Levels of eight trace elements in edible mushrooms from a rural area

Eight trace elements were determined using ICP–MS in 78 fruiting body samples of 22 edible mushroom species. The mushrooms were collected from four sites in a rural area, unpolluted by human activity. Median values (dry matter) were as follows: Arsenic (As) 1.45?mg?kg^–1, barium (Ba) 1.41?mg?kg^–1, cobalt (Co) 0.28?mg?kg^–1, copper (Cu) 47.0?mg?kg^–1, rubidium (Rb) 130?mg?kg^–1, silver (Ag) 2.95?mg?kg^–1, thallium (Tl) 0.02?mg?kg^–1 and vanadium (V) 0.25?mg?kg^–1. Higher trace element accumulation was observed in samples of Macrolepiota procera, Macrolepiota rhacodes, Lycoperdon perlatum, Lycoperdon gigantea and Xerocomus chrysenteron for As and Cu, and in samples of Cantharellus cibarius and of genera Boletus and Suillus for Rb.     

Cadmium,lead and some other trace elements in Larch Bolete mushrooms (Suillus grevillei) (Klotzsch) Sing., collected from the same site over two years

The aim of this study was to examine the status of some trace metals accumulated in the flesh of Suillus grevillei mushrooms collected from the same site over two successive years. Total Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn contents of fruiting bodies were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) with ultrasonic cross-flow nebuliser. A difference (p < 0.05) was found in the contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Ni, Pb, Rb and Sr in caps and Fe, Na, P and Rb (p < 0.05) in stipes (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb were not determined in stipes). Natural fluctuations in trace elements’ content of Suillus grevillei collected from the same site over time is a variable that needs to be considered when assessing minerals’ nutritional status of mushrooms.     

Contents of cadmium,mercury and lead in edible mushrooms growing in a historical silver-mining area

Three harmful metals were determined using AAS techniques in 285 samples of fruiting bodies of 15 wild-growing edible mushroom species. The mushrooms were collected from a forest on the fringe of a historical area of silver mining. The metals were also determined in a topsoil organic layer sampled from nine sites within the observed area. As compared to background levels from unpolluted sites from several European countries, cadmium contents were considerably elevated in nearly all the tested species; lead contents were increased in most of the species, while mercury contents were elevated only in certain species. Thus, many species from the observed area may contribute considerably to the body burden of the metals. Agaricus silvaticus accumulated cadmium extremely and Lepista nuda accumulated mercury. There were no obvious simple positive relationships between the contents of the observed metals in fruiting bodies and the contents of total metals in the soil organic layer.     

Trace element contents in European species of wild growing edible mushrooms: A review for the period 2000–2009

The review follows a previous report (Kala? & Svoboda, 2000), focused on cadmium, mercury and lead. Numerous papers on the topic, published during the last decade, rendered a lot of new information on 15 reviewed metals and metalloids and limited information on a further 14 elements and lanthanides. Usual reported contents for most of species grown in unpolluted sites are 20–150 (Al), 0.5–5 (As), 2–4 (Ba), 1–5 (Cd), <0.5 (Co), 0.5–5 (Cr), 20–100 (Cu), 50–300 (Fe), <0.5–5 (Hg), 10–60 (Mn), traces-15 (Ni), <5 (Pb), <2 (Se), <0.1 (Sb) and 25–200 (Zn) mg kg⁻¹ dry matter. These values can be considerably, even by order of magnitude, increased in mushrooms picked in polluted areas. Moreover, some species have accumulating and even hyperaccumulating ability for various elements. The possibility to evaluate toxicological risk or nutritional asset has been thus limited.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from edible mushrooms in LPS activated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Nowadays there is a great interest in the use of edible mushrooms as functional food since they are rich in bioactive compounds. Although their immunomostimulant activity has been largely demonstrated, their potential anti-inflammatory activity has been scarcely explored. We have investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from different edible mushrooms species: Agaricus bisporus, Boletus edulis, Cantherellus cibarius, Cratarellus cornucopioides, Lactarius deliciosus and Pleurotus ostreatus, in activated macrophages. The species that exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activities were A. bisporus, C. cibarius and L. deliciosus, inducing inhibition of NO production and iNOS, IL-1β and IL6 mRNAs expression in response to LPS stimulation. C. cornucopioides only induced inhibition of NO production and iNOS expression, and the other species did not present anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, some edible mushrooms species have a potential anti-inflammatory capacity in vitro, suggesting that they could be regarded as a potential source of natural anti-inflammatory agents.     

