国外植物油及其衍生物在车用燃料方面的应用进展

综述了国外植物油及其衍生物用作柴油机燃料的发展概况。     

酶法生产生物柴油的技术

脂肪酸甲酯作为不产生黑烟的柴油燃料引人注目。在欧洲这种生物柴油的使用已成常规 ,一般是用植物油碱催化醇解的化学法制造的。大阪市立工业研究所研究解决了用发酵法生产生物柴油的技术问题 ,开发成功使用固定化脂酶连续生产生物油的技术 ,其生产成本可与化学法相匹敌 ,且不需像化学法那样进行废液处理 ,其生产可能实现零排放。植物油与甲醇进行酯交换制造的脂肪酸甲酯被称为生物柴油 (亦称作生物燃料 ) ,可以在不改装其发动机的情况下用作柴油机卡车的燃料。柴油机卡车存在排放黑烟、氧化氮、氧化硫的问题。使用生物柴油就没有这些问题。…     

醋酸甲酯催化加氢制备燃料乙醇的研究进展

作为世界各国发展中的必须因素,宝贵的能源面临着一度紧张和濒临枯竭的局面,特别是用以支撑全球经济发展的石油资源的供给正面临严峻挑战。燃料乙醇作为一种新型可再生燃料替代品,可直接用作液体燃料或者同燃料汽油混合使用,以减少对不可再生的石油资源的依赖。针对醋酸甲酯催化加氢的研究进展进行了综述,并且针对乙醇生产工艺及催化剂的选择问题作了讨论和分析。     

柴油乳化的进展

柴油机的尾气中颗粒物、氮氧化物和碳氢化合物含量的很高，对环境造成了严重危害。为了节约石油资源和保护环境，乳化柴油和微乳化柴油作为清洁燃料和代用燃料中的一种，得到快速发展。介绍了（微）乳化柴油的研究及应用情况，分析了柴油乳化技术中存在的问题，指出了研究方向。     

植物油多元醇的制备及其在聚氨酯胶粘剂中的应用

在石油资源日渐枯竭的今天,环境友好的植物油作为一种可再生资源,已成为能源和材料领域研究与开发的热点。本文综述了通过植物油环氧化一开环和羰基化一加氢还原2种途径制备植物油多元醇的方法。简要介绍了植物油多元醇在聚氨酯胶粘荆制备中的应用。     

植物油改性水性聚氨酯的研究及应用进展

随着石油资源的日益短缺,以来源广泛、价格低廉的植物油改性水性聚氨酯研究逐渐受到人们重视,本文综述了蓖麻油、大豆油等植物油改性水性聚氨酯的研究现状,对植物油改性水性聚氨酯的发展进行了展望。     

乙醇与柴油互溶性研究及混合燃料对柴油机排放性能的影响

乙醇可由生物质能源转化得到,可作为含氧清洁燃料与柴油混合用作柴油机燃料。以正丁醇为助溶剂促进乙醇在柴油中的溶解,形成稳定的混合燃料;同时以该混合燃料作为柴油机燃料,参照GB 20891-2014《非道路移动机械用柴油机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第三、四阶段)》测试柴油机的常规排放、非常规排放规律,探究其对柴油机排放性能的影响。结果表明,正丁醇作为助溶剂,可促进乙醇与柴油互溶,在乙醇与正丁醇的体积比接近1∶1时可形成稳定的混合燃料,静置10个月以上不分层,在-5℃左右不分层,可用作柴油机燃料;正丁醇的添加方式对其助溶效果影响较小;负荷特性下,与燃用纯柴油相比,柴油机燃用混合燃料时,CO和NO_x排放量分别减少13.96%～46.73%和1.35%～16.92%,VOCs排放量增加1.94%～32.43%,PM_(2.5)排放量减少5.81%～44.37%。柴油与醇类燃料混合燃烧可以实现在减少NO_x排放量的同时减少PM_(2.5)排放量。     

我国燃料乙醇生产技术现状与发展前景分析

资源和能源是人类社会生存和发展的永恒需求,当前用以支撑全球经济发展的石油资源及能源供应正面临严峻挑战。燃料乙醇作为新的可再生的燃料替代品,可直接用作液体燃料或者同汽油混合使用,减少对不可再生能源——石油的依赖,保障本国的能源安全而日益受到各国的重视。作者介绍了国内外燃料乙醇生产技术概况与研究发展现状,分析了我国发展非粮燃料乙醇的必要性及存在的技术关键和发展前景。指出从长远来看,生产纤维质原料燃料乙醇是燃料乙醇发展的根本出路。     

植物油改性技术及在醋纤纺丝油剂中应用

文章综述了天然植物油改性及其衍生物产品开发研究与在化纤纺丝油剂领域应用现状,介绍了植物油深度改性获得的脂肪酸乳酸酯和氢化植物油产品在醋纤工业纺丝油剂中的替代矿物油的应用研究,用作内油时浆液粘度下降,用作外油时纺丝断头率略有下降,并对环境友好的植物油基产品在化纤领域的应用研究进行了展望。     

植物油改性产品在醋纤纺丝油剂中的开发应用

综述了天然植物油改性及其衍生物产品开发与在化纤纺丝油剂领域应用研究现状;介绍了源于植物油的脂肪酸乳酸酯和氢化植物油产品在醋纤工业纺丝油剂中替代矿物油的应用试验.当植物油改性产品用作醋纤纺丝浆液内油时浆液黏度下降,用作醋纤纺丝外油时影响醋纤质量的纺丝断头率和飞花略有下降,并对植物油改性产品在醋纤领域的应用开发研究进行了展望.     

