镁合金焊缝液化裂纹敏感性及预测方法探究

以AZ31与AZ91镁合金为母材,AZ61与AZ92镁合金为填充焊丝,利用冷金属过渡焊接(CMT)方法进行横向拘束环行焊缝裂纹实验,探究AZ系列镁合金部分熔化区的液化现象,并结合液化裂纹产生机理提出一种定性判断镁合金液化裂纹敏感性的方法。结果表明,焊接过程中,AZ91镁合金焊缝边缘发生了g (Mg17Al12)相与富Mg a相的共晶反应,产生了液相,形成了部分熔化区;在AZ31镁合金中不存在g (Mg17Al12)相,液化现象不明显,部分熔化区较小。同时,提出了基于二元合金相图的镁合金液化裂纹敏感性判断方法,以判断镁合金母材和焊丝成分对焊缝部分熔化区液化裂纹敏感性的影响规律,即,母材为AZ91时的液化裂纹敏感性比母材为AZ31时更高,焊丝为AZ92时的液化裂纹敏感性较焊丝为AZ61时更低。     

镁/钢激光-MIG熔钎焊接头微观组织分析及性能研究

在钢表面电镀20μm的纯铜,以AZ31B镁合金焊丝作为填充材料,采用激光-MIG熔钎焊连接AZ31B镁合金和Q235钢,研究不同参数下熔钎焊接头宏观形貌、微观组织及力学性能。结果表明:在合适的焊接参数下,激光-MIG熔钎焊能得到较好的焊缝表面成型。焊接速度为6 mm/s时,钢侧界面区有3～5μm的界面反应层,且为双层结构。通过EDS和XRD分析,钢侧反应层主要是Al Fe3、Al2Cu3化合物,靠反应层的焊缝区是α-Mg固溶体和Mg2Cu、Al CuMg化合物,焊缝中部为是α-Mg固溶体和Al12Mg17化合物。在最优焊接工艺下,抗拉强度最高,达到188.97 MPa。     

激光功率对镁合金与镀锌钢激光熔钎焊组织和力学性能影响

以AZ31B镁合金焊丝为填充材料,采用激光熔钎焊连接AZ31B镁合金与Q235镀锌钢,分析不同激光功率对焊缝成型的影响,研究焊接接头不同部位的生成相及其力学性能。结果表明:焊接功率为1800 W时,焊缝成型美观,熔融金属在镀锌钢表面的润湿铺展良好,形成典型的熔钎焊接头,且接头的拉剪力最高。熔钎焊接头富锌区主要由(α-Mg+Mg Zn)相和MgZn_2组成;钢侧界面反应层中生成了Fe-Al相;焊缝区主要由α-Mg和Al_(12)Mg_(17)组成。     

焊接速度对镁合金与镀铜钢CMT熔钎焊接头组织和力学性能的影响

采用AZ31镁合金焊丝为填充材料,对AZ31B镁合金和镀铜钢进行冷金属过渡(CMT)熔钎焊连接,利用光学显微镜、SEM、XRD、万能拉伸试验机分析了不同焊接速度对焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能的影响。实验结果显示:焊接接头主要分为富铜区、焊缝区、钎焊区、热影响区和母材;焊缝区是由α-Mg固溶体、Mg-Al相和Mg-Cu相组成。在焊接速度为300 mm/min时,镁合金在镀铜钢表面润湿铺展较好,所得焊接接头成型美观,焊接接头载荷最大,可达3.99 kN。     

AZ31B镁合金厚板变极性等离子加丝焊接及工艺研究

采用变极性等离子焊接方法对AZ31B镁合金进行焊接,通过观察AZ31B镁合金变极性等簿子焊接现象,探讨了变极性等离子工艺参数(焊接电流、等离子气流量、焊接速度、送丝速度等)对焊缝成形的影响.试验表明,AZ31B镁合金变极性等离子焊接时将产生烟雾,焊缝正反两面都需要氩气保护,镁合金变极性等离子焊接的工艺范围较宽,通过选择适当的工艺参数可以获得理想的焊缝成形.     

镁合金薄板焊接性能研究

采用钨极交流氩弧焊焊接方法制备了0.8 mm厚的AZ31和AZ80镁合金拼焊板,分析了AZ31和AZ80镁合金拼焊板的焊接性能,确定了钨极交流氩弧焊接工艺参数.研究结果表明,AZ31镁合金焊缝处的晶粒为等轴晶,热影响区组织是树枝状晶.AZ31-AZ80拼焊板的焊缝处缺陷主要是气孔和热裂纹.焊缝性能与焊接母材的性能相当.     

