount of dibromomethane, quaternary ammonium salts, and inorganic salt KBr, on the conversion of 2,4,6-tribromophenol and the reaction rate are investigated in detail.     

CATALYTIC PRODUCTION OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR FROM THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF H2S IN THE PRESENCE OF CO2

The feasibility of using a cobalt-molybdenum (Co-Mo) sulfide catalyst that was prepared from a commercial Co-Mo oxide catalyst for the production of elemental sulfur from hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in a packed bed catalytic reactor was studied. It was demonstrated that the desired sulfide catalyst could be prepared by first reducing, then sulphiding the corresponding oxide. The results showed that the prepared catalyst was capable of producing elemental sulfur from the thermal decomposition of H₂S in the presence of CO₂ over a temperature range of 465-700°C and at atmospheric pressure. A specific rate coefficient was calculated as well as the Arrhenius parameters for the non-equilibrated reaction. The H₂S decomposition reaction was found to be a second order reaction and have an activation energy of 114.4kJ/mol(27.3kcal/mol).     

Liquid‐Liquid‐Liquid Phase Transfer Catalysis: A Novel and Green Concept for Selective Reduction of Substituted Nitroaromatics

The selective reduction of nitroaromatics to the corresponding amines is an important transformation since many aromatic amines exhibit biological activities and find a multitude of industrial applications, being intermediates for the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. A variety of nitroaromatics dissolved in organic solvents was reduced by using aqueous sodium sulfide, and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as the phase transfer catalyst by choosing appropriate concentrations which resulted in three immiscible liquid phases. Compared to L‐L PTC, the L‐L‐L PTC offers much higher rates of reaction, better selectivities and repeated use of catalyst. The selectivities for the desired products were 100%.     

KINETIC STUDY OF S-ALKYLATION OF 2-MERCAPTOBENZIMIDAZOLE CATALYZED BY TETRABUTYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE

The S-alkylation of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) by α-bromo-m-xylene (RBr) under phase transfer catalytic reaction condition was successfully carried out in an aqueous solution of KOH/organic solvent two-phase medium. No product was obtained from N-alkylation during or after the reaction period by using a limited quantity of α-bromo-m-xylene. The reaction is greatly enhanced by adding a small amount of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and/or potassium hydroxide. Based on the experimental evidence, a rational reaction mechanism is proposed. A kinetic model is derived, from which a pseudo steady-state hypothesis (PSSH) is applied to the reaction system. The kinetic behaviors and the characteristics of the reaction are sufficiently described by the pseudo first-order rate law. The effects of the reaction conditions, including agitation speed, amount of TBAB catalyst, amount of KOH, quaternary ammonium salts, volume of water, volume of dichloromethane, amount of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, amount of α-bromo-m-xylene, inorganic salts, organic solvents, and temperature on the conversion of the reactant and the apparent rate constants (k_app) were investigated in detailed. Rational explanations are provided for the observed phenomena from experimental results.     

Aging of aluminum-oxide catalyst in the claus reactor during desulfurization of coke-oven gas

The activity of CR-31 aluminum-oxide catalyst (La Roche Chemicals) over a period of 6.5 years (2000?C2007) in the Claus reactor of byproduct-trapping shop 2 is monitored within the coke plant at OAO Magnitogorskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat. The rate and extent of irreversible deactivation of the aluminum-oxide catalyst due to hydrothermal aging are found to be fundamentally different in the conversion of hydrogen sulfide than in the conversion of carbonyl sulfide. It is expedient to use different catalysts in different stages of sulfur extraction: in the first stage, the catalyst should be optimized for the conversion of organosulfur compounds; in the second stage, the best choice is a traditional aluminum-oxide catalyst for the Claus conversion of hydrogen sulfide.     