Bulk modulus of vegetable oil-diesel fuel blends

Bulk moduli of fuel blends containing different concentrations of vegetable oil and diesel have been measured at three different fuel temperatures. Presence of vegetable oil in the mixture increases the bulk modulus over that for the straight diesel fuel. For a given fuel pressure and fuel temperature, bulk modulus of the blend increases as the concentration of the vegetable oil in the blend increases. Increase in fuel temperature lowers the values of bulk moduli at all fuel pressures.     

Oleochemicals as a fuel: Mechanical and economic feasibility

The status of vegetable oils as diesel fuel substitutes is currently dubious. Although it is fair to consider them as short-term emergency fuels (or, more desirably, low proportion supplements to diesel fuels), they present mechanical problems in long-term use that have not yet been solved. It is preferable to use these oils blended in small proportions with diesel fuels. Indirect-injection diesel engines have had fewer problems than direct-injection engines, whether the tests were performed with pure vegetable oil fuel or with vegetable oil/diesel fuel blends. The economic prospect for these fuels is not promising. In general, they are not and have not been economical alternatives to diesel fuel. Exceptions appear to have occurred recently in Brazil and the Philippines where low local prices for vegetable oils combined with high petroleum prices encouraged officials to use low proportion vegetable oil/diesel fuel blends. Nonetheless, current and long-term trends in petroleum and oilseed prices indicate that these fuels will probably not be price competitive within the near future. Emergency disruption of petroleum supplies completely changes the economic situation. Vegetable oils would be worth much more as a fuel during disruptions than otherwise; thus incentives could be strong to include these oils in the fuel supply, diverting them from the food supply.     

Biodiesel production via peanut oil extraction using diesel-based reverse-micellar microemulsions

Vegetable oils have been studied as a feasible substitute for diesel fuel, and short term tests using neat vegetable oils have shown results comparable to those of diesel fuel. However, engine problems arise due to the high oil viscosity after long-term usage. Vegetable oil/diesel blending as biodiesel fuel has been shown to be one technique to reduce vegetable oil viscosity. The goal of this research is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing this biodiesel fuel via vegetable oil extraction using diesel-based reverse-micellar microemulsions as an extraction solvent. In this extraction technique, peanut oil is directly extracted into the oil phase of the microemulsion based on the “likes dissolve likes” principle and the product of the extraction process is peanut oil/diesel blend. The results show that diesel-based reverse micellar extract oil from peanuts more effectively than both diesel and hexane alone under the same extraction condition. An extraction efficiency of 95% was achieved at room temperature and short extraction time of 10 min in just a single extraction step. The extracted peanut oil/diesel blend was tested for peanut oil fraction, viscosity, cloud point and pour point, which all meet the requirements for biodiesel fuel.     

Flow properties of vegetable oil-diesel fuel blends

Straight vegetable oils provide cleaner burning and renewable alternatives to diesel fuel, but their inherently high viscosity compared to petroleum based diesel is undesirable for diesel engines. Lowering the viscosity can be simply achieved by either increasing the temperature of the oil or by blending it with diesel fuel, or both. In this work the rheological properties of diesel fuel and vegetable oil mixtures at different compositions were studied as a function of temperature to determine a viscosity-temperature-composition relationship for use in design and optimization of heating and fuel injection systems used in diesel engines. The vegetable oils used were corn, canola, olive, peanut, soybean and sunflower oils which are of commercial food grade. All the vegetable oils and their blends with No. 2 diesel fuel showed time-independent Newtonian behaviour within the test temperatures between 20 °C and 80 °C. Viscosities of the pure oils and diesel were satisfactorily correlated with temperature by means of the Arrhenius typed relationship. The Arrhenius blending rule was found applicable to describing the composition dependence of viscosity all vegetable oils-diesel blends at a fixed temperature. These relations were combined to develop a simple mixture viscosity model to predict the viscosity of the vegetable oil-diesel blends as functions of temperature and composition based on properties of the pure components.     