温度峰值影响6061铝/AZ31B镁异种材料FSW接头成形的规律

以6061-T6铝合金与AZ31B镁合金为研究对象,基于Abaqus软件进行了异种材料搅拌摩擦焊过程的温度场数值模拟,重点分析搅拌针偏置镁侧下的搅拌区温度峰值影响焊缝表面成形的规律。结果表明,当焊接温度峰值高于Al-Mg共晶温度时,搅拌针根部附近区域会出现较明显的黏着现象,其随着焊接速度的降低而加剧,这与焊接温度峰值的升高相关。随着焊接速度的增加,焊缝表面更易避免裂纹缺陷的产生。当搅拌头的转速为1200r/min且焊接速度为40mm/min时,6061铝/AZ31B镁异种材料焊接接头的表面成形良好。     

电子束焊接热效应对镁合金焊缝显微硬度的影响

研究了真空电子束焊接热效应对AZ91D和AZ31B镁合金焊缝显微硬度的影响机制,实验结果表明,真空电子束焊接热效应对AZ91D、AZ31B镁合金焊缝均有不同程度的强化作用。当焊接热输入较大时,影响AZ91D镁合金焊缝硬度的主要因素为因Mg元素烧损而产生的强化相变化,焊接热输入越大,焊缝中的Mg元素烧损增加,使Al元素含量(质量分数,下同)逐渐增加,从而在焊缝中生成了更多的强化β相,使焊缝硬度得到提高,产生的强化相越多,焊缝硬度相对越大;当焊接热输入较小时,影响AZ31B镁合金焊缝硬度的主要因素为焊后冷却速度,焊接热输入越小,焊后冷却速度越快,焊缝晶粒越细小,焊缝硬度相对越大。     

镁合金激光焊接气孔问题的实验研究

对变形镁合金AZ31B、AZ80A,砂铸镁合金AM60B、AZ91D及压铸镁合金AM50A激光焊接气孔倾向进行研究.研究表明:变形镁合金激光焊气孔倾向很小,在较宽的焊接工艺参数范围内均能得到无气孔的焊缝. 砂铸镁合金AM60B及AZ91D激光焊时气孔对气体保护条件非常敏感,在侧吹气体保护角度及流量选择不合适时气孔率非常高,在优化的气保护条件下可得到气孔率较低的焊缝.而压铸镁合金AM50激光焊缝中气孔问题非常突出,调整工艺参数无法解决气孔问题,焊接过程中的加热及添加填充材料可以在一定程度上减少气孔.     

镁合金AZ31搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织

采用搅拌摩擦焊接法焊接了镁合金AZ31, 研究了焊接参数对焊接接头微观组织和显微硬度的影响. 结果表明 焊接接头成形良好, 焊缝没有气孔、裂纹和夹渣, 焊缝区的显微硬度比母材稍有降低, 但降低幅度不大.     

Research on Prediction Method of Liquation Cracking Susceptibility to Magnesium Alloy WeldsEI北大核心CSCD

Magnesium alloys has a wide application prospect due to their good properties, such as high specific strength and specific stiffness, but the susceptibility of liquation cracking is also pretty high. The liquation in partially melted zone of AZ-series magnesium alloys were investigated with circular-patch welding test. The AZ91, AZ31 base alloys were welded with AZ61 and AZ92 filler wires by using the cold metal transter metal inert-gas (CMT-MIG) welding. The results show that, the liquation occurred along the weld edge of AZ91 with the eutectic reaction occurring between gamma(Mg17Al12) phase and Mg-rich phase. The liquation susceptibility of AZ31 was pretty low as gamma(Mg17Al12) was not present in base metal of AZ31. Meanwhile, a new method for predicting liquation cracking based on binary phase diagram was proposed. When the initial solidification temperature of weld is higher and the solidification temperature range of weld is shorter than those of base metal, the liquation crack susceptibility of weld is mostly higher. When the initial solidification temperature of weld is close to or below that of base metal, and the solidification temperature range of weld is close to or longer than that of base metal, the liquation cracking susceptibility of weld is lower. This method worked well on predicting the effect of composition of base metal and filler wires on liquation cracking, and the predicting results are consistent with the experimental results. That is, the liquation cracking susceptibility is higher with AZ91 base metal used than that with AZ31 base metal. And, the liquation cracking susceptibility is lower with AZ92 filler wire than that with AZ61 filler wire.     

