正交试验优化筛选淀粉接枝丙烯酸的工艺条件

本文以过硫酸钾-亚硫酸钠为引发剂引发木薯淀粉与丙烯酸接枝共聚反应,对影响淀粉与丙烯酸接枝反应的5个因素：反应的温度,反应的时间,引发剂的浓度,单体的浓度,以及中和度进行了研究,选取了各因素的不同水平进行了5因素4水平的正交试验,以接枝率为主要考查对象,接合单体转化率和接枝效率,筛选了淀粉接枝丙烯酸的最佳工艺条件：丙烯酸的浓度1．0mol／L,温度为35℃,反应时间为3h,引发剂的浓度3．0mmol／L,中和度70％。     

木薯淀粉与醋酸乙烯酯的接枝共聚研究

以木薯淀粉为接枝骨架,过硫酸铵为引发剂,醋酸乙烯酯(VAC)为接枝单体,进行接枝共聚。研究了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、反应时间、反应温度对淀粉醋酸乙烯酯接枝共聚反应的影响,并通过正交试验,确定了最佳反应条件。结果表明:当单体浓度为1.1mol/L、引发剂浓度为18.3×10-3mol/L,反应温度60℃、反应时间3~3.5h时,可得到高的单体转化率、接枝效率和接枝率,并用SrectrumOne红外光谱对接枝物的化学结构进行了分析。     

改性淀粉-醋酸乙烯酯的接枝共聚反应研究

提出了以高替代率的淀粉醋酸酯与醋酸乙烯酯接枝共聚制备生物降解淀粉塑料的新工艺 ,研究了不同工艺条件对共聚反应的影响。结果表明当选用过硫酸铵作引发剂、且其浓度为 0 0 1mol/L ,单体浓度为 2 1mol/L ,反应温度 45℃ ,聚合时间1 30min时 ,淀粉醋酸的接枝率与接枝效率较高 ,大大改善了纯淀粉接枝的工艺效率     

Ce4+引发丙烯酸甲酯在玉米淀粉上接枝共聚反应的研究

淀粉与乙烯基单体接枝共聚是淀粉化学改性的重要方法，该聚合物具有合成和天然高分子的优良性能，在生物降解塑料中有很好应用。本文以硝酸铈铵为引发剂，引发丙烯酸甲酯与玉米淀粉的接枝共聚反应，重点研究了引发剂浓度、单体浓度、反应温度、反应时问对接枝共聚反应的影响规律。用红外光谱来测定反应产物的结构，α淀粉酶测定接枝共聚物的生物降解性能。实验结果表明：丙烯酸甲酯的浓度为1．20mol／L，引发剂硝酸铈铵的浓度为3．5mmol／L，最佳反应温度为34℃，反应时间在3．0-3．5h。     

羟乙基纤维素与丙烯酸-2-羟基丙酯的反应规律

以硝酸铈铵/乙二胺四乙酸(CAN/EDTA)为引发剂,研究了羟乙基纤维素(HEC)与丙烯酸-2-羟基丙酯(HPA)的接枝共聚反应,讨论了单体浓度、引发剂浓度、反应温度、反应时间等因素对接枝率的影响,试验结果表明:在引发剂CAN和EDTA为22mmol/L,单体HPA为0.31mol/L,反应温度为40℃,反应时间为4h时,接枝率和接枝效率值最佳,并用红外光谱对接枝共聚物结构进行了鉴定。     

两种不同引发剂在木薯淀粉接枝丙烯酸反应的研究

详细地研究了淀粉接枝丙烯酸反应过程中 ,两种不同的引发剂过硫酸钾 -亚硫酸氢钠和硝酸铈铵在淀粉接枝丙烯酸共聚反应的影响 ,对一些反应条件如引发剂浓度、反应的温度、单体的浓度、单体的中和度、反应的时间等进行了单因素试验 ,以接枝率 ,单体转化率 ,接枝效率为主要考查目标 ,从而得出试验的最佳条件。在过硫酸钾-亚硫酸氢钠的引发下 ,最佳的反应条件是 :反应温度 35℃ ,引发剂的浓度是 2 .8m mol/· L- 1 ,丙烯酸的浓度是1.1mol· L- 1 ,反应时间 3h,中和度为 80 %     

粘胶纤维接枝共聚研究

用高锰酸钾为引发剂 ,将粘胶纤维与丙烯酸接枝共聚 ,研究了接枝共聚反应工艺条件对接枝率的影响。结果表明 :高锰酸钾浓度 ,预处理温度、时间 ,硫酸浓度 ,丙烯酸浓度 ,反应温度、时间均与接枝率有关 ,反应中选择高锰酸钾浓度 0 .0 7mol/ L ,预处理温度 5 0℃、时间 2 0 min,硫酸浓度 0 .0 8mol/ L ,丙烯酸浓度 1.2 m ol/ L ,反应温度 90℃ ,粘胶纤维接枝率可高达 72 %。     

超细纤维素与丙烯酸接枝共聚反应规律的研究

用过硫酸盐氧化法使超细纤维素与丙烯酸接枝共聚。当反应温度 88℃ ,反应时间 5h ,单体用量 3 .75mol/L ,引发剂浓度 3 .5mmol/L ,接枝率可达 70 %以上。文章同时对其接枝反应的机理进行了探讨。     

正交试验优选机械活化玉米淀粉-丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸三元接枝共聚的工艺条件

以机械活化预处理后的玉米淀粉为主要原料,丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)为单体,采用反相乳液法合成了机械活化淀粉三元接枝共聚物;对机械括化玉米淀粉与AM/AA在反相乳液中接枝共聚反应的5个影响因素:单体配比、反应温度、中和度、引发剂浓度、油水体积比进行理论研究.以接枝率为考察对象,得到最佳反应条件为AM/AA质量比0.67、反应温度55℃、中和度85%、引发剂浓度7.30mmol/L、油水体积比1.2:1,在此实验条件下,单体转化率97.50%,接枝率58.95%,和接枝效率69.57%.对比坂淀粉在类似的条件下,单体转化率为90.70%,接枝率和接枝效率分别为53.55%和64.84%.机械活化显著的提高了玉米淀粉在反相乳液中的接枝共聚反应活性.     

木薯淀粉/VAc-MA接枝共聚物的合成研究

通过正交试验设计,研究醋酸乙烯酯和丙烯酸甲酯两种单体接枝改性木薯淀粉的影响因素。利用SAS统计分析得出适宜的工艺条件:引发剂浓度16mmol.L-1,总单体浓度1.45mol.L-1,两单体配比(VAc/MA)为30/70,反应温度65℃,反应时间5h。采用红外光谱对该接枝共聚物结构进行了分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。