Comparison between the Methods of Determining the Critical Stress for Initiation of Dynamic Recrystallization in 316 Stainless Steel

Several methods have been proposed to calculate the critical stress for initiation of dynamic recrystallization （σc） on the basis of mathematical methods. One＇ of them is proposed by Stewart et al. in which this critical point appears as a distinct minimum in the （-dθ/dσ vs σ） through differentiating from θ vs σ. Another one is presented by Najafizadeh and Jonas by modifying the Poliak and Jonas method. According to this method, the strain hardening rate was plotted against flow stress, and the value of σc was attained numerically from the coefficients of the third-order equation that was the best fit from the experimental θ-σ data. Hot compression tests were used in the range of 1000 to 1100℃ with strain rates of 0.01^-1 s^-1 and strain of I on 316 stainless steel. The result shows that Najafizadeh and Jonas method is simpler than the previous one, and has a good agreement with microstructures. Furthermore, the value of normalized critical stress for this steel was obtained uc=σc/σp=0.92.     

Nb-Ti微合金高强钢动态再结晶动力学及临界条件

在Gleeble-3500 热模拟试验机上对Nb-Ti微合金高强钢进行了热模拟压缩试验,研究了其在变形温度为900~1 100 ℃、应变速率为0. 01~5 s-1 、最大变形量为70%条件下的动态再结晶行为。对流变曲线的分析及微观组织观察结果表明,低温高应变速率下流变曲线未显现出典型动态再结晶特征,但此条件下已发生动态再结晶。使用双曲正弦形Arrhenius关系计算的Nb-Ti微合金钢变形激活能为404 kJ/mol。利用加工硬化原理和Cingara-McQueen模型确定了动态再结晶初始临界应力和应变,分析了由Cingara-McQueen模型计算临界应力值偏高的原因,建立了临界应力、应变和Z参数之间的定量关系,得到了动态再结晶临界应力和应变方程:σ_c=0.335Z0.144,εc=0.005 9Z0.079。通过对θ-ε曲线进行分析,建立了最大软化速率处应变(εm)和变形条件的关系。在此基础上使用Avrami型动态再结晶动力学模型计算了不同变形条件下的再结晶体积分数,结果表明此模型可准确预测Nb-Ti微合金高强钢动力学。     

B4CP/2009Al复合材料动态再结晶临界条件

目的 研究B4CP/2009Al复合材料的热变形流变行为,确定B4CP/2009Al复合材料发生动态再结晶的临界条件。方法 采用Gleeble-1500热模拟机对体积分数为25%的B4CP/2009Al复合材料进行热压缩试验,热压缩温度为300~500 ℃,应变速率为0.001~1 s?1,并建立热变形本构方程。基于加工硬化率曲线(θ-σ),获得动态再结晶临界条件。结果 B4CP/2009Al复合材料的流变应力随温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低。临界应力(σc)与峰值应力(σp)存在线性关系：σc=0.2992σp+22.4698,引入Zener-Hollomon参数描述变形条件对临界条件的影响,得到临界应变与Z参数的关系：εc=1.35×10?3Z0.047 39。结论 B4CP/2009Al复合材料的流变应力曲线以动态再结晶软化机制为主要特征,B4C增强颗粒的加入促进了复合材料的动态再结晶。     

一定条件下Al-Mg-Si-Ti合金动态再结晶的临界应变研究

在变形温度为350~510℃、应变速率为0.001~10s-1条件下,在Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机上对AlMg-Si-Ti合金进行等温热压缩实验,以实验所得数据为基础,结合变形微观组织,确定了Al-Mg-Si-Ti合金热变形时发生动态再结晶的条件,建立了Al-Mg-Si-Ti合金动态再结晶峰值应变模型。采用加工硬化率的方法,利用lnθ-ε曲线的拐点特征和-(lnθ)/ε-ε曲线的极小值判据对再结晶峰值应变与临界应变关系进行了研究。结果表明:AlMg-Si-Ti合金热变形时在变形温度430~510℃、应变速率0.001~0.1s-1发生动态再结晶。Al-Mg-Si-Ti合金发生动态再结晶时的临界应变随应变速率的增大而增加,随变形温度的升高而降低。临界应变与峰值应变满足关系:εc=0.88εp。     

重结晶法提纯生产基准碳酸钠

本文介绍了以工业碳酸钠为原料，用重结晶法提纯、生产基准碳酸钠的工艺和原理。     

Inconel 625合金高速热变形动态再结晶的临界条件

通过等温热压缩试验获得Inconel625合金在变形温度为1000～1200℃,应变速率为1～80S^-1条件下的真应力-应变曲线,利用加工硬化率,结合lnθ-ε曲线上的拐点判据及-δ（1nθ）／δε-ε曲线上的最小值,来研究Inconel625合金动态再结晶的临界条件。结果表明,在该实验条件下,Inconel625合金的lnθε曲线均出现拐点特征,对应的-δ（lnθ）／δε-ε曲线出现最小值,该最小值处对应的应变即为临界应变;临界应变随应变速率的增大和变形温度的降低而增加,并且临界应变和峰值应变之间有一定的关系,即εc=0．69εp;动态再结晶时临界应变的预测模型可以表示为εc=4．41×10^-4Z^0.14261。     

