PCB拒焊原因分析和改善应用

引言通常情况下电子器件的表面装连工艺（SMT）中最关键的过程就是焊接,而焊接的三个主要作用它们分别是：     

Isolated-utterance speech recognition using hidden Markov modelswith bounded state durations

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) with bounded state durations (HMM/BSD) are proposed to explicitly model the state durations of HMMs and more accurately consider the temporal structures existing in speech signals in a simple, direct, but effective way. A series of experiments have been conducted for speaker dependent applications using 408 highly confusing first-tone Mandarin syllables as the example vocabulary. It was found that in the discrete case the recognition rate of HMM/BSD (78.5%) is 9.0%, 6.3%, and 1.9% higher than the conventional HMMs and HMMs with Poisson and gamma distribution state durations, respectively. In the continuous case (partitioned Gaussian mixture modeling), the recognition rates of HMM/BSD (88.3% with 1 mixture, 88.8% with 3 mixtures, and 89.4% with 5 mixtures) are 6.3%, 5.0%, and 5.5% higher than those of the conventional HMMs, and 5.9% (with 1 mixture), 3.9% (with 3 mixtures) and 3.1% (with 1 mixture), 1.8% (with 3 mixtures) higher than HMMs with Poisson and gamma distributed state durations, respectively     

Robustness of quantitative compressive sensing MRI: the effect of random undersampling patterns on derived parameters for DCE- and DSC-MRI

Compressive sensing (CS) in Cartesian magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) involves random partial Fourier acquisitions. The random nature of these acquisitions can lead to variance in reconstruction errors. In quantitative MRI, variance in the reconstructed images translates to an uncertainty in the derived quantitative maps. We show that for a spatially regularized 2 ×-accelerated human breast CS DCE-MRI acquisition with a 192 (2) matrix size, the coefficients of variation (CoVs) in voxel-level parameters due to the random acquisition are 1.1%, 0.96%, and 1.5% for the tissue parameters K(trans), v(e), and v(p), with an average error in the mean of -2.5%, -2.0%, and -3.7%, respectively. Only 5% of the acquisition schemes had a systematic underestimation larger than than 4.2%, 3.7%, and 6.1%, respectively. For a 2 × -accelerated rat brain CS DSC-MRI study with a 64(2) matrix size, the CoVs due to the random acquisition were 19%, 9.5%, and 15% for the cerebral blood flow and blood volume and mean transit time, respectively, and the average errors in the tumor mean were 9.2%, 0.49%, and -7.0%, respectively. Across 11 000 different CS reconstructions, we saw no outliers in the distribution of parameters, suggesting that, despite the random undersampling schemes, CS accelerated quantitative MRI may have a predictable level of performance.     

红外热像仪在诊断鼻咽癌中的应用

为探讨远红外热像仪在诊断鼻咽癌中的价值,对经病理证实的184例鼻咽癌热图进行了分析。NPC患者热图呈现松树形及宝盖形占5．5％,点状形占32．6％,异常形态（变异松树形、变异宝盖形、山丘形）占625,温差＞1．0℃者占76．1％（140／184）。与病理、CT检查符合率分别为97．3％,97．8％。漏诊率2．2－2．7％,而EB－VCA－IgA EB-EA-IaA漏诊率分别为14．8％、47．8％。     

YAG激光与电离子治疗腋臭的疗效比较

目的:比较YAG激光与电离子治疗腋臭的临床效果。方法:运用YAG激光和电离子治疗腋臭。结果:180例腋臭患者随机分为两组。激光组:治愈65例(72 % ) ,显效17例(19% ) ,总有效率为91%。有效5例(5 .6% ) ,无效3例(3 .3 % ) ,电离子组:治愈48例(5 3 % ) ,显效2 0例(2 2 % ) ,总有效率为75 %。有效12例(13 % ) ,无效8例(9% ) ,疤痕2例。     

