Thermodynamic study of the reduction of titanium magnetite concentrate with solid carbon

In this article, a study of the thermodynamics of reduction of titanium-magnetite concentrate with solid carbon in different stoichiometric proportions (carbon-concentrate 1:1, 2:1 and 2.5:1) in the temperature range of 973 to 1273 K is presented. The Gibbs free energy ΔG° _T = f(T), log₁₀ P _{CO 2}/P _CO = f(T), and electromotive force (EMF) = f(T) of the probable reaction Fe₃O₄ + C = 3FeO + CO in the concentrate is studied by the galvanic cell with different reference electrode-air and Ni/NiO. The X-ray analysis indicates different behaviors of the reduction process with solid carbon when 1:1, 2:1, and 2.5:1 ratios of carbon/concentrate were used. The best result is obtained when the ratio is 2.5:1. Some amorphous mass (diatomite) is also observed. The highest concentration of CO (62 to 65 pct) in the gas phase was observed at a carbon-to-concentrate ratio 2:1 and the lowest concentration of CO (40 to 45 pct) at the ratio 1:1.     

Kinetics of manganese ore reduction by carbon monoxide

A step has been made in the direction of understanding the fundamental chemical processes taking place inside electric are furnaces producing manganese alloys. The reduction of higher manganese oxides to MnO by carbon monoxide has been studied in the temperature range 700 °C to 1100 °C. A topochemical pattern with a single shrinking core inside the ore particles has been observed in most cases. It has been found that the reduction of some manganese silicates (braunite minerals) is influenced by reaction interface kinetics, whereas the reduction rate of manganese oxides (bixbyite and hausmannite) is mostly determined by product shell pore diffusion. Sintering kinetics and the extent of natural porosity determine the product shell pore diffusivity. As the melting point of the reaction product is approached, rapid sintering leads to a decrease in diffusivity.     

高铝铁矿石球团在预还原过程中的热力学行为

应用物质吉布斯自由能函数法计算高铝铁矿石球团在预还原过程中所发生反应的ΔG,明确球团中物相在该过程中的热力学行为.热力学计算、分析结果表明:还原阶段产生的FeO最易与Al2O3反应生成FeO·Al2O3,其次与SiO2反应生成2FeO·SiO2,最后与SiO2反应生成FeO·SiO2·Al2O3置换2FeO·SiO2和FeO·SiO2中SiO2生成FeO·Al2O3的反应较之SiO2置换FeO·Al2O3中Al2O3的反应要容易得多.FeO.SiO2的还原反应趋势要强于FeO·Al2O3及2FeO.SiO2.     

Reaction mechanism on the smelting reduction of iron ore by solid carbon

The kinetics of the smelting reduction of iron ore by a graphite crucible and carbon-saturated molten iron was investigated between 1400 °C and 1550 °C, and its reaction phenomena were continuously observed in situ by X-ray fluoroscopy. In the smelting reduction by graphite, it was shown from the observation results that the smelting reduction reaction proceeded by the following two stages: an initial quiet reduction without foaming (stage I) and a following highly active reduction with severe foaming (stage II). At 1500 °C, by the graphite crucible, the reduction rate of iron ore was found to be 8.88×10⁻⁵ mol/cm² · s, and by the molten iron, 8.25×10⁻⁵ mol/cm²·s. The activation energies for the reduction by the graphite crucible and the molten iron were 24.1 and 22.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on the results of kinetic research and X-ray fluoroscopic observations, it can be concluded that these two types of smelting reduction reactions of iron ore by the graphite crucible and by the molten iron are essentially the same.     

Effect of carbon on volume changes during the sintering of an iron-chromium material

The effect of carbon added in the form of either cast-iron powder or graphite on the sinterability of chromium steel was investigated. The growth and instability of volume change during sintering produced by cast-iron additions was explained as a result of a thermally activated after-effect in the solid phase, and the formation of FeCr₂O₄ around particles of Kh30. Substitution of graphite for cast iron in the powder charge prevented oxidation of the chromium-rich particles, and resulted in low and stable shrinkage (0.1–0.8%) after sintering in the range 750–1250°C. Scatter in the degree of volume change was reduced from 1.5–2.0 to 0.1–0.3%. Iron-chromium material obtained with the use of graphite had improved strength properties as well as high produceability. Materials Science Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev. Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 5–6, pp. 38–42, May–June, 1998     

内配碳团块CO-CO2气氛下反应行为的研究

为了建立了内配碳团块CO CO2气氛下反应的数学模型并验证模型的正确性,根据还原动力学原理模拟计算内配碳团块在CO CO2气氛下的还原过程,对不同温度下的团块还原度、团块碳转化率的模拟值和实验值之间的比较证明了模型的可靠性。经过研究发现模型的反应包括了铁氧化物的逐级还原、碳的boudouard反应和金属铁的再氧化。在1473K和CO CO2气氛下对内配碳团块的反应进程的模拟分析表明,在早期阶段内配碳团块显示出自还原的特征;在团块达到其最大还原度时,团块内氧化铁还原和金属铁再氧化同时存在;在后期阶段,团块内主要是金属铁的再氧化反应。在1473K和CO CO2气氛下对影响内配碳团块反应行为的相关因素的模拟结果表明,改变铁矿粉反应性或还原剂气化性不能有效提高内配碳团块的最终还原度,但是减小孔隙率可以提高团块的最终还原度。     