Modeling Recrystallization of Austenite for C—Mn Steels during Hot Deformation by Cellular Automaton

By using a cellular automaton method,microstructure evolution of recrystallization in austenite during hot deformation was simulated for C-Mn steels.A model takes into account the influence of deformation temperature,strain,and strain rate on the dynamic recrystallization fraction,and the effect of the keeping time on the static recrystallization fraction based on a hot deformation test on a Gleeble-1500 simulator.In addition,the size changing of γgrains during continuous hot deformation was simulated by applying the model.     

Dynamic Recrystallization and Precipitation Behavior of Mn-Cu-V Weathering Steel

The hot deformation behavior of a Mn-Cu-V weathering steel was investigated at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1050℃ and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 5 s-1 using MMS-300 thermal-mechanical simulator. The activation energy for dynamic recrystallization and stress exponent were calculated to be 551 kJ/mol and 7.73, respectively. The accurate values of critical strain were determined by the relationship between work hardening rate and flow stress (θ-σ) curves. The hyperbolic sine constitutive equation was employed to describe the relationship between the peak stress and Zener-Hollomon parameter during hot deformation. The interaction between dynamic recrystallization and dynamic precipitation of V(C,N) at a low strain rate was analyzed. The results showed that precipitation particles size of weathering steel increased with increasing strain at deformation temperature 950℃ and strain rate 0.1 s-1. The calculation results of the recrystallization driving force and pinning force showed that dynamic precipitation could retard the progress of dynamic recrystallization but not prevent it while the pinning forces is less than driving force. On the contrary, dynamic precipitation can effectively prevent the progress of dynamic recrystallization.     

Recrystallization of the ODS superalloy PM-1000

The primary recrystallization of a 1 0 0-fiber textured coarse-grained oxide dispersion strengthened nickel-based superalloy (PM-1000) has been investigated by high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction. The annealing behavior of this alloy is quite complex. Even at high annealing temperatures (e.g. 1200 °C), recrystallization is only partial. The microstructure of this superalloy in the annealed state consists of a blurred subgrain structure, coarse grains with sizes of about 10–20 μm at the pre-existing grain boundaries and a significant fraction of small crystals in the interior of the recovered grains. These small grains are elongated and display anisotropic growth. In the present paper we present a detailed explanation for this peculiar microstructure. Particular focus is placed on the origin of the new grains in the recovered structure in a [1 0 0]-oriented grain.     

铁素体不锈钢焊接接头的再结晶现象

考察了新型铁素体不锈钢焊接接头中的再结晶现象，分析了其形成特点及相关影响因素。     

Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 13%Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel under Hot Working Condition

In this study,the effect of hot deformation on martensitic stainless steel was carried out in temperatures between 950 to 1100℃and strain rates of 0.001,0.01 and 0.1 s-1.Two important dynamic recrystallization parameters,the critical strain and the point of maximum dynamic softening,were derived from strain hardening rate vs stress curves.Then the calculated parameters were used to predict the dynamic recrystallized fraction.Our results show that critical stress and strain increase with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain rate.The hot deformation activation energy of the steel is also investigated in the present work with 413 kJ/mol.Our experimental flow curves are in fair agreement with the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization model.     

Recrystallization behavior of a supersaturated Al-Mn alloy

The effect of concurrent precipitation on recrystallization behavior during the isothermal annealing of a supersaturated and deformed Al-Mn alloy was investigated. It is found that concurrent precipitation strongly affects the recrystallization behavior of this alloy. At low temperatures, concurrent precipitation retards recrystallization and results in large flat grains. The size of recrystallized grains decreases significantly with increasing temperature. The kinetics of recrystallization was determined by measurements of hardness. The JMAK exponent decreases from 3.0 to 0.8 as the annealing temperature increases from 371 °C to 427 °C. The activation energy for recrystallization of the alloy is about 456 kJ/mol. Concurrent precipitation enhances the activation energy for recrystallization of aluminum alloys.     

Effect of Electropulsing on Recrystallization and Mechanical Properties of Silicon Steel Strips

Electropulsing-induced recrystallization and its effect on mechanical properties of oriented silicon steel strips (Fe-3.0%Si) were studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron back-scatter diffraction. The results indicated that electropulsing accelerated recrystallization, and decreased the temperature of recrystallization. Electropulsing favors refinement of the grain structure of the alloy. Effects of electropulsing on strength and elongation of the alloy were discussed from the point view of dislocation dynamics, microstructural changes, and electropulsing kinetics.     