激光诱导击穿光谱结合GA-BP-ANN检测炉渣中

以激光诱导击穿光谱技术为基础,通过击穿炉渣中等离子体来获取炉渣光谱图,将遗传算法与BP神经网络进行结合,通过遗传算法对神经网络的权值和阈值进行优化建立基于遗传神经网络模型,对炉渣元素光谱图中的Ca元素含量进行定量检测,测得5种Ca元素#1、#2、#3、#4、#5的质量分数为29.4 %、40.37 %、37.13 %、43.88 %、38.68 %,并计算检验样本相对误差分别为4.7 %、5.2 %、5.8 %、4.1 %、3.3 %,相对误差均在6 %以下,检测精度明显优于BP-ANN方法和光谱分析中常用的自由定标法,表明基于遗传神经网络对炉渣进行定量分析具有更好的检测效果。     

2006/2007年全球半导体设备市场

预测了2006/2007年全球半导体市场及半导体设备市场。2006年全球半导体市场增长率为8%～11%,2007年为10%～11%。2006年全球半导体设备市场增长率为18%,2007年为10%以上。2006年中国半导体市场增长率为30%,2007年为31%。2006年中国半导体设备市场增长率为78.11%,2007年为1%。     

强脉冲光治疗面部面部毛细血管扩张症46例

目的:观察540 nm强脉冲光治疗面部毛细血管扩张症的临床效果。方法:对46例面部毛细血管扩张症患者采用540 nm强脉冲光治疗,根据不同临床情况选择不同能量。结果:1、2、3、4、5次的治愈率分别是25.00%、38.46%、55.00%、71.43%、100.00%,有效率分别是50.00%、84.62%、90.00%、85.71%、100%。治疗次数越多,有效率越高。结论:540 nm强脉冲光治疗面部毛细血管扩张症安全有效。     

子宫腺肌病436例临床分析

目的：探讨子宫腺肌病的发病因素及诊治方法,旨在提高临床诊断准确率。方法：对1999年1月至2004年12月间在吉林大学第二医院妇科住院经手术及病理证实为子宫腺肌病的436例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：子宫腺肌病例的发病率为13．7％（436／3182）,其中81．0％在36—50岁之间．有妊娠史、分娩史,官腔操作史分别为96．8％、94．7％、73．6％。有继发性痛经、月经异常的分别为72．2％、60．6％。子宫增大占94．0％,宫体压痛占34．4％。超声诊断符合率78．3％。术前诊断符合率81．7％,子宫次全切除术占54．6％;子宫全切术占43．3％。结论：子宫腺肌病是妇科常见的良性疾病之一,漏误诊率较高,因此术前诊断需结合病史、临床症状、妇科检查和超声等指标,进行综合分析、鉴别,降低术前误诊、漏诊率。     

基于小波高频分量的浮游植物活体荧光识别技术研究

提出了一种基于小波高频分量的浮游植物活体荧光识别技术。通过测量近海常见52种浮游植物的三维荧光光谱,利用小波函数将光谱分解6层后得到系列正交高频分量cd1～cd6,通过标准偏差选择稳定而特异性强的分量特征点及其组合作为浮游植物荧光识别特征谱,并对其稳定性和判别能力进行贝叶斯判别分析,以判别正确率为基准选择分量组合cd3～cd6作为最佳荧光识别特征谱构建浮游植物荧光标准特征谱库,结合非负最小二乘法实现了浮游植物群落组成门、属水平上的识别测定:单种浮游植物在门、属水平上的识别正确率分别为95.5%和85.7%;浮游植物混合样品(混合比例分别为100%,75%,25%)在门水平上的识别正确率分别为100%,90.9%,53.3%,平均识别相对含量分别为79.7%,68.3%,17.5%;优势藻(单种优势度达75%)在属水平上的识别正确率为81.2%。将该技术用于围隔实验和现场调查采集水样,有效实现了浮游植物在门水平上的定性定量识别测定。     

基于混合核函数的分布式信息检索结果融合

为了提高分布式信息检索(DIR)的结果融合表现,基于改进的潜在语义核(LSK)和复合方差(ANOVA)核构建了新的复合(CLA)核,通过直接计算检索结果和提问之间相关度来对检索结果进行融合研究。实验结果表明:CLA核的融合精度和招回率分别仅略次于LSK和ANOVA核,但其综合评价指标F1优于其他核;其融合精度比Round-robin、ComMNZ、Bayesian、Borda、SDM、MEM和regression SVM等分别提高了16.79%、30.73%、20.37%、24.17%、14.25%、13.50%和7.53%。CLA核具有较好的融合表现,适用于DIR结果融合。     