焦化行业碳排放核算及消减策略分析

焦炭生产过程中需排放大量二氧化碳,而钢铁工业是焦炭消耗大户,其消耗量约占全国焦炭表观消费量的85%。采用中国钢铁工业协会的相关统计数据,基于IPCC温室气体清单方法,以2010年为例,分别按钢铁联合企业自产焦炭和外购独立焦炭厂焦炭两部分,对钢铁工业生产用焦的碳排放情况进行核算和分析,并提出焦化行业相应的碳排放消减策略。     

固体碳还原铁鳞采用密封还原罐工艺的热力学分析

文本根据现场工艺实验的比较,用热力学观点分析讨论了用固体碳还原铁鳞时采用还原罐密封工艺的不合理性,及还原罐密封工艺对产品质量的影响和不必要的工序增加材料消耗造成的经济损失。     

赤铁粉矿在H2气氛中的闪速还原行为

通过高温下的动力学实验对铁粉矿在H_2气氛中的闪速还原行为进行了研究.采用XRD、SEM和金相显微镜对反应后铁粉矿的物相组成和单个粉矿颗粒表面及内部微观形貌的演变规律进行了分析,采用化学分析法获得了反应后赤铁粉矿的还原度.结果表明:铁粉矿高温下发生的闪速还原仍然遵循Fe_2O_3→Fe_3O_4→FeO→Fe的逐级还原规律.粉矿颗粒的剖面由未反应核和产物层构成,符合未反应核模型的描述.采用模型函数配合法得出铁粉矿与H_2在高温下发生闪速还原反应的限制性环节是界面化学反应,进一步基于动力学模型计算得到,闪速还原的表观活化能为311 kJ/mol.     

Thermodynamic analysis and the mechanism of the solid-phase reduction of Cr2O3 with carbon: Part 1

The thermodynamic laws of the interactions in the Cr-O-C system developing in the temperature range from 1273 to 1773 K are considered. The existing opinions concerning the mechanism of the solid-phase reduction of Cr₂O₃ with carbon are analyzed. The leading role of CO-CO₂ gases that relate the solid reagents in this process is found on the basis of the reported data and our theoretical and experimental studies. The principal possibility of forming iron-chromium master alloys with a restricted carbon content in the solid state under energy-saving low-temperature conditions is established.     

Thermodynamic analysis and the mechanism of the solid-phase reduction of Cr2O3 with carbon: Part 2

The thermodynamic laws of interactions in the Cr-O-C system developing in the temperature range from 1273 to 1773 K are considered. The existing opinions concerning the mechanism of the solid-phase reduction of Cr₂O₃ with carbon are analyzed. The leading role of CO-CO₂ gases that relate the solid reagents in the process is found on the basis of the reported data and our theoretical and experimental studies. The principal possibility of forming iron-chromium master alloys with a restricted carbon content in the solid state under energy-saving low-temperature conditions is established.     

Kinetics and catastrophic swelling during reduction of iron ore in carbon bearing pellets

Abstract

The rate of reaction between iron oxides and charcoal, agglomerated together as pellets, has been correlated with the swelling of the pellets and with the morphology of the iron formed. The experimental techniques employed were thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and microscopic examination of partially reduced pellets. The experiments were performed in the temperature range 1223–1423 K. The conditions that favour the growing of iron in the form of whiskers, and hence lead to catastrophic swelling, have been determined.     

CO还原烧结矿过程中的析碳行为

高炉中CO 还原烧结矿过程中会发生析碳反应,对高炉操作产生不利的影响。采用 CS-8800型高频红外碳硫分析仪分析CO 还原烧结矿过程中的析碳行为,并采用 Nova400NanoSEM型场发射扫描电子显微镜分析还原后烧结矿微观结构。研究结果表明：随着温度的升高,析碳反应 CO 的平衡浓度越高,反应越难发生。在低温下析出的碳较多,析出的碳主要分布在烧结矿表面和气孔中,而在温度较高时只有微量碳析出;体系中 CO2对析碳反应有明显的抑制作用;析碳量随着还原时间的增加而增加。     

Measurement of reduction in packed bed of iron ore and carbon under one-dimensional heating

Abstract

An experimental configuration was developed to quantify the rate of heat transfer into an iron ore–carbon mixture during one-dimensional radiative heating. Repeatability and accuracy were evaluated by comparing the results of a radiation network calculation with a mass and energy balance, and by comparing predicted carbon contents after reaction with analysed carbon contents. For a sample consisting of prereduced ore and graphite, heat transfer is limited by both radiation to the sample surface and conduction into the sample; the off-gas analysis indicates that both the gaseous reduction reaction and carbon gasification are significantly away from equilibrium. The configuration is shown to yield reliable results for this complex combination of reaction steps.     

Smelting reduction of iron ore

On the basis of MIP development several process concepts for primary ironmaking technology were investigated. In the smelting reduction process described the reduction of iron ore occurs in three stages: in the first step the ore is preheated and prereduced in a cyclon-heat exchanger system. In the second step it is melted. The final reduction of the partially reduced and melted ore to metallic iron takes place in the MIP reactor.     

球团矿恒温和升温直接还原膨胀行为试验

 将球团矿分别在900 ℃恒温和升温试验条件下还原,研究了球团矿的还原膨胀行为;分析了2种温度条件下球团膨胀机理;对比了2种条件下的试验结果,观察分析了还原后球团的外观和微观组织形貌,得到了导致2种温度条件下球团膨胀差异的原因。研究结果表明：恒温还原球团的最大膨胀值为18.3%,升温还原时为8.3%,恒温还原球团的膨胀行为更加明显;裂纹和气孔的形成以及金属铁的析出形态差异是造成膨胀差异的主要原因。由此得出,为了得到与实际生产相近的还原膨胀行为,球团矿应该在升温条件或模拟的生产条件下进行还原试验。