微管反应器中硝基氯苯的连续合成

芳香族化合物的硝化是快速、强放热反应,采用连续硝化工艺可降低间歇操作可能引起的潜在风险。本文采用可视化方法和计算流体力学（CFD）模拟研究微管内流动状况的基础上,在体积为10mL的微管反应器中进行了氯苯连续硝化反应,探究了停留时间、温度、混酸比（硝酸与硫酸的摩尔比）、相比（硝酸与氯苯的摩尔比）对反应转化率、收率、产物邻对比和选择性的影响。结果表明,氯苯和混酸两相在内径为1mm的微通道内呈现出的Taylor流流型可以强化传质传热的效率,提高宏观反应速率。在停留时间为8min、温度80℃、混酸比=1∶1.5、相比=1∶1时,产物中邻对比在0.7~0.8之间,氯苯单程转化率为81.24%,一硝基氯苯的选择性为93.77%。采用连续硝化后,反应停留时间大幅降低,一硝基氯苯的邻对比明显提高。相比于传统釜式工艺,微管反应器内连续硝化更加安全、高效。     

KINETICS OF THE REACTION OF DIBROMOMETHANE AND TWO MIXED n-ALCOHOLS UNDER PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS

A novel method was provided to synthesize unsymmetric formaldehyde acetal by reacting two mixed alcohols (e.g., 1-butanol and 1-octanol) and dibromomethane via phase transfer catalysis. Only three final unique products with two alkoxide substituents (one unsymmetric and two symmetric acetals) were observed during the reaction for using higher reactivities of alcohols as the reactants for using higher reactivities of alcohols as the reactants. This result indicated that the rates of the four second reactions in the organic phase are larger than those of the two first reactions in the organic phase. Mass transfer of the catalyst and the active catalyst are very rapid, compared to the reaction in the organic phase. The reaction in the organic phase is a rate-determining step. Based on the fact that the intermediate products were not observed, a kinetic model was developed and simplified. A pseudo-first-order rate law was sufficient to describe the kinetics of reaction. High yields of the two symmteric acetals and the one unsymmetric acetal were produced by employing tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as a phase transfer catalyst in a high alkaline concentration of KOH/chlorobenzene two-phase medium.     

Characterisation and deactivation studies of sulfided red mud used as catalyst for the hydrodechlorination of tetrachloroethylene

Sulfided red mud (a by-product in the production of alumina by the Bayer process) has been shown to be active as a catalyst in hydrodechlorination reactions. In order to evaluate the feasibility of red mud in industrial processes, which would be most interesting as the cost of this material is much lower than that of commercial catalysts, its deactivation must be characterised.

In this study, the deactivation of sulfided red mud as a catalyst for the hydrodechlorination of tetrachloroethylene at 100 bar and 350°C was studied. The variation of conversion with reaction time was determined in the presence and absence of carbon sulfide in the feed, a notorious increase in the catalyst life being observed in the presence of carbon sulfide.

Fresh and used catalysts were characterised by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray dispersion spectrometry. An increase in the specific surface and chlorine surface concentration of the catalyst and a decrease in sulphur surface concentration were observed, as well as crystallographic changes in iron species.     

Iodination of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) in aqueous media via phase transfer catalysis

Nucleophilic substitution of chlorine on plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was carried out using potassium iodide (KI) in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst (PTC) in aqueous media. Iodination was confirmed using energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX). The extent of iodination was studied with respect to time, temperature, concentration of the reactants, as well as different PTCs. Among the different PTCs examined, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TBAH) were found to be highly efficient for the reaction. About 25% increase in weight was observed for PVC sheets iodinated under optimal reaction conditions. The thermal stability of the modified PVC was found to be impaired upon iodination. The iodinated PVC released iodide ions when kept in distilled water, as evidenced by UV spectroscopy. Sustained release of iodide ion in distilled water was followed up for about 30 days. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 493–499, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10176     

