滚流和挤气对汽油机燃烧和性能影响

采用CFD技术和台架试验手段研究了燃烧室挤气形状及进气滚流对汽油机燃烧特性和性能的影响.结合一台4气门屋脊顶燃烧室结构气道喷射发动机,分别对倾斜挤气/平顶挤气燃烧室、高滚流/低滚流气道组合而成的4种燃烧系统进行了研究.CFD分析表明,低滚流气道与倾斜挤气燃烧室配合,可在压缩冲程上止点附近形成反向挤流并转化为湍动能,这对...     

汽油机射流燃烧室内挤流运动的研究

本文介绍采用二维水模拟试验方法对汽油机射流燃烧室内流体运动的特征进行的研究,并与浴盆型燃烧室进行了比较,拍摄出流体的流谱照片。这项工作有助于确切了解在射流燃烧室内挤压产生的紊流情况。试验结果表明:由于射流燃烧室具有独特的结构,在挤流和逆挤流过程中,在燃烧室和主室内形成强烈的紊流运动,这对于提高汽油机的燃烧速度,实现高压缩比、大幅度地提高热效率和抑制爆燃是极为有利的。     

燃烧室形状对天然气发动机燃烧过程影响的研究

在对天然气发动机燃烧室进行优化的过程中,在一定压缩比下,开发设计了3种不同形状的燃烧室.应用CFD对不同形状燃烧室的缸内气体流动及燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,并在台架上进行了试验验证.模拟得出了缸内气体湍动能分布、温度场分布及燃烧持续期.针对不同形状燃烧室的缸内气体湍动能与温度场进行了详细分析后得出:增大挤气面积,则挤流强度增大,提高了缸内气体的流动速率,有利于提高火焰传播速度,改善天然气燃烧速度慢的特点;但挤气面积过大时,缸内燃烧速度过快,温度峰值增大,使NOx排放增加.最终将模拟结果与试验结果进行对比,综合考虑动力性经济性与排放性能,选取了最优形状燃烧室.     

新型低NOx排放高温空气燃烧的数值研究

通过数值模拟对燃料射流环绕空气射流的五喷口高温空气燃烧的燃烧特性进行了研究.详细阐述了燃烧室内燃烧温度和燃烧组分的分布情况,并对NOx生成及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:燃烧室出口可燃物浓度低于0.1%,燃烧反应完全;燃烧反应主要发生在燃料射流包围的圆柱体内,沿射流方向,燃烧逐渐向空气射流方向扩大,燃烧过程缓慢,并在燃烧室后半段稳定燃烧;NOx主要在燃烧室的高温区域形成,降低燃烧室内高温区域的氧气浓度是抑制燃烧过程NOx生成的关键,在燃烧室入口附近,NOx的生成受燃料射流的入口温度影响较大.     

扁平射流煤粉燃烧器研究

扁平射流燃烧器是近年来我们发明的一种新型燃烧装置,它依据高温空气动力学原理,合理地组织燃烧室内空气动力场,达到了稳定火焰和高效燃烧的目的。本文对扁平射流燃烧室的结构、流场情况、气-固两相流场分布,以及热态实验和应用情况均进行了描述。在理论上给出了较合理的三区燃烧模型。实践表明应用扁平射流燃烧器有较大的经济效益。     

浴盆形燃烧室结构参数对汽油机燃烧性能的影响

本文介绍了汽车研究所为提高燃烧速率、改善燃烧过程稳定性而改进设计的6105汽油机浴盆形燃烧室结构。通过增加挤气面积、提高燃烧室紧凑性、改变火花塞位置等措施改变燃烧速率和燃烧稳定性。在解决原机热负荷大、排温高、噪声大等问题上取得了较明显的效果。     

一台进行燃烧过程研究的多用途单缸汽油机

把一台单缸柴油机改装成一台单缸试验用汽油机，该机可以方便地改变燃烧室形状、压缩比、火花塞位置及个数、挤气面积比、挤气间隙等参数，可以深入细致地研究发动机结构参数对燃烧过程的影响。     

一台进行燃烧过程研究的多用途单缸汽油机

把一台单缸柴油机改装成一台单缸试验用汽油机，该机可以方便地改变燃烧室形状、压缩比、火花塞位置及个数、挤气面积比、挤气间隙等参数，可以深入细致地研究发动机结构参数对燃烧过程的影响。     

柴油/天然气双燃料发动机燃烧过程数值模拟

通过建立三维计算流体动力学(CFD)柴油/天然气双燃料喷射模型,研究不同EGR率对高压直喷(HPDI)发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响.结果表明:高温区主要是由柴油引燃的天然气射流燃烧形成.另外,由于喷射的天然气与燃烧室边缘碰撞,高温区域被分成两个部分:一部分进入燃烧室凹坑区并形成顺时针旋转的滚流;另一部分进入挤流区与新鲜空气进一步混合燃烧.NO的形成区域与天然气射流中心线形成的高温区基本重合.在挤流区,由于燃料的氧化速率和停留时间有限,因而产生了较多的CO.此外,HPDI发动机的颗粒物(PM)形成区域与CO形成区域大致相同,这是由燃料的低氧化率造成的.随着EGR率增加,NO排放降低,而CO和PM排放随之增加.     

侧卷流和复合卷流燃烧系统混合燃烧特性

为研究侧卷流燃烧系统(LSCS)和复合卷流燃烧系统(MSCS)对直喷式柴油机性能的影响,通过单缸柴油机台架开展了LSCS和MSCS的燃烧性能试验,结合仿真分析,揭示了LSCS和MSCS的缸内油、气混合特性．结果表明：在小负荷和高过量空气系数φa下,MSCS体现出较好的燃烧性能,相比于LSCS,其燃油消耗率最大降幅为3.6 g/(kW·h),碳烟排放最大降幅为0.13 g/(kW·h),燃烧持续期最大降幅为2.6°CA;但在大负荷和低φa下,LSCS体现出更好的燃烧性能,相比于MSCS,其燃油消耗率最大降幅为2.6 g/(kW·h),碳烟排放最大降幅为0.56 g/(kW·h),燃烧持续期最大降幅为2.8°CA．仿真结果表明：随负荷减小或φa增大,燃油射流贯穿能力减弱,复合卷流燃烧室的弧脊能更有效地提升油、气混合质量;随负荷增大或φa减小,燃油射流贯穿能力增强,复合卷流燃烧室的弧脊阻碍了燃油射流扩散,侧卷流燃烧室的分流造型能更显著地改善油、气混合过程．     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.