38CrNi3MoVA钢应力腐蚀性能及临界裂纹尺寸研究

本文采用预裂纹试样研究了38CrNi3MoVA钢在3.5%(质量浓度)NaCl水溶液腐蚀介质中的应力腐蚀性能,并由此计算出材料的临界裂纹尺寸,由试验结果可知,该材料具有较好的抗3.5%(质量浓度)NaCl水溶液腐蚀性能和很高的使用可靠性。     

A New Method for Improving Strength and Plasticity of Steel Wire

Specially designed wire-drawing equipment with multiple electropulse generator was introduced. The influences of multiple electropulses processing on the microstructure and properties of the hardened steel wire were investigated. Samples treated by direct current under the same current density as that in multiple electropulses processing were carried out for contrast analysis. The results show that the optimized parameters of multiple electropulses processing will be facilitated to increase the nucleation rate and slow down the growth rate of recrystallized grains. Consequently, massive superfine grains of micro and sub-micro scale could be found in the steel wire. Thereby, the elongation was significantly enhanced with a relatively small strength reduction in comparison with as-received cold-drawing steel wires. Outstanding mechanical properties of steel wire were obtained.     

Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of a Heat-resistant Martensitic Stainless Steel 403Nb during Hot Deformation

Dynamic recrystallization(DRX) behaviors of a heat-resistant martensitic stainless steel 403Nb during hot deformation have been investigated by single-pass thermo-mechanical simulative experiment at temperatures of 900-1150 C and strain rates of 0.01-1 s 1.The results show that the true stress-true strain curves of this alloy can be classified into two types,one is of dynamic recovery and the other is of dynamic recrystallization.The DRX in 403Nb alloy is easy to occur at strain rates lower than 0.5 s 1 and deformation temperatures higher than 1000 C.Using regression analysis,the stress multiplier(α) and apparent stress exponent(n) were calculated to be 0.0153 and 3.22,respectively,while the activation energy(Q d) for DRX of 403Nb was calculated to be 367.293 kJ/mol.The constitutive equation of peak stress for DRX was also obtained.Based on P-J method,the critical strain for DRX was accurately determined.The mathematical models of peak strain and kinetic equation for DRX of 403Nb steel were finally established.     

Analysis of Micro-texture during Secondary Recrystallization in a Hi-B Electrical Steel

The understanding of Goss texture in Hi-B electrical steels possesses significant industrial and academic value, thus attracts worldwide attention. The prevailing models for sharp Goss texture formation during secondary recrystallization are CSL (coincident site lattice) boundary theory and HE (high energy) boundary theory. These theories stress the key factor of preferred growth and the difference between them only lies in the specific selection manner. This work examined the texture gradient in primarily recrystallized sheet and demonstrated its possible influence on the formation of secondary grains, and then determined the micro- texture during different stages of secondary recrystallization using EBSD (electron back-scattered diffraction) technique, finally analyzed a special type of secondary grains with near Brass orientation, which were detected in the later stage of secondary recrystallization, and discussed its origin and effect in terms of surface energy effect. The results indicate that texture gradient in primarily recrystallized sheet will lead to a multi-stage formation of Goss texture, namely, early stage of secondary grains with various orientations in subsurface region, intermediate stage of preferred growth of Goss grains into center layer and re-grow back to the surface and the final stage of Goss grain growth by swallowing slowly the island grains with the help of H2 atmosphere.     

冷轧原料组织对再结晶组织及织构演变影响的研究

取相同的CsP热轧板1#和2#试样,1#试样经热处理将晶粒尺寸调大,2#试样不作组织调整,并进行5道次连轧和罩式退火处理。然后采用基于扫描电镜上电子背散射衍射分析方法研究了冷轧原料组织对再结晶过程中组织和织构演变规律。结果表明：经组织调整后大晶粒的1#试样,作为冷轧原料轧制成的冷轧板后在530℃时就开始发生再结晶,且再结晶晶粒长大比较均匀,而不作组织调整的2#试样经冷轧后在545℃时才有很少量的再结晶晶粒在晶界生成;1#试样在再结晶初期545℃时有利于深冲性能的（111）面织构含量最高且为59．6％,2#试样在575℃时（111）面织构含量最高且为64．1％;根据织构演变规律,1#和2#试样应采用不同分段分级退火工艺,才可使最终冷轧板具有更多的有利于深冲性能的（111）面织和少量的（001）面织构。     

冷轧超低碳烘烤硬化钢再结晶温度测定及应用实践

在实验室模拟不同退火温度下冷轧BH铜的力学性能及金相组织变化。利用强度示差分析法确定BH铜再结晶温度,并经大生产实践验证确认;在此基础上,进一步确定了BH铜最优退火温度。