固载化离子液体催化环氧乙烷和二氧化碳合成碳酸乙烯酯

用溴化1-羟乙基-3-乙烯基咪唑、甲基丙烯酸钠、丙烯酸羟乙酯、苯乙烯4种单体共聚合成了高分子离子液体催化剂,表征了其结构. 将该催化剂固载到分子筛上制成固体颗粒催化剂,催化环氧乙烷(EO)与CO2合成碳酸乙烯酯(EC)的反应,考察了反应时间、温度、压力、催化剂用量对EO转化率及生成EC选择性的影响. 结果表明,在反应时间4 h、温度403.15 K、压力2.5 MPa、催化剂与环氧乙烷质量比9%的条件下,EO转化率为95%, EC选择性为98%,催化剂在循环使用10次后,EO转化率无明显下降,EC选择性接近100%. 该反应为一级反应,动力学方程为r=-dCEO/dt=9.872×104e-52.00/(RT)CEO.     

费托合成蜡USY分子筛基加氢裂化催化剂的制备及其性能

以Ni/W为加氢活性组分,USY/SiO2-Al2O3为载体,采用浸渍法制备了费托合成蜡加氢裂化催化剂,对其进行了表征、活性相研究及活性评价. 结果表明,Ni/W以高分散度形式分散在催化剂载体上,催化剂具有比表面积较大、吸附能力强的中孔结构,在340, 548和870℃上有3个还原峰,分别对应NiO?Ni, W6+?W4+及W4+?W2+或W. 硫化态催化剂表面同时含NiWS, WS2和NiSx等活性相,WS2相片晶堆垛层数决定催化剂的活性. 烯烃具有较高的加氢反应活性,烷烃会裂化异构成小分子的烯烃,其中有的吸附态可能是进一步形成小分子烷烃过程中产生的中间过渡态. 在温度370℃、压力6.4 MPa、氢油体积流量比800、空速2.5 h-1的条件下,石蜡转化率约为50%,柴油的选择性约为90%. Ni/W均匀浸渍在USY/SiO2-Al2O3载体上,可获得相对均衡的加氢-裂解性能匹配,在不降低蜡转化率的同时保证了柴油的高选择性.     

液-液相转移催化Wittig-Horner反应合成二苯乙烯

针对当前二苯乙烯的合成工艺存在反应时间长、收率低、产品分离成本高等问题,提出了液-液相转移催化合成二苯乙烯的新方法。详细研究了各种因素如搅拌速率、催化剂种类与用量、有机溶剂种类与体积、氢氧化钠浓度和温度对相转移催化反应体系的影响,并探讨了液-液相转移催化反应机理。以用量为6%的四丁基溴化铵作催化剂,在甲苯/50%的烧碱溶液体系中于45℃、1 200 r/分钟下反应80分钟,苯甲醛的转化率为92.6%,并且反应产物全为E式构象。研究结果表明:液-液相转移催化Wittig-Horner反应为萃取机理,这为二苯乙烯母体结构化合物的绿色工业化生产提供了新的合成路径。     

Esterification of decanoic acid with methanol using Amberlyst 15: Reaction kinetics

Methyl decanoate is used as a surrogate fuel. The surrogate fuels are structurally similar to actual biodiesel. We synthesized methyl decanoate in a small batch reactor by esterification reaction using decanoic acid and methanol on solid acid catalyst Amberlyst 15 used in dry state. The outcome of different reaction parameters including catalyst loading, temperature, molar ratio, stirrer speed, water concentration effect, and adsorption on catalyst pellets were studied for optimization of rate of conversion. The effect of external and internal diffusion limitations on catalyst granules was calculated theoretically from the reaction kinetics data. An analysis of the reaction kinetics revealed that the esterification reaction was rate controlled by adsorption of methanol on the solid acid catalyst and the reaction can be modeled as Eley–Rideal model. Activation energy of the esterification reaction was 39.4?KJ/mol. Reaction enthalpy and entropy were found to be 29.81?kJ/mol and 87.38?J/mol. K, respectively.     