Synthesis of biodiesel fuel from safflower oil using various reaction parameters

Biodiesel fuel is gaining more and more importance because of the depletion and uncontrollable prices of fossil fuel resources. The use of vegetable oil and their derivatives as alternatives for diesel fuel is the best answer and as old as Diesel Engine. Chemically biodiesel fuel is the mono alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from renewable feed stocks like vegetable oils and animal fats. Safflower oil contains 75-80% of linoleic acid; the presence of this unsaturated fatty acid is useful in alleviating low temperature properties like pour point, cloud point and cold filter plugging point. In this paper we studied the effect of various parameters such as temperature, molar ratio (oil to alcohol), and concentration of catalyst on synthesis of biodiesel fuel from safflower oil. The better suitable conditions of 1:6 molar ratio (oil to alcohol), 60 degrees C temperature and catalyst concentration of 2% (by wt. of oil) were determined. The finally obtained biodiesel fuel was analyzed for fatty acid composition by GLC and some other properties such as flash point, specific gravity and acid value were also determined. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel was with in the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel with 96.8% yield.     

Identification of Vegetable Oil or Biodiesel Added to Diesel Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Principal Component Analysis

In order to identify possible adulteration of onroad diesel with vegetable oil, fluorescence spectroscopy was used as the analytical technique to differentiate between vegetable oil and biodiesel in diesel blends. Diesel/oil and diesel/biodiesel blends made with different proportions of soy, canola or waste cooking oil were analyzed. The reduced cost of analysis using fluorescence spectroscopy together with the reliability of the results suggest that this technique could be of great use in differentiating between diesel, biodiesel and vegetable oil and could therefore be used for rapid identification or confirmation of adulterated diesel. Furthermore, a compact fluorescence spectrophotometer with an LED excitation source could be used in gas stations or fuel distributors for diesel quality control because of its practicality, low cost and reliability.     

Winter rape oil fuel for diesel engines: Recovery and utilization

Although vegetable oil cannot yet be recommended as a fuel for general use, considerable progress in recovery and use of rapeseed oil (Brassica napus L.) for diesel operation has been made. Operation of a small-scale screwpress plant (40 kg/hr) was demonstrated. Maintenance of screw and end rings was a major problem. The plant has operated with a recovery efficiency of 77% and has processed 10,100 kg of seed in 230 hr. High viscosity of the rapeseed oil and its tendency to polymerize within the cylinder were major chemical and physical problems encountered. Attempts to reduce the viscosity of the vegetable oil by preheating the fuel were not successful in sufficiently increasing the temperature of the fuel at the injector to be of value. Short-term engine performance with vegetable oils as a fuel in any proportion show power output and fuel consumption to be equivalent to the diesel-fueled engines. Severe engine damage occurred in a very short time period in tests of maximum power with varying engine rpm. Additional torque tests with all blends need to be conducted. A blend of 70/30 winter rape and No. 1 diesel has been used successfully to power a small single-cylinder diesel engine for 850 hr. No adverse wear, effect on lubricating oil or effect on power output were noted. Approved as Paper No. 8237 of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Evaluation of Methyl Esters of Mahua Oil (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Madhuca Indica</Emphasis>) as Diesel Fuel

There is increasing interest in India for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. This search has led to mahua oil (MO) as one alternative for diesel fuel in India. Mahua oil methyl esters (MOME) were prepared by transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing was done to determine the conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel (MOME). The properties of MOME were close to those of diesel oil. Engine testing was conducted using a single-cylinder 4-stroke direct-injection, constant-speed compression-ignition diesel engine using MO, MOME and B20 as fuels. The engine ran smoothly with MOME and B20, but heavy smoke emissions were observed when MO was used as fuel.     

Cold flow properties of fuel mixtures containing biodiesel derived from animal fatty waste

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the cold temperature behavior of methyl esters of vegetable and animal origin and of their mixtures with fossil diesel fuel, as well as to investigate the effectiveness of different depressants. Various blends of rapeseed oil methyl esters, linseed oil methyl esters, pork lard methyl esters and fossil diesel fuel were prepared, and both cloud point and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) were analyzed. It was found that mixtures with CFPP values of –5 °C and lower may contain up to 25% of pork lard methyl esters; whereas the ratio of summer fossil diesel fuel and rapeseed oil methyl esters may vary over a wide range, i.e. such mixtures can be used in a diesel engine in the summer. In the transitory periods it is possible to use up to 20% animal and vegetable ester blends (3 : 7) with winter fossil diesel, whereas only up to 5% of esters can be added to the fuel used in winter. In order to improve the cold properties of rapeseed oil, pork lard and linseed oil methyl ester mixtures, various additives were tested. Depressant Viscoplex 10–35 with an optimal dose of 5000 mg/kg was found to be the most effective.     

植物油加氢制备高十六烷值柴油组分研究进展

介绍了植物油加氢制备柴油的主要化学反应、工艺方法以及该项技术的工业化状况,分析了植物油直接加氢、先加氢后异构、直接脱羧工艺以及植物油与矿物柴油掺炼工艺的特点,阐述了各工艺采用的催化剂类型、工艺条件以及产品属性。指出了该领域存在的问题和研究方向。