Effect of filler wire on the joint properties of AZ31 magnesium alloys using CO2 laser welding

Laser welding with filler wire of AZ31 magnesium alloys is investigated using a CO2 laser experimental system. The effect of three different filler wires on the joint properties is researched. The results show that the weld appearance can be effectively improved when using laser welding with filler wire. The microhardness and tensile strength of joints are almost the same us those of the base metal when ER AZ31 or ER AZ61 wire is adopted. However, when the filler wire of ER 5356 aluminum alloy is used, the mechanical properties of flints become worse. For ER AZ31 and ER AZ61 filler wires, the microstructure of weld zone slws small dendrite grains. In comparison, for ER 5356 filler wire, the weld shows a structure of snowy dendrites and many intermetallic compounds and eutectic phases distribute in the dendrites. These intermetallic constituents with low melting point increase the tendency of hot crack and result in fiagile joint properties. Therefore, ER AZ31 and ER AZ61 wire are more suitable filler material than ER 5356 for CO2 laser welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys.     

AZ31镁合金CO2激光填丝焊工艺

采用CO2激光焊接试验系统,对AZ31镁合金的激光填丝焊工艺进行了研究.试验中采用AZ31焊丝作为填充金属,对各种焊接工艺参数的影响进行了较系统地研究,并获得了较好的工艺参数选择范围.焊后对典型的焊接接头的性能进行了研究,结果表明,在适当的填丝速率下,填丝焊工艺形成的焊缝成形更加美观,克服了不填丝焊接情况下焊缝的严重下塌问题.微观组织分析表明,焊接接头区域主要由细小的枝状晶组成,晶粒明显细化.焊接接头的显微硬度和抗拉强度都接近母材,说明获得的焊缝具有较好的力学性能.表明了CO2激光填丝焊工艺是实现AZ31镁合金焊接的有效方法.     

Dissimilar Ti/Mg alloy butt welding by fibre laser with Mg filler wire – preliminary study

Abstract

A fibre laser was used to join Ti–6Al–4V alloy to AZ31B Mg alloy with the same thickness of 2 mm, and a filler wire was used to avoid weld underfill resulting from Mg vaporisation. The acceptable joints were only obtained when the laser beam was offset from the edge of the weld seam at 0·2 mm to the AZ31B side of the joint. Cross-weld tensile testing found joint strengths of up to 200·3 MPa, which is 85·1% of the AZ31B tensile strength. All the joints were fractured at the Ti/fusion zone interfacial layer. When the laser offset increased from 0·2 to 0·3 mm or laser power reduced to 1·2 kW, the joining mode of the interfacial layer changed from a semimetallurgical joining with high strength to a mechanical joining with poor strength. Moreover, the fracture surface of acceptable joints was characterised by scraggly remaining weld metal, while that of poor joints was almost only characterised by smooth Ti surface.     

Study on ac-PMIG welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy

Abstract

Welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy is carried out using alternating current pulsed metal inert gas (ac-PMIG) welding with 1·6 mm diameter of filler wire. Typical current waveform is used to make sure arc given an accurate energy input into filler wire. The arc characteristics, metal transfer forms, microstructure and mechanical property of ac-PMIG welding of AZ31B magnesium are investigated. The results show that a stable welding procedure and continuous joints can be obtained easily under a wide range of welding parameters. The most important factors for ac-PMIG welding are negative electrode (EN) ratio and pulse rework current, which give an accurate energy input into filler wire. The grain in fusion zone is much finer and more uniform, and grain size does not grow significantly in the heat affected zone compared with base metal. The average ultimate tensile strength of weld beads is 97·2% of base metal.     