食用菌富集微量元素的研究进展

微量元素是一类人体所必需的营养素,在自然界中多数以无机态形式存在,且分布不平衡,不易被人体吸收利用。近年来许多研究显示,食用菌对微量元素锌、硒、碘、铁等都具有富集和将无机态微量元素转化成有机态的功能。本文对食用菌富集微量元素的机理进行了归纳总结,概述了灵芝、香菇和金针菇等各类食用菌对微量元素的富集作用的研究进展。      

A rapid HPLC post-column reaction analysis for the quantification of ergothioneine in edible mushrooms and in animals fed a diet supplemented with extracts from the processing waste of cultivated mushrooms

For establishing an efficient and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of 2-thiol-l-histidine-betaine (ergothioneine, ERG) in edible mushrooms and the blood and muscles of animals, a technique using reversed-phase separation and post-column reaction between 2′-dipyridyl disulphide and ERG was developed. A corresponding derivative 2-thiopyridone, detected at 343 nm, was used for estimating ERG concentration. The flow rate, temperature, pH, and composition of the solution were optimised. A low limit of quantification (1.41 ppm) and a simpler sample preparation made this technique more rapid compared to other methods using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The coefficient of variation (CV) values for the reproducibility and recovery of ERG were within the acceptable values of 6% and 97.5–100.0%, respectively. The efficiency of this methodology was compared with that of spectrophotometric and mass-spectrometric quantitative methods, and was assessed in the light of previous studies. The ERG contents in different mushrooms were 12.69–234.85 mg/kg wet weight basis. Dietary supplementation with extracts from mushroom processing waste significantly improved ERG bioavailability in the blood of yellowtail fish and muscle tissue of cattle.     

Accumulation of trace elements in cattle from rural and industrial areas in Belgium

Trace element concentrations were determined in meat, kidney and liver tissue of cattle, which had resided more than 18 months in areas historically contaminated by emissions from the non-ferrous metal industry or in regions with normal background metal contamination levels in Belgium. Trace element levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Lead, arsenic and cadmium concentrations in meat were low for all cattle. Concentrations in kidneys were, respectively, 1.8-, 2.2- and 2.5-fold higher in cattle from the contaminated areas compared to animals from reference areas. The European maximum level for cadmium in kidney was exceeded by 75% of the kidneys from contaminated areas and 47% of the kidneys from reference areas. Lead, arsenic and cadmium concentrations in bovine livers from contaminated areas were increased by a factor of 2.3. Zinc levels in livers and kidneys were within normal ranges, but 20% higher in the contaminated areas compared to reference areas. Copper levels in livers were high in all areas. Dairy cattle accumulated significantly higher levels of cadmium in kidneys and of lead in liver and kidneys than did beef cattle.     

Macro and trace elements in edible tissues of Carcinus maenas and Necora puber

BACKGROUND: Macro and trace elements have significant impacts on human health. Yet, information of elemental content in seafood is still scarce. Green crab Carcinus maenas and velvet crab Necora puber are mainly caught off English, Scottish and French coastal waters and live transported to Southern Europe, where they are consumed. During transportation, mortalities can reach 50% and dead animals are regularly commercialized for human consumption. The present study characterises the elemental composition of both species. RESULTS: C. maenas exhibited higher K, Fe and Br contents than N. puber, and lower Mn, Cu, As, Hg and Pb levels. Hepatopancreas was the most distinct tissue, with higher Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Br, Sr, Cd and Pb levels compared to muscle and gonads. Differences between live and dead crabs were species and tissue dependent, though live C. maenas had higher Fe content and lower Mg and Se levels, whereas live N. puber exhibited higher As content and lower Na, Mg, Cl, Br, Sr and Cd values. CONCLUSION: Both species were considered as safe food items since toxic elements were always below the maximum level or action level. In addition, they are good sources of Na, Cl, Ca, Cu, Zn and Se. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Elements in rice from the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium,lead and arsenic (total and inorganic)

A survey of the levels of cadmium, lead and arsenic in different types of rice available on the Swedish retail market was carried out in 2001–03. The types of rice included long and short grain, brown, white, and parboiled white rice. The mean levels found were as follows: total As: 0.20 mg kg^?1, inorganic As: 0.11 mg kg^?1; Cd: 0.024 mg kg^?1; and Pb: 0.004 mg kg^?1. ICP-MS was used for the determination of As (total and inorganic) after acid digestion. Lead and cadmium were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after dry ashing. In countries where rice is a staple food, it may represent a significant contribution in relation to the provisional tolerable weekly intake for Cd and inorganic As.     

Elements in rice from the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium, lead and arsenic (total and inorganic)

A survey of the levels of cadmium, lead and arsenic in different types of rice available on the Swedish retail market was carried out in 2001-03. The types of rice included long and short grain, brown, white, and parboiled white rice. The mean levels found were as follows: total As: 0.20 mg kg^-1, inorganic As: 0.11 mg kg^-1; Cd: 0.024 mg kg^-1; and Pb: 0.004 mg kg^-1. ICP-MS was used for the determination of As (total and inorganic) after acid digestion. Lead and cadmium were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) after dry ashing. In countries where rice is a staple food, it may represent a significant contribution in relation to the provisional tolerable weekly intake for Cd and inorganic As.     

马蹄香中8种微量元素的初级形态分析

采用原子吸收光谱法测定了湿法消解法处理的野生马蹄香及其水提液等中的K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu、Cd和Pb 8种微量元素。结果表明,野生马蹄香中含有丰富的微量元素,原药中8种微量元素的含量顺序为K>Ca>Fe>Mg>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd,水煎液和残渣中各元素含量均低于原药中含量,一次水煎液中各元素的含量远高于二次水煎液,除Fe外,水煎液及可溶态中各元素含量顺序与原药相同,而固体残渣和悬浮态中各元素含量与原药相同;Mg、K、Cu、Cd和Zn元素易被水提取,而Fe较难提取。方法测定回收率在94.39%～113.10%之间,准确可靠。     

Determination of 20 trace elements in fish and other seafood from the French market

The levels of 20 essential or toxic trace elements in 159 fish, other seafood and seafood products on the French coastal market collected between January and April 2005 were measured by ICP-MS. The concentration ranges (mg/kg of fresh mass) for the elements determined were compared with previous studies. The contents of Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Se, Zn and Pb found in fish are close to or often lower than previous studies. For other seafood, comparison is difficult due to the lack of data on a more global scale. However, it should be noted that the contents of Ag were found considerably higher in this study.     

ICP-MS法测定食用明胶中重金属元素

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定食用明胶中Cr、Mn、Ni、As、Cd、Sb、Hg、Pb等8种重金属元素的分析方法。通过优化仪器的工作参数、选择适宜待测元素的同位素以及选用干扰元素校正方程可以克服质谱干扰,以Sc、Rh、Bi为内标元素,样品的基体效应和仪器漂移得到了很好地校正。结果表明,8种重金属元素的检出限在0.002～0.091μg/L之间,RSD<2.11%,回收率在91.5%～109.0%之间,方法与其他分析对照,结果一致。     

Survey of 13 trace elements of toxic and nutritional significance in rice from Brazil and exposure assessment

Twenty-seven rice samples from Brazil, four parboiled brown, seventeen white and six parboiled white were analysed by ICP-MS for trace element determination. Concentrations of arsenic varied from 58.8 to 216.9?ng?g^?1, for cadmium from 6.0 to 20.2?ng?g^?1, for antimony from 0.12 to 1.28?ng?g^?1, and for uranium from 0.025 to 1.28?ng?g^?1. The estimated daily intake through rice consumption was 9.5?µg for As, 2.4?µg for Cd, 0.029?µg for Sb, 0.013?µg for U, 3.1?µg for Co, 0.2?µg for Cu, 85.6?mg for Mg, 1.9?mg for Mn, 333?mg for P, 3.0?µg for Se, 1.6?mg for Zn, 0.9?mg for Rb, and 0.3?µg for V. Found values represent a considerable percentage of the dietary reference intakes and provisional tolerable daily intake for essential and toxic elements, respectively.     

Distribution of some essential trace elements in commercial flour-mill streams

The iron, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, nickel, selenium, protein and ash contents of two different bread grists and flour samples from the first to fourth break and A to J reduction systems of a commercial flour mill were determined. Iron, zinc, manganese and selenium levels followed the trend of ash and protein with the lowest from the A, B and C rolls and highest from either the fourth break or J roll. Copper and chromium levels were relatively homogeneous among the grist and mill streams while for nickel there was only a slight increase through the break and reduction systems.     

微波消解-ICP-MS测定富硒大米中5种微量元素和5种重金属元素

建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定富硒大米中5种微量元素和5种重金属元素的方法 ,研究市售富硒大米中10种元素的含量。分别对硝酸用量、过氧化氢用量、微波消解程序进行优化,得出优化前处理方法,并用质控样品进行验证。结果表明:优化的前处理条件为:7 mL硝酸,20℃升温5 min、恒温5 min,160℃升温5 min、恒温5 min,180℃升温5 min、恒温15min。该方法简单快速、试剂用量少,准确性好,适用于富硒大米中多元素的同时测定;用该方法测定市场上随机购买的富硒大米,硒元素含量参差不齐,与其他4种微量元素(Zn、Fe、Co、Mo)没有明显的正相关或负相关关系,5种重金属(Pb、As、Hg、Cd、Cr)均在限量范围内。     

不同地区野山茶中微量元素的浸出率研究

用干法和沸水分别制备红河州4个县市的野山茶样品,并通过火焰原子吸收法测定其中的Mn、Cd、Cr、Cu等微量元素,RSD值为0.07%～1.69%,回收率在98.7%～116.4%之间。从实验结果计算获得测定的微量元素的浸出率,并对比两种不同浸泡方式的浸出率,浸出率在0～37.44%之间变化;除未检测出的元素外,Fe的浸出率是最低的,通过分析得出在野山茶以及茶水中含有对人体有益的Mn、Zn等微量元素。茶水中不含有Pb、Cd等有害元素,是一种安全的天然饮品。     

Quantification of four arsenic species in fruit juices by ion-chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry

A method using ion chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (IC–ICP–MS) for the quantification of arsenic species in fruit juices has been developed and validated. The method is capable of quantifying four anionic arsenic species – arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) – in the presence of unretained species such as arsenobetaine (AsB). Method validation was based on repeatability, analysis of reference materials, recovery of fortified samples, and determination of detection and quantification limits. The method was tested for use with apple, pear, cranberry, grape (red, white and purple) juices, as well as several juice blends. Limits of detection were 0.35, 0.41, 0.45 and 0.70?µg?kg^?1 for As(III), DMA, MMA and As(V), respectively. Chromatographic recovery was good for most samples (90–107% compared to total arsenic), though recovery for some grape juice samples was lower (67–78%).     

Predicted intake of trace elements and minerals via household drinking water by 6-year-old children from Krakow,Poland. Part 5: Zinc

Zinc (Zn) exposure in pre-school children via household drinking water collected by a double sampling method (morning, evening) was evaluated in a sample of the Polish population. Zn concentration was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Rural and suburban Krakow sites were non-distinguishable in respect of Zn concentrations. However, significantly lower Zn was found in urban as compared with non-urban sites [geometric mean (95% confidence interval) 0.14 (0.01–1.95) mg l^?1 versus 0.52 (0.03–10.2) mg l^?1, p < 0.001.] Zn levels in water standing overnight in pipelines were higher in all sites by 0.36 mg l^?1 on average, but observed really contaminations were higher. The Zn limit based on the taste and colour of drinking water (3 mg l^?1) was exceeded in 1% and 10% of households from urban and non-urban sites, respectively. The Zn intake predictions for evening water samples for 6-year-old children averaged between 2% and 9% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA, 10 mg day^?1) for urban and non-urban sites, respectively. Mean Zn intake prediction for the exceedance fraction was 64% of RDA. In conclusion, overnight contamination of drinking water from in-house pipelines was significant and common to all sites investigated. Secondly, drinking water can be considered a significant contributor to dietary Zn intake by children in non-urban sites and may shift the population borderline of deficiency.