Proteinous amino acids in hearts' muscle cytosol of rats pretreated with digoxin, caffeine or isoproterenol

Levels of the 19 proteinous amino acids and total free amino acids were assayed by gas-liquid chromatography in cytosols of rat atrial and ventricular muscle cardiomyocytes. The tissues were assayed after the rats had been exposed to the cardioactive drugs digoxin, caffeine, and isoproterenol, each having different mechanisms of action. We demonstrated that, in the atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle cytosol of control (untreated) rats, arginine, glutamine, and cysteine existed in their highest levels: 35.1% and 17.6%; 14.8% and 51.6%; 9.9% and 0.25% of the total free amino acids, respectively. The levels of the other amino acids in the atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle cytosols ranged between 0.1% and 10.0% of the total free amino acids. Digoxin, caffeine, and isoproterenol significantly reduced the total amount of cytosolic free amino acids in the atrial heart muscle cytosol to 7.6%, 9.0%, and 9.2% of the control value (100%), and in the ventricular heart muscle cytosol to 31.1%, 43.2%, and 28.3% of the control. The three drugs tested changed the cytosols' levels of arginine, cysteine, tryptophane, asparagine, and tyrosine in atrial and ventricular heart muscle cytosol, as compared to the control groups (calculated as a percent of the total free amino acids in the experimental groups). The role of proteinous amino acids in the function of the heart muscle and in the mechanism of action of these drugs on the mammalian heart is discussed.     

扩展F全球分布特点的理论分析

考虑到我国区域电离层扩展F发生的物理机制和相关因素以及观测数据的可获取性,利用适宜于时间序列预测的长短期记忆网络建立了我国不同区域电离层扩展F事件的预测模型,对未来3 h是否会发生扩展F事件进行预测。以处于我国典型纬度地区的满洲里、北京、海口站为例,利用2015和2016年测试数据集对模型预测精度进行了检验,满洲里、北京、海口站平均准确率分别为92.4%、95.3%、96.0%,平均精确率分别为75.0%、61.2%、62.6%,平均召回率分别为73.0%、50.6%、31.5%。由此可见：在某些情况下,比如在低纬度地区的海口站,模型的召回率较低;除此之外,所建立的扩展F模型在多数情况下具有较高的预测能力。     

NKG2D配体在视网膜母细胞瘤RB细胞的表达及意义

目的：探讨视网膜母细胞瘤RB细胞株上NKG2D配体的表达情况及其对同种异体NK细胞杀伤活性的影响。方法：采用半定量RT-PCR法检测RB细胞及人红白血病细胞K562细胞上NKG2D配体MICA、MICB、ULBP1、ULBP2、ULBP3的mRNA表达情况。应用MTT法检测人NK细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性。结果：K562细胞表面表达MICA、MICB、ULBP1、ULBP2、ULBP3,RB细胞表面表达MICA、MICB、ULBP2、ULBP3不表达ULBP1。K562细胞表面NKG2D的配体mRNA表达强度明显强于RB细胞（P〈0．05）。当效靶比分别为5：1、10：1、20：1、40：1时NK细胞对K562、RB细胞的杀伤活性分别为28．32％±2．06％、9．11％±0．89％;45．62％±1．17％、22．87％±1．38％;60．79％±1．78％、32．69％±0．37％;73．83％±3．05％、50．29％±2．49％,在各效靶比时NK细胞对K562细胞的杀伤活性较RB细胞明显增强（P〈0．05）。结论：NKG2D配体影响NK细胞对靶细胞的杀伤活性,NKG2D配体表达水平可能决定着NK细胞抗肿瘤免疫应答的强弱,提高NKG2D配体的表达有可能提高NK细胞的抗肿瘤作用。     

基于WOA的FBG形状传感器铺设角度偏差自矫正模型

FBG形状传感器的铺设角度偏差导致曲率和挠率测量误差，进而影响形状传感器的重构精度。针对该问题，文章提出了一种基于鲸鱼优化算法(Whale Optimization Algorithm, WOA)的FBG铺设角度偏差自矫正模型。重构实验验证了所提方法的有效性，不同形状的远端重构误差分别从11.66和22.6 mm降低至5.63和10.47 mm,相对误差分别从2.56%和4.96%降低至1.21%和2.25%,相对误差从2.56%和4.96%降低至0.95%和2.06%。     

914nm共振泵浦高效率主动调QNd:YVO4自拉曼激光器

报道了一种基于914 nm共振泵浦技术的高效主动调Q Nd:YVO4自拉曼激光器。将处于基态低斯塔克能级粒子直接泵浦到激光上能级,可以减小斯托克斯因子损耗、降低量子亏损,从而实现了高效的1 176 nm拉曼光输出。在共振泵浦条件下,对泵浦吸收对转换效率的影响进行了详细的实验研究。使用两块掺杂浓度不同的Nd:YVO4晶体,分别获得了1.51 W （1.0-at.%,20℃）和2.11 W （2.0-at.%,20℃）的平均输出功率,对应的光光转换效率分别为28.5%（1.0-at.%）和35.2%（2.0-at.%）,相对于吸收泵浦光的转换效率分别为42.7%（1.0-at.%）和39.0%（2.0-at.%）。     

基于马尔可夫模型的数据值预取方案

根据程序中Load指令的行为特征构造马尔可夫模型,进而提出预取器的结构方案.SPEC仿真结果表明,与采用二级值预测方案以及基于程序语句相关的预取方案相比,在预测指令的覆盖率上分别提高了9.51%和2.02%,在预测精度上分别提高了12.9%和8.2%,而在IPC上,则分别提高了16.7%和7.4%.     

High-power pulsed GaAs double-drift hybrid-read impatt diodes for X-band

Gallium-arsenide double-drift hybrid-Read Impatt diodes have been developed to deliver high peak and average powers in X-band. A peak power output of 35 W with 20% efficiency has been obtained at 8.3 GHz for 20% duty cycle. Peak power output of 32 W with 20% efficiency has been obtained at 8·6 GHz for a 25% duty cycle. Peak power output of 26 W with 21.5% efficiency has been obtained at 8.6. GHz for 33% duty cycle.     

The influence of solder composition on the impact strength of lead-free solder ball grid array joints

This study aims to investigate the shear and tensile impact strength of solder ball attachments. Tests were conducted on Ni-doped and non-Ni-doped Sn-0.7wt.% Cu, Sn-37wt.% Pb and Sn-3.0wt.% Ag-0.7wt.% Cu solder ball grid arrays (BGAs) placed on Cu substrates, which were as-reflowed and aged, over a wide range of displacement rates from 10 to 4000 mm/s in shear and from 1 to 400 mm/s in tensile tests. Ni additions to the Sn-0.7wt.% Cu solders has slowed the growth of the interface intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and made the IMC layer morphology smooth. As-reflowed Ni-doped Sn-0.7wt.% Cu BGA joints show superior properties at high speed shear and tensile impacts compared to the non-Ni-doped Sn-0.7wt.% Cu and Sn-3.0wt.% Ag-0.7wt.% Cu BGAs. Sn-3.0wt.% Ag-0.7wt.% Cu BGAs exhibit the least resistance in both shear and tensile tests among the four compositions of solders, which may result from the cracks in the IMC layers introduced during the reflow processes.     

Fine-Grain Sleep Transistor Insertion for Leakage Reduction

首先给出一种泄漏电流和延时的简化模型,并且在此基础上提出了一种降低泄漏电流的细粒度休眠晶体管插入法.该方法的核心是利用混合整数线性规划方法同时确定插入细粒度休眠晶体管的位置和尺寸.从实验结果可以发现,由于这种方法更好地利用了电路中的延时余量,所以在电路性能不受影响的情况下可以减小79.75%的泄漏电流;并且在一定范围内放宽电路的延时约束可以更大幅度地降低泄漏电流.与传统的固定放宽延时约束的方法相比较,当延时约束放宽7%时,这种方法可以节约74.79%的面积.