纸浆黑液和钙混合催化剂进行高变质无烟煤水蒸气气化的研究

The catalytic effects of single and mixed catalysts, i.e. single 3%Ca and 5%Na-BL（black liquor） catalysts and mixed 3%Ca＋5%Na-BL catalyst, on carbon conversion, gasification reaction rate constant and activation energy, relative amount of harmful pollutant like sulphur containing gases have been investigated by thermogravimetry in steam gasification under temperature 750℃ to 950℃ at ambient pressure for three high-metarnorphous anthracites （Longyan, Fenghai and Youxia coals in Fujian Province）. The mixed catalyst of 3%Ca＋5%Na-BL increases greatly the carbon conversion and gasification rate constant by accelerating the gasification reaction C＋H2O→CO＋H2 due to presence of alkali surfacecompounds [COM], [CO2M] and exchanged calcium phenolate and calcium carboxylate （-COO）2. By adding CaCO3 into BL catalyst in gasification, in addition to improving the catalyst function and enhancing the carbon conversion, the effective desulphurization is also achieved, but the better operating temperature should be below 900℃. The homogenous and shrinking core models can be successfully employed to correlate the relations between the conversion and the gasification .time .and to estimate the reaction rate constant, The reaction acUvaUon energy and pre-exponential factor are estimated and the activation energy for mixed catalyst is in a range of 98.72-166.92 kJ·mol^-1, much less than 177.50-196.46 kJ·mol^-1 for non-catalytic steam gasification for three experimental coals.     

A continuous process for recovery of sulfur from natural gas containing low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide

A continuous catalytic process was developed to remove hydrogen sulfide from a natural gas stream using activated carbon as catalyst. The concentration range of hydrogen sulfide in the gas stream studied was 300–3000 ppmv (0.0126–0.126 moles/m³). Virtually 100 percent conversion of hydrogen sulfide was achieved by the combination of various parameters. The “field gas” employed in this study exhibited cracking of some heavier hydrocarbons and made the product sulfur slightly brown. These hydrocarbons should therefore be separated from the gas stream prior to the oxidation reaction. No carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide was produced during the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide. It is concluded that the process described herein has the potential for the removal of hydrogen sulfide as sulfur from a sour natural gas stream on a continuous basis and could therefore eliminate an environmental problem which now exists.     

MIL-101固载磷钨酸催化氧气氧化脱硫性能

采用一步包覆法成功地将磷钨酸（HPW）固载到多金属有机骨架MIL-101中,将其作为催化剂,氧气（O₂）作为氧化剂,用于催化氧化模拟油品的脱硫实验。系统地研究了氧气流速、反应温度、硫含量对脱硫效率的影响,筛选出最佳反应条件,同时考察了空气作为氧化剂用于油品脱硫的可行性。结果表明,当初始硫含量为350 μg·g^-1,氧气流速为90 ml·min^-1,反应温度为75℃,催化剂用量占模拟油品质量的1%,反应时间60 min,二苯并噻吩（DBT）的转化率可达74%。此外,通过重复利用实验证明催化剂有良好的再生活性。     

In situ synthesis of ammonia by catalytic hydrolysis of urea in the presence of aluminium oxide for safe use of ammonia in power plants for flue gas conditioning

BACKGROUND: Ammonia is applied to increase the efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator for fly ash removal from a flue gas stream from a boiler using fossil fuel. In the present work, the hydrolysis of urea to generate ammonia for flue gas conditioning, with the help of aluminium oxide catalyst, has been studied. RESULTS: The effect of temperature, catalyst and initial concentration on the conversion was studied. Conversion was found to increase exponentially with temperature. Addition of catalyst resulted in an increase in conversion. Experiments were conducted with different doses of catalyst, and the optimum dosage of catalyst for a particular feed concentration was determined. A decrease in conversion was observed when the initial concentration of ammonia was increased. CONCLUSION: A study of reaction kinetics showed the effect of reaction time on conversion of urea to ammonia. The catalytic hydrolysis of urea, using aluminium oxide behaved as a first‐order reaction; the rate constant at different temperatures was found, and the activation energy determined. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry