天一阁藏书楼南北园的石景艺术探析

天一阁藏书楼筑造于明朝中期,历经清代、民国,逐步形成现在南北园的园林格局。本文从选石、筑山、叠石、理水、点石五个方面,对天一阁南北园石景的建造手法进行了分析,以探究造园的独特匠心。天一阁南北园的石景艺术与地方自然环境和文化特质高度结合,在造型意境、色彩取舍、环境营造、人文底蕴上存在独特内涵,既体现了道法自然和小中见大的传统,又围绕藏书功能,体现了"形式服从功能"的思想,是艺术与实用的高度统一。     

谈中西方古典园林设计的差异

园林是一种空间艺术,是自然美与古典美高度的统一。从园林的建筑风格看,古典园林有西方古典园林和中国古典园林两大系统,规整园林和风景园林两种基本形式。人们习惯于将以中国为代表的自然式园林称为东方古典园林,将以法国为代表的规则式园林称为西方古典园林。中国园林建筑与西方园林建筑相比,由于各自所处的自然环境、社会形态、文化氛围、审美追求等方面的差异,造园中使用不同的建筑材料和布局形式,表达各自不同的观念情调和审美意识,     

天津园林的特色

由于各个城市的历史条件、自然条件、地理资源、经济状况、传统习惯各有不同,因此每个城市都有独特的环境与风貌。城市自然环境与人工环境巧妙的结合,浑然一体,可以形成城市的特色。园林绿化是市政建设中使自然与人工相结合的主要手段,园林的特色在一定程度上反映了城市的风貌。     

中国园林掇山艺术

中国的园林是现存世界上最独特而优秀的园林体系之一,置石掇山在中国古代园林中的重要地位和作用。造园并非简单地利用或模仿自然界的原始状态,而是经过概括、提炼,在有限的空间中,表现"自然的人化"。置石掇山设计"有真为假"地在创作上以自然山水为原型,在自然的基础上,表现出"作假成真"的艺术效果。     

中国园林掇山艺术

中国的园林是现存世界上最独特而优秀的园林体系之一,置石掇山在中国古代园林中的重要地位和作用。造园并非简单地利用或模仿自然界的原始状态,而是经过概括、提炼,在有限的空间中,表现"自然的人化"。置石掇山设计"有真为假"地在创作上以自然山水为原型,在自然的基础上,表现出"作假成真"的艺术效果。     

四川传统园林叠山置石艺术探析

四川地区在其独特的地形地貌、气候特征、历史文化及风俗习惯等影响下,产生了具有古朴自然、古雅清旷等气质特点的川派园林风格。通过对四川地区重要传统园林中叠山置石作品的调研,分析其叠山置石艺术手法,进而从叠山置石技法、山石审美艺术及山石造景特征等方面探讨四川传统园林山石艺术的精华。     

中国古典园林建筑中的“山水画”再现并与西方古典园林建筑的对比

中国古典园林的主人和设计者大多是文人和画家,他们对美的审视和情趣直接对园林意境的创造造成影响,园林借鉴于山水画的刨作方法,以园入画,因画成景。中国古典园林处处充斥着对中国山水画的再现表现,形成了源远流长、独树一帜的艺术风格。然而中西方园林空间构成的差异一直处于人文理念与自然的角逐中,反映出了各自人文观的差异。     

论现代园林景观中“石”的艺术

自古以来,石都是园林景观中的重要组成部分,无论是天然形成或是人工雕琢,其形其态其色都默默的散发着一种大自然之美。在中西方园林景观设计中,对于石的应用随处可见,中国传统园林崇尚自然,其构图以山水为主,古人云"园林之胜,唯是山与水二物",可见石作为山的缩影在中国古代园林中的地位;而西方园林的造园艺术形式却完全排斥自然,寻求一种对称性的几何原理,石头艺术大多以雕塑的形式存在于其中。但二者都有一个共同的特性,都以植物、石、水来构筑整个园林景观系统。本次研究主要是探讨如何在现代园林景观中更好的发挥石的艺术,让这自然界中伟大的产物发挥出它最美的艺术特性。     

热带园林的基本概念与研究意义

热带园林是一种基于气候带资源特征的地带适宜性园林形式,也是现代园林景观营造中生态与人文和谐共存的典型文化载体之一.对热带园林基本概念、发展特点及景观特色的学术研究,有利于构建源于自然的"地带园林学"理论体系,开拓中国岭南园林与世界同气候带园林文化交流研究新领域.     

北京西郊“三山五园”文化景观遗产价值剖析

北京西郊"三山五园"作为中国古典园林的典范和皇家园林群的代表,是园林与城市文化的共生体,具备巨大的遗产价值和"自然与人的共同作品"的文化景观特性。通过阐述"三山五园"的景观实体与人文思想的相互作用,包括人文思想指导下的景观建设、景观整体折射出的精神内涵2个方面,展现"三山五园"的文化景观特征;接着将"三山五园"与国内外园林主题的相似遗产地进行对比,阐述其遗产价值的独特性,探讨其可能符合的世界遗产标准及其真实性与完整性,在探索"三山五园"文化景观遗产潜力的同时,对该地区的保护和管理进行思考。     

Evaluations of Design Gardens by Students of Landscape Architecture and Non-design Students: A Comparative Study

In our study we explore similarities and differences in the evaluations of 12 design gardens by students of landscape architecture and psychology students. The participants in our study visited the gardens and judged them on location. We used a questionnaire to assess similarities and differences in the evaluations of gardens by the two groups. We also provided the participants with the opportunity to describe their experience of the gardens in their own words, using their own evaluative criteria. We found significant differences between the two groups on the evaluation of four gardens. The analysis of the physical properties of the four gardens gives some clues as to what may have caused the differences, as they were ‘minimalist’, ‘art-like’, ‘experimental’, and ‘traditional’ gardens. In contrast, in spite of the large variation in the design of the gardens, no differences in evaluation were found on eight out of 12 gardens. The results of our study suggest that a high level of appreciation may be expected from the public for unusual formal designs of gardens while alerting the experts to the physical and formal properties of gardens most likely to raise conflict.     

Greening the post crisis. Collectivity in private and public community gardens in València (Spain)

Unlike other Western European countries, community gardens have appeared very recently in Spain, and they have rapidly increased during the last decade. Community gardens have adopted different forms –rental, municipal and associative– with contrasted managerial practices. This paper analyzes collectivity of community gardens in València (Spain), including private initiatives, through semi-structured interviews conducted in different gardens of the València Metropolitan Area. Results show how the financial crisis has acted as a catalyst for urban greening latent demands, causing the expansion of community gardens. Despite the different structure, practices and rules of private and public gardens, all of them share aims and actions related to urban greening, food sovereignty, organic farming and community building, and show similar benefits to those observed in other countries. Moreover, the rental gardens allow farmers to expand their services and to engage directly with consumers.     

Trends in human development and environmental protection

Even if the will to follow a sustainable lifestyle in the Western countries is increasing, many developing countries are experiencing their phase of economic growth, threatening and overexploiting their environment. This study compares the Living Planet Index and the Human Development Index, and suggests that societies follow common patterns of development, from the indigenous lifestyle to undeveloped society, through a developing stage, towards a developed state. According to these common steps each society exploits local, regional and sometimes global natural resources to nourish its economic growth. If developing countries will not undertake strategies to skip the ‘intermediate’ stage of overexploitation of natural resources during their growing phase, Earth systems may not be able to keep alive the global biodiversity, and provide ecosystem services that sustain humanity.     

Rooted in the home garden and in the nation's landscape: Women and the emerging Hebrew garden in Palestine

In the early 20th century, the Hebrew women in Palestine found the fulfillment of their economic, social, and emotional needs in gardening. Their gardens were women's means of shaping their surroundings, mainly in the family sphere but also in the community sphere (school and kindergarten gardens, kibbutz gardens). The project was an outcome of the shared interests of pioneer women, city dwellers, and Jewish women's organizations, which differed in their social status and life goals, yet shared a common fertile ground. Through the investigation of primary and secondary sources that deal with women, gardens and the history of the Zionist settlement in Palestine, this paper argues that planting gardens was the Hebrew women's modest way of creating a ‘space of their own’, where they nurtured and fostered beauty, productivity, self-esteem, mutual help and friendship, while overcoming class distinction. Meanwhile, in planting gardens, women gained a share in the Zionist nation-building project, which was primarily male dominated.     

从“天时、地利、人和”看古代洛阳私家园林兴盛

从历史、文化、自然环境的角度,探讨洛阳古代私家园林从源起到兴盛的主要原因:顺应优越的地理自然环境,依托其深厚的历史文化背景,仰仗其富裕的经济条件,是洛阳私家园林类型丰富、地位重要、有自己独特风格的重要因素.2 000年的帝都陪京之位;四面环山,地形起伏,“不是江南胜似江南”的水环境;造园主的政治、经济、社会地位都使得洛阳私家园林的营造具备了“天时、地利、人和”的良好条件.     

中国风景名胜区的特色

"天人合一"哲理感召,名胜者,在风景资源集中之所,以正名之胜地。中国凡风景必有名胜之理。而中国园林源远流长,以独特、优秀的园林光耀自立于世界民族之林,其具有5个特色,即:遵循"天人合一"的宇宙观和文化总纲;科学的艺术;山水清音,景面文心;巧于因借,精在体宜。     

A renewed approach to conservation policy of historical gardens in Iran

In Iran, due to political and economic challenges, historical gardens are not celebrated as an important part of the country’s heritage. The issue of garden conservation is widely neglected, and up to now, there has been no record of its own history. This paper retrospectively re-examines the changes in the perception of cultural heritage through the lens of historical gardens in twentieth-century Iran. The data have been collected from unexamined and much-overlooked primary resources such as memos and letters that are rarely interpreted in the context of garden history. Through a critical review of the stories of the historical gardens in each political era in chronological order, this paper offers new insights and understandings of garden treatment in Iran, to better inform policy-makers regarding their conservation in contemporary times.     

论中法古典园林造园艺术特点的比较

世界各国都有各自的园林,各种不同的园林在其长期的发展过程中,逐步形成了各自的特色。其中东方古典园林以中国为代表的自然山水园,而西方古典园林以法国为代表的规则式园林,形成了鲜明的特色。本文试从造园艺术的角度来分析中法古典园林在审美的价值观、造因的艺术风格、园林建筑等方面的不同,通过对中法古典园林造园艺术特点的研究,揭示东西方园林在审美情趣和文化上的差异,为我国园林建设的今后发展提供一些思路。     

从苏州园林与徽州园林看江南建筑文化之传承与互动

园林遗产是建筑文化的重要载体。该文通过对苏州和徽州两地古典园林的横向考察,结合相关文献史料分析,从艺术源流、经济地位、城乡差异、人员流动等方面,初步探讨了明清时期江南地域文化中苏州和徽州两个亚文化圈之间建筑文化的传承途径与互动关系。它们遵循共同的艺术原则,适应各自的建筑环境,其文化传承的总趋势是从高势位的都市流向乡村,却不乏双向互动影响,各显所长,从而创造了各自的艺术特色。     

中日古典园林哲学比较

中日两国古典园林的哲学基础都是儒、道、佛三家，但三家在中日两国园林中表现强弱有差异。中国突出儒家思想，以至于园林显出入世治世和诗情画意的文人气质；日本突出佛家思想，显出弃世厌世和枯禅清淡的僧徒气质。但是，两国园林都崇尚道家的自然山水观。