AZ31镁合金激光焊件的力学性能和应力腐蚀行为

采用Nd-YAG激光对AZ31 HP镁合金进行激光自熔焊接。显微组织分析表明,使用或不使用填料（焊料）AZ61镁合金得到的激光焊接接头的平均晶粒尺寸大约为12μm,显微硬度和拉伸强度与母材相近。然而,慢应变速率拉伸表明,在ASTM D1384溶液中两种焊接接头的抗应力腐蚀性能比母材略差。可观察到应力腐蚀裂纹在焊缝金属萌生并向热影响区（HAZ）扩展。然而,在以AZ61镁合金为填料（焊料）获得的焊接接头中,观察到裂纹起源及扩展出现在热影响区（HAZ）。在慢应变速率拉伸试验中,由于试样表面暴露在腐蚀环境中,在氢氧化镁/氧化镁层形成局部损伤,从而导致应力腐蚀裂纹的生成。     

AZ31B镁合金及其焊接接头的疲劳断裂机理

对AZ31B镁合金进行疲劳实验,在2×106循环次数下,母材、对接接头、横向十字接头和侧面连接接头的疲劳强度分别为66.72,39.00,24.38和24.40MPa。采用光学显微镜对裂纹扩展特征进行分析,结果表明,AZ31B母材的疲劳裂纹宏观扩展路径平滑,但微观观察发现疲劳裂纹扩展方向曲弯,有些裂纹分成两岔;裂纹尖端扩展均为沿晶扩展。焊接接头裂纹均在焊趾部位起裂,对接接头和横线十字接头的裂纹沿着热影响区扩展;侧面连接接头的裂纹起裂位于焊脚部位。采用扫描电子显微镜对疲劳断裂机理进行分析。疲劳断口由准解理或解理台阶组成,均为脆性断裂,断口中存在二次裂纹,对接接头中存在疲劳条纹,其间距约为5μm。     

铝硅镀层钢激光填丝焊接接头组织和性能

对铝硅镀层热成形钢进行激光填丝焊接试验,研究填充焊丝对焊接接头显微组织、力学性能及拉伸失效机制的影响. 结果表明,在激光自熔焊条件下,焊缝中平均Al元素含量为1.90%(质量分数),显微组织为马氏体和粗大的δ铁素体,焊接接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为1 340 MPa和1.80%,因δ铁素体与马氏体之间存在显著的硬度差(142 HV),拉伸时裂纹源于δ铁素体和马氏体之间的相界面. 在激光填丝焊条件下,焊缝平均Al元素含量降低至0.96%,由于填充焊丝对铝的稀释作用使得焊缝为全马氏体组织,焊接接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别提升至1 510 MPa和4.4%. 因填充焊丝同时对焊缝中的碳也有稀释作用,焊缝中马氏体硬度(491 HV)低于母材中马氏体(523 HV),拉伸时裂纹于马氏体内部萌生并扩展,最终断裂于焊缝.     

AZ31镁合金及其TIG焊接接头断裂机理研究

对AZ31镁合金及其焊接接头进行拉伸、冲击和疲劳试验,分析了镁合金的断裂机理及疲劳裂纹扩展方向.母材拉伸试验结果表明,试样几乎没有缩颈,抗拉强度为236.29 MPa;焊接接头的抗拉强度为185.68 MPa,拉伸断裂从焊接接头焊趾部位启裂,抗拉强度为母材的78%.冲击试验在-80～340 ℃进行,结果表明,在较低温度下AZ31镁合金冲击韧性较小,断口为准解理形貌的脆性断裂;随着温度的增加,断裂形式由准解理+韧窝形貌的混合断裂过渡为韧性断裂;在常温下焊缝中心的冲击韧性比母材的高,但热影响区的冲击韧性较差.AZ31B镁合金母材的疲劳强度为66.72 MPa,对接接头的疲劳强度为39.00 MPa;母材疲劳断口由解理台阶组成,为脆性断裂;焊接接头疲劳断口由解理和准解理台阶组成,为脆性断裂.     

AZ31B/Q235激光诱导电弧填丝焊连接界面分析

利用激光诱导TIG电弧复合热源,通过添加AZ61镁合金焊丝,开展了1.6 mm厚AZ31B镁合金和1.0 mm厚Q235低碳钢板材对接焊研究.分别采用扫描电镜、电子探针、万能拉伸试验机、金相显微镜等仪器进行分析测试.结果表明,采用激光诱导电弧双面填丝焊接工艺,能够获得成形美观、连续的焊缝,焊接接头平均抗拉载荷为3.13 kN.连接界面包括两部分:镁与钢的对接界面为熔化焊接,主要以界面元素扩散为主;远离对接面的接头上下界面为镁合金在钢基体的润湿铺展连接.焊接接头断裂路径表明,连接界面发生的元素扩散是实现镁合金与钢高性能连接的关键.